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Yvon M, German TL, Ullman DE, Dasgupta R, Parker MH, Ben-Mahmoud S, Verdin E, Gognalons P, Ancelin A, Laï Kee Him J, Girard J, Vernerey MS, Fernandez E, Filloux D, Roumagnac P, Bron P, Michalakis Y, Blanc S. The genome of a bunyavirus cannot be defined at the level of the viral particle but only at the scale of the viral population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309412120. [PMID: 37983500 PMCID: PMC10691328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309412120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses are enveloped negative or ambisense single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome divided into several segments. The canonical view depicts each viral particle packaging one copy of each genomic segment in one polarity named the viral strand. Several opposing observations revealed nonequal ratios of the segments, uneven number of segments per virion, and even packaging of viral complementary strands. Unfortunately, these observations result from studies often addressing other questions, on distinct viral species, and not using accurate quantitative methods. Hence, what RNA segments and strands are packaged as the genome of any bunyavirus remains largely ambiguous. We addressed this issue by first investigating the virion size distribution and RNA content in populations of the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) using microscopy and tomography. These revealed heterogeneity in viral particle volume and amount of RNA content, with a surprising lack of correlation between the two. Then, the ratios of all genomic segments and strands were established using RNA sequencing and qRT-PCR. Within virions, both plus and minus strands (but no mRNA) are packaged for each of the three L, M, and S segments, in reproducible nonequimolar proportions determined by those in total cell extracts. These results show that virions differ in their genomic content but together build up a highly reproducible genetic composition of the viral population. This resembles the genome formula described for multipartite viruses, with which some species of the order Bunyavirales may share some aspects of the way of life, particularly emerging properties at a supravirion scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Yvon
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Thomas L. German
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Diane E. Ullman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Ranjit Dasgupta
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Maxwell H. Parker
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin53706, Madison
| | - Sulley Ben-Mahmoud
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, California95616, Davis
| | - Eric Verdin
- Pathologie végétale, INRAE, Avignon84143, France
| | | | - Aurélie Ancelin
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Justine Girard
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Fernandez
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Denis Filloux
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Philippe Roumagnac
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
| | - Patrick Bron
- CBS, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier34090, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- PHIM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Institut Agro, Montpellier34398, France
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Shi J, Zhou J, Jiang F, Li Z, Zhu S. The effects of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR7 of Frankliniella occidentalis on the ability of insects to acquire and transmit TSWV. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15385. [PMID: 37187513 PMCID: PMC10178284 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between plant viruses and insect vectors are very complex. In recent years, RNA sequencing data have been used to elucidate critical genes of Tomato spotted wilt ortho-tospovirus (TSWV) and Frankliniella occidentalis (F. occidentalis). However, very little is known about the essential genes involved in thrips acquisition and transmission of TSWV. Based on transcriptome data of F. occidentalis infected with TSWV, we verified the complete sequence of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR7 gene (UBR7), which is closely related to virus transmission. Additionally, we found that UBR7 belongs to the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase family that is highly expressed in adulthood in F. occidentalis. UBR7 could interfere with virus replication and thus affect the transmission efficiency of F. occidentalis. With low URB7 expression, TSWV transmission efficiency decreased, while TSWV acquisition efficiency was unaffected. Moreover, the direct interaction between UBR7 and the nucleocapsid (N) protein of TSWV was investigated through surface plasmon resonance and GST pull-down. In conclusion, we found that UBR7 is a crucial protein for TSWV transmission by F. occidentalis, as it directly interacts with TSWV N. This study provides a new direction for developing green pesticides targeting E3 ubiquitin to control TSWV and F. occidentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Shi
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Zhou
- Agricultural Technology Service Center of Yunyang County, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuifang Zhu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing, China
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Turina M, Kormelink R, Resende RO. Resistance to Tospoviruses in Vegetable Crops: Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:347-371. [PMID: 27296139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-095843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During the past three decades, the economic impact of tospoviruses has increased, causing high yield losses in a variety of crops and ornamentals. Owing to the difficulty in combating thrips vectors with insecticides, the best way to limit/prevent tospovirus-induced diseases involves a management strategy that includes virus resistance. This review briefly presents current tospovirus taxonomy, diversity, molecular biology, and cytopathology as an introduction to a more extensive description of the two main resistance genes employed against tospoviruses: the Sw5 gene in tomato and the Tsw in pepper. Natural and experimental resistance-breaking (RB) isolates allowed the identification of the viral avirulence protein triggering each of the two resistance gene products; epidemiology of RB isolates is discussed to reinforce the need for allelic variants and the need to search for new/alternative resistance genes. Ongoing efforts for alternative resistance strategies are described not only for Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in pepper and tomato but also for other vegetable crops heavily impacted by tospoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, CNR Torino, 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Renato O Resende
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Tripathi D, Raikhy G, Goodin MM, Dietzgen RG, Pappu HR. In vivo localization of iris yellow spot tospovirus (Bunyaviridae)-encoded proteins and identification of interacting regions of nucleocapsid and movement proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118973. [PMID: 25781476 PMCID: PMC4363525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localization and interaction studies of viral proteins provide important information about their replication in their host plants. Tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae) are economically important viruses affecting numerous field and horticultural crops. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV), one of the tospoviruses, has recently emerged as an important viral pathogen of Allium spp. in many parts of the world. We studied the in vivo localization and interaction patterns of the IYSV proteins in uninfected and infected Nicotiana benthamiana and identified the interacting partners. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis demonstrated homotypic and heterotypic interactions between IYSV nucleocapsid (N) and movement (NSm) proteins. These interactions were further confirmed by pull-down assays. Additionally, interacting regions of IYSV N and NSm were identified by the yeast-2-hybrid system and β-galactosidase assay. The N protein self-association was found to be mediated through the N- and C-terminal regions making head to tail interaction. Self-interaction of IYSV NSm was shown to occur through multiple interacting regions. In yeast-2-hybrid assay, the N- and C-terminal regions of IYSV N protein interacted with an N-terminal region of IYSV NSm protein. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our studies provide new insights into localization and interactions of IYSV N and NSm proteins. Molecular basis of these interactions was studied and is discussed in the context of tospovirus assembly, replication, and infection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Raikhy
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- QAAFI, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hanu R. Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, P.O. Box 646430, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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EL-Sharif HF, Stevenson D, Warriner K, Reddy SM. Hydrogel-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Biological Detection. ADVANCED SYNTHETIC MATERIALS IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737074-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have become an important tool in the preparation of artificial and robust recognition materials that are capable of mimicking natural systems. MIPs have been regarded as 'antibody mimics' and have shown clear advantages over real antibodies for sensor technology. Currently, on-site diagnostic (OSD) and point-of-care (POC) biosensor development are heavily dominated by antibody-dependent immuno-sensors such as the lateral flow immuno-assay. Although antibodies exhibit a high degree of selectivity, any biological recognition element is inherently unstable with limited shelf-life, even when stored under optimum conditions. OSD and POC tests are essential for disease screening and treatment monitoring as part of emergency management. Introduced or naturally occurring pathogens can cause significant disruptions, raise panic in the population, and result in significant economic losses. Cheaper, smaller, and smarter devices for early detection of disease or environmental hazards ultimately lead to rapid containment and corrective action. To this end, there has been extensive research on detection platforms based on genetic or immune techniques. MIPs have proven to produce selective biological extractions that rival immunoaffinity-based separations, but without the tediously lengthy time-consuming process. MIPs could provide an alternative to antibodies, and ultimately lead to cheaper, smaller, and smarter biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazim F. EL-Sharif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Derek Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Keith Warriner
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Subrayal M. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
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Bhat AS, Savithri HS. Investigations on the RNA binding and phosphorylation of groundnut bud necrosis virus nucleocapsid protein. Arch Virol 2011; 156:2163-72. [PMID: 21947504 PMCID: PMC7086702 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Groundnut bud necrosis virus belongs to the genus Tospovirus, infects a wide range of crop plants and causes severe losses. To understand the role of the nucleocapsid protein in the viral life cycle, the protein was overexpressed in E. coli and purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. The purified N protein was well folded and was predominantly alpha-helical. Deletion analysis revealed that the C-terminal unfolded region of the N protein was involved in RNA binding. Furthermore, the N protein could be phosphorylated in vitro by Nicotiana benthamiana plant sap and by purified recombinant kinases such as protein kinase CK2 and calcium-dependent protein kinase. This is the first report of phoshphorylation of a nucleocapsid protein in the family Bunyaviridae. The possible implications of the present findings for the viral life cycle are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta S Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka State, India
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Negative-strand RNA viruses: the plant-infecting counterparts. Virus Res 2011; 162:184-202. [PMID: 21963660 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While a large number of negative-strand (-)RNA viruses infect animals and humans, a relative small number have plants as their primary host. Some of these have been classified within families together with animal/human infecting viruses due to similarities in particle morphology and genome organization, while others have just recently been/or are still classified in floating genera. In most cases, at least two striking differences can still be discerned between the animal/human-infecting viruses and their plant-infecting counterparts which for the latter relate to their adaptation to plants as hosts. The first one is the capacity to modify plasmodesmata to facilitate systemic spread of infectious viral entities throughout the plant host. The second one is the capacity to counteract RNA interference (RNAi, also referred to as RNA silencing), the innate antiviral defence system of plants and insects. In this review an overview will be presented on the negative-strand RNA plant viruses classified within the families Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Ophioviridae and floating genera Tenuivirus and Varicosavirus. Genetic differences with the animal-infecting counterparts and their evolutionary descendants will be described in light of the above processes.
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Lacorte C, Ribeiro SG, Lohuis D, Goldbach R, Prins M. The nucleoprotein of Tomato spotted wilt virus as protein tag for easy purification and enhanced production of recombinant proteins in plants. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:17-22. [PMID: 17532227 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) forms ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) that consist of nucleoprotein (N) and viral RNA. These aggregates result from the homopolymerization of the N protein, and are highly stable in plant cells. These properties feature the N protein as a potentially useful protein fusion partner. To evaluate this potential, the N protein was fused to the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP), either at the amino or carboxy terminus, and expressed in plants from binary vectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were infiltrated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and evaluated after 4 days, revealing an intense GFP fluorescence under UV light. Microscopic analysis revealed that upon expression of the GFP:N fusion a small number of large aggregates were formed, whereas N:GFP expression led to a large number of smaller aggregates scattered throughout the cytoplasm. A simple purification method was tested, based on centrifugation and filtration, yielding a gross extract that contained large amounts of N:GFP aggregates, as confirmed by GFP fluorescence and Western blot analysis. These results show that the homopolymerization properties of the N protein can be used as a fast and simple way to purify large amounts of proteins from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Lacorte
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Snippe M, Willem Borst J, Goldbach R, Kormelink R. Tomato spotted wilt virus Gc and N proteins interact in vivo. Virology 2006; 357:115-23. [PMID: 16963098 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) virions consist of a nucleocapsid core surrounded by a membrane containing glycoproteins Gn and Gc. To unravel the protein interactions involved in the membrane acquisition of RNPs, TSWV nucleocapsid protein (N), Gn and Gc were expressed and analyzed in BHK21 cells. Upon coexpression of Gn, Gc and N, a partial colocalization of N with both glycoproteins was observed in the Golgi region. In contrast, upon coexpression of Gc and N in the absence of Gn, both proteins colocalized to a distinct non-Golgi perinuclear region. Using FLIM and FRET, interaction was demonstrated between N and Gc, but not between N and Gn, and was only observed in the region where both proteins accumulated. The genuine character of N-Gc interaction was confirmed by its presence in purified virus and RNP preparations. The results are discussed in view of TSWV particle assembly taking place at the Golgi complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein Snippe
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 11, 6709 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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