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Chen Z, Wang C, Pignatello JJ. Rapid and Convenient Potentiometric Method for Determining Fluorosulfate, a Byproduct of the Fumigant and Greenhouse Gas Sulfuryl Fluoride. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23013-23020. [PMID: 38826532 PMCID: PMC11137687 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
A fluorosulfate ion (FSO3-) is a hydrolysis product of sulfuryl fluoride (SO2F2), which is widely used to fumigate buildings, soil, construction materials, and postharvest commodities, and is a potent greenhouse gas. It is a potential marker for biological exposure to SO2F2 and for monitoring the progress of reactions used to scrub SO2F2 from fumigation vent gases. Here, we report a simple and inexpensive potentiometric method for determining FSO3- using a commercial nitrate-selective electrode and discuss its application. The method is suitable for solutions between 0.0025 mM and 660 mM FSO3- at initial pH between 5 and 9. Halide interference depends on its molar ratio to FSO3- and follows the sequence, F- < Cl- < Br- ≪ I-. Halide interference can be eliminated by adding silver sulfate. Interference by bicarbonate can be eliminated by H2SO4 pretreatment, and interference by phosphate or pyrophosphate by MgSO4 addition. Sulfate does not interfere, as it does in ion chromatography. Satisfactory method detection limits for FSO3- in spiked aqueous extracts of 11 fruits were obtained. The method accurately quantified the yield of FSO3- relative to that of F- in base hydrolysis of SO2F2. This study demonstrates that the developed method is highly selective, convenient, and sensitive and thus can be of great value in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Chen
- The
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, East Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Outer Ring East Road, University Town, Panyu
District, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Chengjin Wang
- The
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department
of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, 15 Gillson St, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T
5 V6, Canada
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- The
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Kasumov TM, Koz'min AS, Zefirov NS. Chemistry of inorganic sulfonates and sulfates of polyvalent iodine. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1997v066n10abeh000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Willner H, Bodenbinder M, Bröchler R, Hwang G, Rettig SJ, Trotter J, von Ahsen B, Westphal U, Jonas V, Thiel W, Aubke F. Superelectrophilic tetrakis(carbonyl)palladium(II)- and -platinum(II) undecafluorodiantimonate(V), [Pd(CO)4][Sb(2)F(11)]2 and [Pt(CO)4][Sb(2)F(11)]2: syntheses, physical and spectroscopic properties, their crystal, molecular, and extended structures, and density functional calculations: an experimental, computational, and comparative study . J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:588-602. [PMID: 11456571 DOI: 10.1021/ja002360s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The salts [M(CO)(4)][Sb(2)F(11)](2), M = Pd, Pt, are prepared by reductive carbonylation of Pd[Pd(SO(3)F)(6)], Pt(SO(3)F)(4) or PtF(6) in liquid SbF(5), or HF-SbF(5). The resulting moisture-sensitive, colorless solids are thermally stable up to 140 degrees C (M = Pd) or 200 degrees C (M = Pt). Their thermal decompositions are studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Single crystals of both salts are suitable for an X-ray diffraction study at 180 K. Both isostructural salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c (No. 14). The unit cell volume of [Pt(CO)(4)][Sb(2)F(11)](2) is smaller than that of [Pd(CO)(4)][Sb(2)F(11)](2) by about 0.4%. The cations [M(CO)(4)](2+), M = Pd, Pt, are square planar with only very slight angular and out-of-plane deviations from D(4)(h)() symmetry. The interatomic distances and bond angles for both cations are essentially identical. The [Sb(2)F(11)](-) anions in [M(CO)(4)][Sb(2)F(11)](2,) M = Pd, Pt, are not symmetry-related, and both pairs differ in their Sb-F-Sb bridge angles and their dihedral angles. There are in each salt four to five secondary interionic C- -F contacts per CO group. Of these, two contacts per CO group are significantly shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii by 0.58 - 0.37 A. In addition, structural, and spectroscopic details of recently synthesized [Rh(CO)(4)][Al(2)Cl(7)] are reported. The cations [Rh(CO)(4)](+) and [M(CO)(4)](2+), M = Pd, Pt, are characterized by IR and Raman spectroscopy. Of the 16 vibrational modes (13 observable, 3 inactive) 10 (Pd, Pt) or 9 (Rh), respectively, are found experimentally. The vibrational assignments are supported by DFT calculations, which provide in addition to band positions also intensities of IR bands and Raman signals as well as internal force constants for the cations. (13)C NMR measurements complete the characterization of the square planar metal carbonyl cations. The extensive characterization of [M(CO)(4)][Sb(2)F(11)](2), M = Pd, Pt, reported here, allows a comparison to linear and octahedral [M(CO)(n)()][Sb(2)F(11)](2) salts [M = Hg (n = 2); Fe, Ru, Os (n = 6)] and their derivatives, which permit a deeper understanding of M-CO bonding in the solid state for superelectrophilic cations with [Sb(2)F(11)](-) or [SbF(6)](-) as anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Willner
- Contribution from the Fachbereich 6, Anorganische Chemie, Gerhard-Mercator-Universität GH Duisburg, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany.
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von Ahsen B, Wartchow R, Willner H, Jonas V, Aubke F. Bis(carbonyl)platinum(II) Derivatives: Molecular Structure of cis-Pt(CO)2(SO3F)2, Complete Vibrational Analysis of cis-Pt(CO)2Cl2, and Attempted Synthesis of cis-Pt(CO)2F2. Inorg Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ic000280j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta von Ahsen
- Fachbereich 6, Anorganische Chemie, Gerhard Mercator Universität-GH-Duisburg, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, San Diego Super Computer Centre, MC 0505, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093-0505, and Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Rudolf Wartchow
- Fachbereich 6, Anorganische Chemie, Gerhard Mercator Universität-GH-Duisburg, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, San Diego Super Computer Centre, MC 0505, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093-0505, and Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Helge Willner
- Fachbereich 6, Anorganische Chemie, Gerhard Mercator Universität-GH-Duisburg, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, San Diego Super Computer Centre, MC 0505, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093-0505, and Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Volker Jonas
- Fachbereich 6, Anorganische Chemie, Gerhard Mercator Universität-GH-Duisburg, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, San Diego Super Computer Centre, MC 0505, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093-0505, and Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Friedhelm Aubke
- Fachbereich 6, Anorganische Chemie, Gerhard Mercator Universität-GH-Duisburg, Lotharstrasse 1, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany, Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany, San Diego Super Computer Centre, MC 0505, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, California 92093-0505, and Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z1, Canada
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Willner H, Bach C, Wartchow R, Wang C, Rettig SJ, Trotter J, Jonas V, Thiel W, Aubke F. Syntheses, molecular structures, and vibrational spectra of chloropentacarbonylrhodium(III) and -iridium(III) undecafluorodiantimonate(V), [Rh(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2 and [Ir(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2: an experimental and density functional study. Inorg Chem 2000; 39:1933-42. [PMID: 11428113 DOI: 10.1021/ic9911926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of either bis(mu-chloro)tetracarbonyldirhodium(I), [Rh(CO)2(mu-Cl)]2, or chlorotricarbonyliridium(I), [Ir(CO)3Cl]n, in the conjugate Brønsted-Lewis superacid HF-SbF5 and in a CO atmosphere, produce [Rh(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2 or [Ir(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2, respectively. In these oxidative carbonylation reactions, antimony(V) fluoride functions as an oxidizing agent. The reduced product is identified as 6SbF3.5SbF5. [Rh(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2 is obtained in the form of single crystals. Crystal data: monoclinic, space group P2(1) (No. 4); a = 9.721(1), b = 12.602(1), c = 10.538(1) A; beta = 106.51(1) degrees; V = 1237.7(2) A3; Z = 2; T = 300 K; R1 [I > 3 sigma (I)] = 0.0367, wR2 = 0.0739. Single crystals of [Ir(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2 are produced in small amounts from a solution of mer-Ir(CO)3(SO3F)3 in magic acid, HSO3F-SbF5. The possible source of chlorine will be discussed. Crystal data for [Ir-(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2: monoclinic, space group P2(1) (No. 4); a = 9.686(2), b = 12.585(2), c = 10.499(2) A; beta = 106.59(2) degrees; V = 1226.5(4) A3; Z = 2; T = 294 K; R1[I > 3 sigma (I)] = 0.032, Rw = 0.031. The bond lengths and bond angles are nearly identical in the two isostructural salts; however, the cell volume of [Ir(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2 is slightly smaller than that of [Rh(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2. The cations (point group C4v) feature unusually long M-C bonds (M = Rh, Ir) and correspondingly short CO bonds, as well as high CO stretching wavenumbers and high CO stretching force constants. The [Sb2F11]- anions are not symmetry related, and their dihedral and bridge angles differ slightly in both salts. There are significant interionic contacts in [Ir(CO)5Cl][Sb2F11]2 exclusively of the C-F type (about 2 for each C atom of the five carbonyl groups) resulting in extended structures. The vibrational spectra for both [M(CO)5Cl]2+ cations (M = Rh, Ir) are assigned with the help of density functional calculations, which also provide intensities for IR and Raman bands. While [Rh(CO)5Cl]2+ is the first cationic carbonyl derivative of Rh(III), the vibrational and structural parameters for [Ir(CO)5Cl]2+ are compared to data for [Ir(CO)6]3+ and mer-Ir(CO)3(SO3F)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Willner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Universität, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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Conjugate Brönsted–Lewis superacids in fluorosulfuric acid—Hammett acidity function and electrical conductivity studies of Ta(V), Nb(V) and Sb(V) Lewis acids. J Fluor Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(98)00097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Willner H, Aubke F. Homoleptische Carbonylkomplex-Kationen der elektronenreichen Metalle: Bildung in supersauren Medien sowie spektroskopische und strukturelle Charakterisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mistrys F, Aubke F. The synthesis and vibrational spectra of fluorosulfate derivatives of titanium, zirconium and hafnium. J Fluor Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-1139(93)05001-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Willner H, Mistry F, Hwang G, Herring F, Cader M, Aubke F. Fluorosulfate derivatives of divalent gold. J Fluor Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1139(00)80318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nitrogen-Sulfur-Fluorine Ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2792(08)60072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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