Chemical Graph Theory—The Mathematical Connection

On comparative analysis of a two dimensional star gold structure via regression models

In this research, the star gold structure with beta graphene is thoroughly examined. We mainly focus on computing degree-based topological indices, which provide information about the network's connectivity and complexity as well as structural features. In addition, we compute an entropy measure to represent the uncertainty, information richness, and degree of unpredictability in the network. Furthermore, this study explores the relationships between topological descriptors and entropy using regression models that are logarithmic, linear, and quadratic. By merging these regression models, we uncover hidden patterns and understand the underlying ideas governing the network's behaviour. Our findings shed light on the connection between topological indices and entropy. This work improves our understanding of star gold structure dynamics and provides a visual framework for interpreting their behaviour.

Critical Nodes in River Networks

River drainage networks are important landscape features that have been studied for several decades from a range of geomorphological and hydrological perspectives. However, identifying the most vital (critical) nodes on river networks and analyzing their relationships with geomorphic and climatic properties have not yet been extensively addressed in the literature. In this study, we use an algorithm that determines the set of critical nodes whose removal results in maximum network fragmentation and apply it to various topologies of simulated and natural river networks. Specifically, we consider simulated river networks obtained from optimal channel network (OCN) approach as well as extracted networks from several natural basins across the United States. Our results indicate a power-law relationship between the number of connected node pairs in the remaining network and the number of removed critical nodes. We also investigate the characteristics of sub-basins resulted from the removal of critical nodes and compare them with those of central nodes (in the context of betweenness centrality) for both natural basins and OCNs with varying energy exponent γ to understand vulnerability and resilience of river networks under potential external disruptions.

Emergent spectral properties of river network topology: an optimal channel network approach

Characterization of river drainage networks has been a subject of research for many years. However, most previous studies have been limited to quantities which are loosely connected to the topological properties of these networks. In this work, through a graph-theoretic formulation of drainage river networks, we investigate the eigenvalue spectra of their adjacency matrix. First, we introduce a graph theory model for river networks and explore the properties of the network through its adjacency matrix. Next, we show that the eigenvalue spectra of such complex networks follow distinct patterns and exhibit striking features including a spectral gap in which no eigenvalue exists as well as a finite number of zero eigenvalues. We show that such spectral features are closely related to the branching topology of the associated river networks. In this regard, we find an empirical relation for the spectral gap and nullity in terms of the energy dissipation exponent of the drainage networks. In addition, the eigenvalue distribution is found to follow a finite-width probability density function with certain skewness which is related to the drainage pattern. Our results are based on optimal channel network simulations and validated through examples obtained from physical experiments on landscape evolution. These results suggest the potential of the spectral graph techniques in characterizing and modeling river networks.

Total π-electron energy and Laplacian energy: How far the analogy goes?

The Laplacian energy LE is a newly introduced molecular-graph-based analog of the total ?-electron energy E. It is shown that LE and E have a similar structure-dependency only when molecules of different sizes are compared, when a good linear correlation between them exists. Within classes of isomers, LE and E are either not correlated at all or (as in the case of acyclic systems) are inversely proportional. The acyclic graphs and molecular graphs having the greatest and smallest LE values (determined in this work) differ significantly from those (previously known) having the greatest and smallest E values.