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Wang Y, Luo QC, Zheng YZ. Organolanthanide Single-Molecule Magnets with Heterocyclic Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202407016. [PMID: 38953597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202407016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Lanthanide (Ln) based mononuclear single-molecule magnets (SMMs) provide probably the finest ligand regulation model for magnetic property. Recently, the development of such SMMs has witnessed a fast transition from coordination to organometallic complexes because the latter provides a fertile, yet not fully excavated soil for the development of SMMs. Especially those SMMs with heterocyclic ligands have shown the potential to reach higher blocking temperature. In this minireview, we give an overview of the design principle of SMMs and highlight those "shining stars" of heterocyclic organolanthanide SMMs based on the ring sizes of ligands, analysing how the electronic structures of those ligands and the stiffness of subsequently formed molecules affect the dynamic magnetism of SMMs. Finally, we envisaged the future development of heterocyclic Ln-SMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidian Wang
- School of Chemistry, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Cheng Luo
- School of Chemistry, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhen Zheng
- School of Chemistry, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis of Condensed Matter and Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 99 Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, P. R. China
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2
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Tetramethylcyclopentadienyl Samarium(II) Metallocene Chemistry: Isolation of a Bimetallic Sm(II)/Sm(II) Complex. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The salt metathesis reaction between one equivalent of SmI2(THF)2 and two equivalents of K(C5Me4H) in THF afforded single crystals of the unusual, toluene-soluble, and asymmetric bimetallic Sm(II)/Sm(II) complex, (C5Me4H)2SmII(μ-η3:η5-C5Me4H)SmII(C5Me4H)(THF)2, instead of the expected product, (C5Me4H)2SmII(THF)2. The toluene-insoluble products of this reaction can be worked up in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) to provide X-ray quality crystals of the monomeric Sm(II) metallocene, (C5Me4H)2SmII(DME). (C5Me4H)2SmII(DME) can also be synthesized directly by the reaction between one equivalent of SmI2(THF)2 and two equivalents of K(C5Me4H) in neat DME. The isolation and characterization of the bimetallic Sm(II)/Sm(II) complex provides supporting evidence for the possible oligomerization that may occur during the synthesis of Sm(II) complexes with cyclopentadienyl ligands that are less sterically bulky and less solubilizing than (C5Me5)1−.
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3
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Seth K. Recent progress in rare-earth metal-catalyzed sp 2 and sp 3 C–H functionalization to construct C–C and C–heteroelement bonds. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01859k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The review presents rare-earth metal-catalyzed C(sp2/sp3)–H functionalization accessing C–C/C–heteroatom bonds and olefin (co)polymerization, highlighting substrate scope, mechanistic realization, and origin of site-, enantio-/diastereo-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapileswar Seth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) – Guwahati, Sila Katamur, Changsari, Kamrup 781101, Assam, India
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4
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Yi C, Wu L, Chen L, Ren W. Reactivity Studies on Lanthanum and Cerium Hydrido Metallocenes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9241-9246. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00996j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The alkyl complexes [5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2) (Ln = La 1, Ce 2) react with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) in THF to afford the lanthanum boroxide complex [5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2La(µ-OBC8H14)(THF) (3) and cerium boroxide complex [5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ce(µ-OBC8H14)(THF) (4)....
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Lou K, Zu F, Yi J, Cui C. Synthesis and Structure of a Dimeric Yttrium Complex [LSi(BH3)(C5Me4)Y(CH2SiMe3)2]2 (L = PhC(NtBu)2) and Its Catalytic Application for Hydroboration of Ketones and Aldehydes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lou
- State Key laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Fenghua Zu
- Petrochina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Jianjun Yi
- Petrochina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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6
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Hirneise L, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Complexes of Cerium(IV): Synthesis, Reactivity, and Electrochemistry. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18211-18224. [PMID: 34779192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Cp*2CeCl2K(THF) with alkali-metal alkoxides and siloxides in the presence of hexachloroethane generates the monomeric bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) cerium(IV) complexes Cp*2Ce(OR)2 (Cp* = C5Me5; R = Et, iPr, CH2tBu, tBu, SiMe3, or SiPh3). Large substituents R trigger ligand scrambling to half-sandwich complexes Cp*Ce(OR)3, which could be isolated for R = tBu and SiPh3. Similar reactions with sodium aryloxide NaOAr (OAr = OC6H3iPr2-2,6) led to Cp*2Ce(OAr)Cl. Treatment of tris(cyclopentadienyl) complexes CpR3CeCl (CpH = Cp = C5H5; CpMe = C5H4Me) with NaOAr afforded CpMe2Ce(OAr)2 and Cp3Ce(OAr). The cerium(IV) complexes display a pseudotetrahedral geometry in the solid state. Cyclic voltammetry revealed mostly chemically reversible as well as electrochemically quasi-reversible redox processes with potentials ranging from -0.84 to -1.61 V versus Fc/Fc+. Switching from sandwich to half-sandwich complexes decreased the electrochemical potentials drastically, showing better stabilization of the cerium(IV) center in the case of Cp*Ce(OR)3 than in the case of Cp*2Ce(OR)2. Enhanced stabilization of the cerium +IV oxidation state could be further demonstrated in the series alkoxy > siloxy > aryloxy as well as C5Me5 > C5HMe4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Hirneise
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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7
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Wedal JC, Evans WJ. A Rare-Earth Metal Retrospective to Stimulate All Fields. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18354-18367. [PMID: 34677044 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Formulating insightful questions and experiments is crucial to the advancement of science. The purpose of this Perspective is to encourage scientists in all areas of chemistry to ask more "What if?" questions: What if we tried this experiment? What if we used these conditions? What if that idea is not correct? To stimulate this thinking, a retrospective analysis of a specific field, in this case rare-earth metal chemistry, is presented that describes the "What if?" questions that could have and should have been asked earlier based on our current knowledge. The goal is to provide scientists with a historical perspective of discovery that exemplifies how previous views in chemistry were often narrowed by predominant beliefs in principles that were incorrect. The same situation is likely to exist today, but we do not realize the limitations! Hopefully, this analysis can be used as a springboard for posing important "What if?" questions that should be asked right now in every area of chemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Wedal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Gu D, Yi C, Ren W. Lanthanocene and Cerocene Alkyl Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity Studies. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9260-9269. [PMID: 31247831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanocene and cerocene alkyl complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2) (Ln = La 3 and Ce 4) were obtained from the salt metathesis of {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(μ3-κ3-O3SCF3)2K(THF)2}2·THF (Ln = La 1·THF and Ce 2·THF) with LiCH2C6H4-o-NMe2. Reactivity of 3 and 4 toward various small molecules provides access to a series of lanthanide derivatives. For example, reactions of 3 and 4 with elemental chalcogens (sulfur and selenium) in 1:1 molar ratio give the lanthanide thiolates {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(μ-SCH2C6H4-o-NMe2)}2 (Ln = La 5 and Ce 6) and selenolates {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln(μ-SeCH2C6H4-o-NMe2)}2 (Ln = La 7 and Ce 8). The compounds 3 and 4 react with two equivalents of elemental chalcogens (sulfur and selenium) to afford the lanthanide disulfides {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln}2(μ-η2:η2-S2) (Ln = La 9 and Ce 10) and diselenides {[η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln}2(μ-η2:η2-Se2) (Ln = La 11 and Ce 12). The lanthanide disulfides (9 and 10) or diselenides (11 and 12) can also be readily obtained through oxidation of the corresponding lanthanide thiolates (5 and 6) or selenolates (7 and 8) by elemental chalcogens concomitant with the (Me2N-o-C6H4CH2)2E2 (E = S or Se) release. Treatment of 3 and 4 with one equivalent or two equivalents of benzonitrile produces the serendipitous lanthanum and cerium-1-azaallyl complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[N(H)C(Ph)═CHC6H4-o-NMe2] (Ln = La 13 and Ce 14) or amidine complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[N(H)C(Ph)NC(Ph)═CHC6H4-o-NMe2]·C7H8 (Ln = La 15·C7H8 and Ce 16·C7H8), respectively. The compound 15 or 16 can also be readily synthesized by further insertion of one benzonitrile molecule into the 1-azaallyl complex 13 or 14. Insertion of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or phenyl isothiocyanate into Ln-C bonds within 3 and 4 results in the formation of the amidine complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[CyNC(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)NCy] (Cy = cyclohexyl, Ln = La 17 and Ce 18) or thioamidato complexes [η5-1,3-(Me3C)2C5H3]2Ln[SC(CH2C6H4-o-NMe2)NPh] (Ln = La 19 and Ce 20). All of the new compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, and their solid-state structures were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defa Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Chengkun Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Wenshan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
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9
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Kim S, Kim Y, Jin H, Park MH, Kim Y, Lee KM, Kim M. Europium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes/Ketones and Photoluminescence Tracking. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seongwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and BK21Plus Program Research TeamChungbuk National University, Cheongju Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Youngik Kim
- Department of Chemistry and BK21Plus Program Research TeamChungbuk National University, Cheongju Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Hyomin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science and Fusion TechnologyKangwon National University, Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 South Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Park
- Department of Chemistry EducationChungbuk National University, Cheongju Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Youngjo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and BK21Plus Program Research TeamChungbuk National University, Cheongju Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Science and Fusion TechnologyKangwon National University, Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 South Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry and BK21Plus Program Research TeamChungbuk National University, Cheongju Chungbuk 28644 South Korea
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10
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Li WL, Ertural C, Bogdanovski D, Li J, Dronskowski R. Chemical Bonding of Crystalline LnB6 (Ln = La–Lu) and Its Relationship with Ln2B8 Gas-Phase Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12999-13008. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Christina Ertural
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dimitri Bogdanovski
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Richard Dronskowski
- Chair of Solid-State and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Stein BW, Cary SK, Berg JM, Birnbaum ER, Kozimor SA, Mocko V, Scott BL. A series of F-Element chelators; diaza crown ethers functionalized with catecholate binding substituents. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Nishiura M, Guo F, Hou Z. Half-sandwich rare-earth-catalyzed olefin polymerization, carbometalation, and hydroarylation. Acc Chem Res 2015. [PMID: 26214733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The search for new catalysts for more efficient, selective chemical transformations and for the synthesis of new functional materials has been a long-standing research subject in both academia and industry. To develop new generations of catalysts that are superior or complementary to the existing ones, exploring the potential of untapped elements is an important strategy. Rare-earth elements, including scandium, yttrium, and the lanthanides (La-Lu), constitute one important frontier in the periodic table. Rare-earth elements possess unique chemical and physical properties that are different from those of main-group and late-transition metals. The development of rare-earth-based catalysts by taking the advantage of these unique properties is of great interest and importance. The most stable oxidation state of rare-earth metals is 3+, which is difficult to change under many reaction conditions. The oxidative addition and reductive elimination processes often observed in catalytic cycles involving late transition metals are generally difficult in the case of rare-earth complexes. The 18-electron rule that is applicable to late-transition-metal complexes does not fit rare-earth complexes, whose structures are mainly governed by the sterics (rather than the electron numbers) of the ligands. In the lanthanide series (La-Lu), the ionic radius gradually decreases with increasing atomic number because of the influence of the 4f electrons, which show poor shielding of nuclear charge. Rare-earth metal ions generally show strong Lewis acidity and oxophilicity. Rare-earth metal alkyl and hydride species are highly reactive, showing both nucleophilicity and basicity. The combination of these features, such as the strong nucleophilicity and moderate basicity of the alkyl and hydride species and the high stability, strong Lewis acidity, and unsaturated C-C bond affinity of the 3+ metal ions, can make rare-earth metals unique candidates for the formation of excellent single-site catalysts. This Account is intended to give an overview of our recent studies on organo rare-earth catalysis, in particular the synthesis and application of half-sandwich rare-earth alkyl complexes bearing monocyclopentadienyl ligands for olefin polymerization, carbometalation, and hydroarylation. Treatment of half-sandwich rare-earth dialkyl complexes having the general formula CpMR2 with an equimolar amount of an appropriate borate compound such as [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] can generate the corresponding cationic monoalkyl species, which serve as excellent single-site catalysts for the polymerization and copolymerization of a wide range of olefin monomers such as ethylene, 1-hexene, styrene, conjugated and nonconjugated dienes, and cyclic olefins. The cationic half-sandwich rare-earth alkyl complexes can also catalyze the regio- and stereoselective alkylative alumination of alkenes and alkynes through insertion of the unsaturated C-C bond into the metal-alkyl bond followed by transmetalation between the resulting new alkyl or alkenyl species and an alkylaluminum compound. Moreover, a combination of deprotonative C-H bond activation of appropriate organic compounds such as anisoles and pyridines by the rare-earth alkyl species and insertion of alkenes into the resulting new metal-carbon bond can lead to catalytic C-H bond alkylation of the organic substrates. Most of these transformations are unique to the rare-earth catalysts with selectivity and functional group tolerance different from those of late-transition-metal catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Fang Guo
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic
Chemistry Laboratory and Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- The
State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116012, China
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13
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Li T, Nishiura M, Cheng J, Zhang W, Li Y, Hou Z. Hydrogenolysis and Protonation of Polymetallic Lutetium Methylidene and Methyl Complexes. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om4002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of
Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1
Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wenxiong Zhang
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of
Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine
Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of
Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1
Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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14
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Marks TJ. Introduction to the “Recent Advances in f-Element Organometallic Chemistry” Special Issue of Organometallics. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400094n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Cheng J, Hou Z. Rare-earth dialkyl and dihydride complexes bearing monoanionic ancillary ligands. Sci China Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-011-4439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sharma M, Andrea T, Brookes NJ, Yates BF, Eisen MS. Organoactinides Promote the Dimerization of Aldehydes: Scope, Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Calculation Studies. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1341-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105696p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manab Sharma
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tamer Andrea
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Nigel J. Brookes
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Moris S. Eisen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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17
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Harder S. From limestone to catalysis: application of calcium compounds as homogeneous catalysts. Chem Rev 2010; 110:3852-76. [PMID: 20420358 DOI: 10.1021/cr9003659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Harder
- Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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18
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Novel polymerization catalysts and hydride clusters from rare-earth metal dialkyls. Nat Chem 2010; 2:257-68. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Maudez W, Fromm K. The Heterometallic Clusters of Trivalent Rare Earth Metals of [Ln(OPh)6{Li(dme)}3], with Ln=Eu and Sm. Helv Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200900171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Quiroga Norambuena VF, Heeres A, Heeres HJ, Meetsma A, Teuben JH, Hessen B. Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Rare-Earth Metallocene η3-Propargyl/Allenyl Complexes. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om800547n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor F. Quiroga Norambuena
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - André Heeres
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hero J. Heeres
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Auke Meetsma
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. Teuben
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Hessen
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Tobisch S. Is an MN σ-Bond Insertion Route a Viable Alternative to the MN [2+2] Cycloaddition Route in Intramolecular Aminoallene Hydroamination/Cyclisation Catalysed by Neutral Zirconium Bis(amido) Complexes? A Computational Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2008; 14:8590-602. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Kramer MU, Robert D, Arndt S, Zeimentz PM, Spaniol TP, Yahia A, Maron L, Eisenstein O, Okuda J. Cationic methyl complexes of the rare-earth metals: an experimental and computational study on synthesis, structure, and reactivity. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:9265-78. [PMID: 18816050 DOI: 10.1021/ic801259n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of two families of rare-earth metal complexes containing discrete methyl cations [LnMe(2-x)(thf)n]((1+x)+) (x = 0, 1; thf = tetrahydrofuran) have been studied. As a synthetic equivalent for the elusive trimethyl complex [LnMe3], lithium methylates of the approximate composition [Li3LnMe6(thf)n] were prepared by treating rare-earth metal trichlorides [LnCl3(thf)n] with 6 equiv of methyllithium in diethyl ether. Heteronuclear complexes of the formula [Li3Ln2Me9L(n)] (Ln = Sc, Y, Tb; L = Et2O, thf) were isolated by crystallization from diethyl ether. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed a heterometallic aggregate of composition [Li3Ln2Me9(thf)n(Et2O)m] with a [LiLn2Me9](2-) core (Ln = Sc, Y, Tb). When tris(tetramethylaluminate) [Ln(AlMe4)3] (Ln = Y, Lu) was reacted with less than 1 equiv of [NR3H][BPh4], the dimethyl cations [LnMe2(thf)n][BPh4] were obtained. The coordination number as well as cis/trans isomer preference was studied by crystallographic and computational methods. Dicationic methyl complexes of the rare-earth metals of the formula [LnMe(thf)n][BAr4]2 (Ln = Sc, Y, La-Nd, Sm, Gd-Lu; Ar = Ph, C6H4F-4) were synthesized, by protonolysis of either the ate complex [Li3LnMe6(thf)n] (Ln = Sc, Y, Gd-Lu) or the tris(tetramethylaluminate) [Ln(AlMe4)3] (Ln = La-Nd, Sm, Dy, Gd) with ammonium borates [NR3H][BAr4] in thf. The number of coordinated thf ligands varied from n = 5 (Ln = Sc, Tm) to n = 6 (Ln = La, Y, Sm, Dy, Ho). The configuration of representative examples was determined by X-ray diffraction studies and confirmed by density-functional theory calculations. The highly polarized bonding between the methyl group and the rare-earth metal center results in the reactivity pattern dominated by the carbanionic character and the pronounced Lewis acidity: The dicationic methyl complex [YMe(thf)6](2+) inserted benzophenone as an electrophile to give the alkoxy complex [Y(OCMePh2)(thf)5](2+). Nucleophilic addition of the soft anion X(-) (X(-) = I(-), BH4(-)) led to the monocationic methyl complexes [YMe(X)(thf)5](+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias U Kramer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Tobisch S. Origin of Diastereoselectivity in the Organolanthanide-Mediated Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclisation of Aminodienes: A Computational Exploration of Constrained Geometry CGC–Ln Catalysts. Chemistry 2007; 13:9127-36. [PMID: 17685380 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of ring-substituent diastereoselectivity in the intramolecular hydroamination/cyclisation (IHC) of alpha-substituted aminodienes by constrained geometry CGC-lanthanide catalysts (CGC=[Me(2)Si(eta(5)-Me(4)C(5))(tBuN)](2-)) has been elucidated by means of a reliable DFT method. The first survey of relevant elementary steps for the 1-methyl-(4E,6)-heptadienylamine substrate (1) and the [{Me(2)Si(eta(5)-Me(4)C(5))(tBuN)}Sm{N(TMS)(2)}] starting material (2) identified the following general mechanistic aspects of Ln-catalysed aminodiene IHC. The substrate-adduct 3-S of the active CGC-Ln-amidodiene compound represents the catalyst's resting state, but the substrate-free form 3' with a chelating amidodiene functionality is the direct precursor for cyclisation. This step proceeds with almost complete regioselectivity through exocyclic ring closure by means of a frontal trajectory, giving rise to the CGC-Ln-azacycle intermediate 4. Subsequent protonolysis of 4 is turnover limiting, whilst the ring-substituent diastereoselectivity is dictated by exocyclic ring closure. Unfavourable close interatomic contacts between the substrate's alpha-substituent and the catalyst backbone have been shown to largely govern the trans/cis selectivity. Substituents of sufficient bulk in the alpha-position of the substrate have been identified as being vital for stereochemical induction. The present study has indicated that the diastereoselectivity of ring closure can be considerably modulated. The variation of the lanthanide's ionic radius and introduction of extra steric pressure at the substrate's alpha-position and/or the CGC N centre have been identified as effective handles for tuning the selectivity. The quantification of these factors reported herein represents the first step toward the rational design of improved CGC-Ln catalyst architectures and will thus aid this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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24
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Tobisch S. Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclisation of Aminoallenes Mediated by a Neutral Zirconocene Catalyst: A Computational Mechanistic Study. Chemistry 2007; 13:4884-94. [PMID: 17352434 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The complete catalytic cycle for the intramolecular hydroamination/cyclisation (IHC) of 4,5-hexadien-1-ylamine (1) by a prototypical [ZrCp(2)Me(2)] precatalyst (2) has been scrutinized by employing a reliable DFT method. The present study conducted by means of a detailed computational characterisation of structural and energetic aspects of alternative pathways for all of the relevant elementary steps complements the mechanistic insights revealed from experimental results. The operative mechanism entails an initial transformation of precatalyst 2 into the thermodynamically prevalent, but dormant, bis(amido)-Zr compound in the presence of aminoallene 1. This complex undergoes a reversible, rate-determining alpha-elimination of 1 to form the imidoallene-Zr complex. The substrate-free form, which contains a chelating imidoallene functionality, is the catalytically active species and is rapidly transformed into azazirconacyclobutane intermediates through a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. This highly facile process does not proceed regioselectively because the alternative pathways for the formation of five- and six-membered azacycles have comparable probabilities. Degradation of cyclobutane intermediates by following the most feasible pathway occurs through protonolysis of the metallacycle moiety and subsequent proton transfer from the Zr-NHR moiety onto the azacycle. The five-membered allylamine is generated through protonation at carbon atom C(6) followed by alpha-hydrogen elimination, whereas protonolysis of the cyclobutane moiety at the Zr-N bond followed by proton transfer onto carbon atom C(5) is the dominant route for the six-membered product. Of the two consecutive proton transfer steps, the second one determines the overall kinetics of the entire protonation sequence. This process is predicted to be substantially slower than the cycloaddition reaction. The factors that regulate the composition of the cycloamine products have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- University of St Andrews, School of Chemistry, Purdie Building, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, UK.
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Evans WJ. The Importance of Questioning Scientific Assumptions: Some Lessons from f Element Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:3435-49. [PMID: 17428046 DOI: 10.1021/ic062011k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As scientists, we know that we should constantly question the assumptions upon which our research is based. We also know that we do not do this often enough. The recent results in f element chemistry described here should serve to remind us not to take the traditional boundaries of any area of chemistry for granted including topics as fundamental as redox chemistry and bond-length generalizations. New ways of doing reductive chemistry in the f element area as well as the synthesis of "long bond organometallics" that have unconventional bond distances and reactivity demonstrate how the "rules" in this area, thought to be true for decades, have been recently overturned. The synthetic chemistry that made these advances possible has generated additional unexpected opportunities in f element chemistry that are also described here. Overall, these results should stimulate researchers in all areas to challenge their assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
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Perrin L, Eisenstein O, Maron L. Chemoselectivity in σ bond activation by lanthanocene complexes from a DFT perspective: reactions of Cp2LnR (R = CH3, H, SiH3) with SiH4and CH3–SiH3. NEW J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b617425f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Evans WJ, Davis BL, Champagne TM, Ziller JW. C-H bond activation through steric crowding of normally inert ligands in the sterically crowded gadolinium and yttrium (C5Me5)3M complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12678-83. [PMID: 16908852 PMCID: PMC1568909 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0602672103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of the sterically crowded Tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) lanthanide complexes, (C5Me5)3Ln, has demonstrated that organometallic complexes with unconventionally long metal ligand bond lengths can be isolated that provide options to develop new types of ligand reactivity based on steric crowding. Previously, the (C5Me5)3M complexes were known only with the larger lanthanides, La-Sm. The synthesis of even more crowded complexes of the smaller metals Gd and Y is reported here. These complexes allow an evaluation of the size/reactivity correlations previously limited to the larger metals and demonstrate a previously undescribed type of C5Me5-based reaction, namely C-H bond activation. (C5Me5)3Gd, was prepared from GdCl3 through (C5Me5)2GdCl2K(THF)2, (C5Me5)2Gd(C3H5), and [(C5Me5)2Gd][BPh4] and structurally characterized by x-ray crystallography. Although Gd3+ is redox-inactive, (C5Me5)3Gd functions as a reducing agent in reactions with 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene (COT) and triphenylphosphine selenide to make (C5Me5)Gd(C8H8), [(C5Me5)2Gd]2Se2, and [(C5Me5)2Gd]2Se depending on the stoichiometry used. When the analogous synthetic method was attempted with yttrium in arene solvents, the previously characterized (C5Me5)2YR complexes (R=C6H5, CH2C6H5) were isolated instead, i.e., C-H bond activation of solvent occurred. To avoid this problem, (C5Me5)3Y was synthesized in high yield from [(C5Me5)2YH]2 and tetramethylfulvene in aliphatic solvents. Isolated (C5Me5)3Y was found to metalate benzene and toluene with concomitant formation of C5Me5H, a reaction contrary to the normal pKa values of these hydrocarbons. In this case, the normally inert (C5Me5)1- ligand engages in C-H bond activation due to the extreme steric crowding.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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Tobisch S. Mechanism andexo-Regioselectivity of Organolanthanide-Mediated Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclization of 1,3-Disubstituted Aminoallenes: A Computational Study. Chemistry 2006; 12:2520-31. [PMID: 16342226 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The complete catalytic reaction course for the organolanthanide-assisted intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization (IHC) of 4,5-heptadien-1-ylamine by a prototypical [(eta(5)-Me5C5)2LuCH(SiMe3)2] precatalyst has been critically scrutinized by employing a reliable DFT method. A computationally verified mechanistic scenario for the IHC of 1,3-disubstituted aminoallene substrates has been proposed that is consistent with the empirical rate law determined by experiment and accounts for crucial experimental observations. It involves kinetically rapid substrate association and dissociation equilibria, facile and reversible intramolecular allenic C=C insertion into the Ln-N bond, and turnover-limiting protonation of the azacycle's tether functionality, with the amine-amidoallene-Ln adduct complex representing the catalyst's resting state. This mechanistic scenario bears resemblance to the mechanism that has been recently proposed in a computational exploration of aminodiene IHC. The unique features of the IHC of the two substrate classes are discussed. Furthermore, the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that control the regio- and stereoselectivity of aminoallene IHC have been elucidated. These achievements have provided a deeper insight into the catalytic structure-reactivity relationships in organolanthanide-assisted cyclohydroamination of unsaturated C-C functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Fachbereich Chemie, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, 06210 Halle, Germany.
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31
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Tobisch S. Organolanthanide-Mediated Intermolecular Hydroamination of 1,3-Dienes: Mechanistic Insights from a Computational Exploration of Diverse Mechanistic Pathways for the Stereoselective Hydroamination of 1,3-Butadiene with a Primary Amine Supported by anansa-Neodymocene-Based Catalyst. Chemistry 2005; 11:6372-85. [PMID: 16086337 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The complete catalytic reaction course for the organolanthanide-mediated intermolecular hydroamination of 1,3-butadiene and n-propylamine by an archetypical [Me2Si(eta5-Me4C5)2NdCH(SiMe3)2] precatalyst was critically scrutinized by employing a reliable gradient-corrected DFT method. A free-energy profile of the overall reaction is presented that is based on the thorough characterization of all crucial elementary steps for a tentative catalytic cycle. A computationally verified, revised mechanistic scenario is proposed which is consistent with the experimentally derived empirical rate law and accounts for crucial experimental observations. It involves kinetically mobile reactant association/dissociation equilibria and facile, reversible intermolecular diene insertion into the Nd-amido bond, linked to turnover-limiting protonolysis of the eta3-butenyl-Nd functionality. The computationally predicted effective kinetics (Delta(tot) = 11.3 kcal mol(-1), Delta(tot) = -35.7 e.u.) are in reasonably good agreement with experimental data for the thoroughly studied hydroamination of alkynes. The thermodynamic and kinetic factors that determine the almost complete regio- and stereoselectivity of the mechanistically diverse intermolecular 1,3-diene hydroamination have been unraveled. The present computational study complements experiments because it allows, first, a more detailed understanding and a consistent rationalization of the experimental results for the hydroamination of 1,3-dienes and primary amines and, second, enhances the insights into general mechanistic aspects of organolanthanide-mediated intermolecular hydroamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Fachbereich Chemie, Germany.
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Clark DL, Gordon JC, Hay PJ, Poli R. Existence and Stability of Lanthanide−Main Group Element Multiple Bonds. New Paradigms in the Bonding of the 4f Elements. A DFT Study of Cp2CeZ (Z = F+, O, NH, CH-, CH2) and the Ligand Adduct Cp2Ce(CH2)(NH3). Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050693y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L. Clark
- Nuclear Materials Technology Division and G. T. Seaborg Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E500, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop J514, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop B268, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - John C. Gordon
- Nuclear Materials Technology Division and G. T. Seaborg Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E500, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop J514, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop B268, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - P. Jeffrey Hay
- Nuclear Materials Technology Division and G. T. Seaborg Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E500, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop J514, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop B268, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Rinaldo Poli
- Nuclear Materials Technology Division and G. T. Seaborg Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop E500, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop J514, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mail Stop B268, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
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33
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Tobisch S. Organolanthanide-Mediated Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclization of Conjugated Aminodienes: A Computational Exploration of Diverse Mechanistic Pathways for the Regioselective Generation of Functionalized Azacycles Supported by a Lanthanocene-Based Catalyst Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11979-88. [PMID: 16117537 DOI: 10.1021/ja042546h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complete catalytic reaction course for the organolanthanide-mediated intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization (IHC) of (4E,6)-heptadien-1-amine by a prototypical achiral Cp*(2)LaCH(TMS)(2) precatalyst is critically scrutinized by employing a gradient-corrected DFT method. The condensed free-energy profile for the overall reaction, comprised of thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of individual elementary steps, is presented. A computationally verified, revised mechanistic scenario has been proposed, which is consistent with the empirical rate law, accounts for crucial experimental observations, and provides a first understanding of the origin of the measured negative DeltaS(++). It involves rapid substrate association/dissociation equilibria and facile intramolecular diene insertion, linked to turnover-limiting protonolysis of the eta(3)-butenyl-Ln functionality, with the amine-amidodiene-Ln adduct complex representing the catalyst's resting state. The thermodynamic and kinetic factors that determine the high regio- and stereoselectivity of the mechanistically diverse IHC of aminodienes have been elucidated. These achievements allow a deeper understanding and a consistent rationalization of the experimental results for aminodiene IHC and furthermore enhance the insights into general mechanistic aspects of the organolanthanide-mediated cycloamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Tobisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Fachbereich Chemie, Kurt-Mothes-Strasse 2, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
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Evans WJ, Perotti JM, Kozimor SA, Champagne TM, Davis BL, Nyce GW, Fujimoto CH, Clark RD, Johnston MA, Ziller JW. Synthesis and Comparative η1-Alkyl and Sterically Induced Reduction Reactivity of (C5Me5)3Ln Complexes of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om050402l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Jeremy M. Perotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Stosh A. Kozimor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Timothy M. Champagne
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Benjamin L. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Gregory W. Nyce
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Cy H. Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Robert D. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Matthew A. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Joseph W. Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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Fu-Gen Y, Xiu-Juan L, Yong Z. Reaction of (Ph2N)2Sm(THF)4 with Azobenzene: Synthesis, X-ray Structure and Catalytic Behavior of [(Ph2N)(DME)Sm]2(μ-η2:η2-N2Ph2)2. CHINESE J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200590749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Evans WJ, Perotti JM, Ziller JW. Synthetic utility of [(C5Me5)2Ln][(mu-Ph)2BPh] in accessing [(C5Me5)2LnR]x unsolvated alkyl lanthanide metallocenes, complexes with high C-H activation reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3894-909. [PMID: 15771526 DOI: 10.1021/ja045064e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The loosely ligated [BPh4]1- ion in [(C5Me5)2Ln][(mu-Ph)2BPh2] can be readily displaced by alkyllithium or potassium reagents to provide access to unsolvated alkyl lanthanide metallocenes, [(C5Me5)2LnR]x, which display high C-H activation reactivity. [(C5Me5)2SmMe]3, [(C5Me5)2LuMe]2, [(C5Me5)2LaMe]x, (C5Me5)2Sm(CH2Ph), [(C5Me5)2Sm(CH2SiMe3)]x, and [(C5Me5)2SmPh]2 were prepared in this way. [(C5Me5)2SmMe]3 metalates toluene, benzene, SiMe4, and (C5Me5)1- ligands to make (C5Me5)2Sm(CH2Ph), [(C5Me5)2SmPh]2, [(C5Me5)2Sm(CH2SiMe3)]x, and (C5Me5)6Sm4[C5Me3(CH2)2]2, respectively. These C-H activation reactions can be done using an in situ synthesis of [(C5Me5)2LnMe]x such that the [(C5Me5)2Ln][(mu-Ph)2BPh2]/LiMe/RH combination provides a facile route to a variety of unsolvated [(C5Me5)2LnR]x products.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
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37
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Hosmane NS, Maguire JA. Evolution of C2B4 Carborane Chemistry: from Early Years to the Present. Organometallics 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/om0490031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan S. Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, and Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275
| | - John A. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, and Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275
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38
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Yuan F, Liu X. Crystallographic report: Crystal structure of bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenolato-O) bis(tetrahydrofuran-O) samarium (N,N-η2-azobenzene) diethyl ether solvate. Appl Organomet Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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39
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40
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Avent AG, Cloke FGN, Elvidge BR, Hitchcock PB. Yttrium complexes incorporating the chelating diamides {ArN(CH2)xNAr}2−(Ar = C6H3-2,6-iPr2, x = 2, 3) and their unusual reaction with phenylsilane. Dalton Trans 2004:1083-96. [PMID: 15252687 DOI: 10.1039/b400149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel yttrium chelating diamide complexes [(Y[ArN(CH(2))(x)NAr](Z)(THF)(n))(y)] (Z = I, CH(SiMe(3))(2), CH(2)Ph, H, N(SiMe(3))(2), OC(6)H(3)-2,6-(t)Bu(2)-4-Me; x = 2, 3; n = 1 or 2; y = 1 or 2) were made via salt metathesis of the potassium diamides (x = 3 (3), x = 2 (4)) and yttrium triiodide in THF (5,10), followed by salt metathesis with the appropriate potassium salt (6-9, 11-13, 15) and further reaction with molecular hydrogen (14). 6 and 11(Z = CH(SiMe(3))(2), x = 2, 3) underwent unprecedented exchange of yttrium for silicon on reaction with phenylsilane to yield (Si[ArN(CH(2))(x)NAr]PhH) (x = 2 (16), 3) and (Si[CH(SiMe(3))(2)]PhH(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Avent
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University Of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
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41
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Basuli F, Tomaszewski J, Huffman JC, Mindiola DJ. Carbon−Oxygen Bond Cleavage Promoted by a Scandium Borohydride Complex. Organometallics 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/om030374b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Basuli
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - John Tomaszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - John C. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Daniel J. Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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42
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Deng M, Yao Y, Shen Q, Zhang Y, Lang J, Zhou Y. Synthesis and characterization of a new class of divalent lanthanide complexes {[C5H4(CMe2Ph)]4Ln2(μ-X)2}[Li(DME)3]2 (Ln=Sm, X=I; Ln=Yb, X=Cl; DME=dimethoxyethane). J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kempe R. The Strained η
2
‐
N
Amido
−
N
Pyridine
Coordination of Aminopyridinato Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200390108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhett Kempe
- Fachbereich Chemie, University of Oldenburg, P. O. Box 2503, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
- Institut für Organische Katalyseforschung Rostock, Buchbinderstraße 5−6, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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44
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Giesbrecht GR, Clark DL, Gordon JC, Scott BL. Syntheses and structures of mono-cyclopentadienyl di-iodide complexes of the lanthanides: X-ray crystal structures of Cp?LaI2py3 (Cp? = [?5-C5H2(SiMe3)3-1,2,4]?; py = pyridine) and Cp?LaI2(bipy)py (bipy = 2, 2?-bipyridine). Appl Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Bérubé, CD, Gambarotta S, Yap GPA, Cozzi PG. Di- and Trivalent Dinuclear Samarium Complexes Supported by Pyrrole-Based Tetradentate Schiff Bases. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020773r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandro Gambarotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Glenn P. A. Yap
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Giesbrecht GR, Cui C, Shafir A, Schmidt JAR, Arnold J. Divalent Lanthanide Metal Complexes of a Triazacyclononane-Functionalized Tetramethylcyclopentadienyl Ligand: X-ray Crystal Structures of [C5Me4SiMe2(iPr2-tacn)]LnI (Ln = Sm, Yb; tacn = 1,4-Diisopropyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garth R. Giesbrecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Chunming Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Alexandr Shafir
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Joseph A. R. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - John Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and the Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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47
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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49
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Evans WJ, Davis BL. Chemistry of tris(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) f-element complexes, (C(5)Me(5))(3)M. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2119-36. [PMID: 12059263 DOI: 10.1021/cr010298r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
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Evans WJ. The expansion of divalent organolanthanide reduction chemistry via new molecular divalent complexes and sterically induced reduction reactivity of trivalent complexes. J Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(01)01462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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