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Rowell CER, Dobrovolny HM. Energy Requirements for Loss of Viral Infectivity. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:281-294. [PMID: 32757142 PMCID: PMC7405386 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Outside the host, viruses will eventually lose their ability to infect cells due to conformational changes that occur to proteins on the viral capsid. In order to undergo a conformational change, these proteins require energy to activate the chemical reaction that leads to the conformational change. In this study, data from the literature is used to calculate the energy required for viral inactivation for a variety of different viruses by means of the Arrhenius equation. We find that some viruses (rhinovirus, poliovirus, human immunodeficiency virus, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever virus, and hepatitis A virus) have high inactivation energies, indicative of breaking of a chemical double bond. We also find that several viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, poliovirus, and norovirus) have nonlinear Arrhenius plots, suggesting that there is more than a single pathway for inactivation of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E R Rowell
- Department of Chemistry, Wingate University, Hendersonville, NC, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Safar JG, Kellings K, Serban A, Groth D, Cleaver JE, Prusiner SB, Riesner D. Search for a prion-specific nucleic acid. J Virol 2005; 79:10796-806. [PMID: 16051871 PMCID: PMC1182634 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10796-10806.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity of prion strains was attributed to an elusive nucleic acid, yet a search spanning nearly two decades has failed to identify a prion-specific polynucleotide. In our search for a prion-specific nucleic acid, we analyzed nucleic acids in purified fractions from the brains of Syrian hamsters infected with Sc237 prions. Purification of Sc237 prions removed nucleic acids larger than 50 nucleotides as measured by return refocusing electrophoresis (RRGE). To determine the size of the largest polynucleotide present in purified fractions at an abundance of one molecule per infectious (ID50) unit, we measured prions present after inoculation. In order to account for the rapid clearance of prions after intracerebral inoculation, we determined the number of PrP(Sc) molecules and ID50 units of prions that were retained in brain. Factoring in clearance after inoculation, we estimate that the largest polynucleotide present in our purified fractions at one molecule per ID50 unit is approximately 25 nucleotides in length. In the same fractions, there were approximately 3,000 protease-resistant PrP(Sc) molecules per ID50 unit after accounting for clearance of PrP(Sc) following inoculation. We compared the resistance of Sc237 and 139H prions to inactivation by UV irradiation at 254 nm. Irradiation of homogenates and microsomes diminished prion infectivity by a factor of approximately 1,000 but did not alter the strain-specified properties of the Sc237 and 139H prions. The data reported here combined with the production of synthetic prions argue that the 25-mer polynucleotides found in purified prion preparations are likely to be host encoded and of variable sequence; additionally, these 25-mers are unlikely to be prion specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri G Safar
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0518, USA
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FROMMHAGEN LH, MARTINS MJ. The purification and physicochemical properties of two viruses associated with respiratory disease. Virology 1998; 15:30-5. [PMID: 13702244 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(61)90073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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FABIYI A, ENGLER R, MARTIN DC. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF INFECTIOUS UNIT, HEMAGGLUTININ AND COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGEN OF ECHO VIRUS 19. Arch Virol 1996; 14:621-7. [PMID: 14247358 DOI: 10.1007/bf01555119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Yang CF, De L, Holloway BP, Pallansch MA, Kew OM. Detection and identification of vaccine-related polioviruses by the polymerase chain reaction. Virus Res 1991; 20:159-79. [PMID: 1659060 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(91)90107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to obtain sensitive detection and identification of poliovirus RNA genomes. Primer pairs were designed to permit identification of each Sabin poliovaccine strain by the electrophoretic mobilities of the amplified DNA products (Sabin 1: 97 bp; Sabin 2: 71 bp; Sabin 3: 44 bp). The compositions of samples containing mixtures of vaccine strains could be readily determined by PCR. When the amplified products were visualized by ethidium bromide fluorescence, as few as 250 genomic copies in the original sample could be detected. When PCR was used in combination with strain-specific 32P-labeled oligonucleotide probes, the limit of detection was less than or equal to 2.5 poliovirus genomes, exceeding the sensitivity of poliovirus isolation in cell culture by at least 100-fold. PCR amplifications may be performed on virion RNAs extracted directly from clinical specimens, potentially eliminating the requirement for virus isolation in routine identifications while yielding reliable results within 8 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Yang
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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Lawson MA, Semler BL. Picornavirus Protein Processing—Enzymes, Substrates, and Genetic Regulation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75602-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
After infection and a prolonged incubation period, the scrapie agent causes a degenerative disease of the central nervous system in sheep and goats. Six lines of evidence including sensitivity to proteases demonstrate that this agent contains a protein that is required for infectivity. Although the scrapie agent is irreversibly inactivated by alkali, five procedures with more specificity for modifying nucleic acids failed to cause inactivation. The agent shows heterogeneity with respect to size, apparently a result of its hydrophobicity; the smallest form may have a molecular weight of 50,000 or less. Because the novel properties of the scrapie agent distinguish it from viruses, plasmids, and viroids, a new term "prion" is proposed to denote a small proteinaceous infectious particle which is resistant to inactivation by most procedures that modify nucleic acids. Knowledge of the scrapie agent structure may have significance for understanding the causes of several degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley B. Prusiner
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry and Biophysics at the School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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Hilfenhaus J, Köhler R, Gruschkau H. Large-scale purification of animal viruses in the RK-model zonal ultracentrifuge. III. Semliki Forest virus and vaccinia virus. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION 1976; 4:285-93. [PMID: 993215 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-1157(76)80013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Drzeniek R, Bilello P. Dissociation and reassociation of infectious poliovirus particles. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 240:118-22. [PMID: 4345002 DOI: 10.1038/newbio240118a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Martin SA, Zweerink HJ. Isolation and characterization of two types of bluetongue virus particles. Virology 1972; 50:495-506. [PMID: 4344192 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Guskey LE, Wolff DA. Concentration and purification of poliovirus by ultrafiltration and isopycnic centrifugation. Appl Microbiol 1972; 24:13-7. [PMID: 4341520 PMCID: PMC380537 DOI: 10.1128/am.24.1.13-17.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A method is described by which poliovirus can be rapidly and simply concentrated by the use of a Diaflo XM-50 ultrafilter membrane. Freon-extracted ultrafilter concentrates banded in CsCl provided a 1,724-fold volumetric concentration of poliovirus. During concentration, trypsin-digested cellular material can pass through the ultrafilter membrane, thus providing a versatile means of degrading and eliminating extraneous contaminating proteins. The ultrafilter concentration system is compared with the CsCl cushion system of poliovirus concentration, and both systems are further compared by banding virus and virus capsid material in CsCl by use of isopycnic centrifugation.
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Korant BD, Lonberg-Holm K, Noble J, Stasny JT. Naturally occurring and artificially produced components of three rhinoviruses. Virology 1972; 48:71-86. [PMID: 4335940 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Breindl M, Koch G. Competence of suspended HeLa cells for infection by inactivated poliovirus particles and by isolated viral RNA. Virology 1972; 48:136-44. [PMID: 4335931 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Dunker AK, Rueckert RR. Fragments generated by pH dissociation of ME-virus and their relation to the structure of the virion. J Mol Biol 1971; 58:217-35. [PMID: 5088927 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Siegl G, Hallauer C, Novak A, Kronauer G. Parvoviruses as contaminants of permanent human cell lines. II. Physicochemical properties of the isolated viruses. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1971; 35:91-103. [PMID: 4108653 DOI: 10.1007/bf01249756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Kääriäinen L, Söderlund H. Properties of Semliki Forest virus nucleocapsid. 1. Sensitivity to pancreatic ribonuclease. Virology 1971; 43:291-9. [PMID: 5543280 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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McGregor S, Mayor HD. Biophysical and biochemical studies on rhinovirus and poliovirus. II. Chemical and hydrodynamic analysis of the rhinovirion. J Virol 1971; 7:41-6. [PMID: 5543433 PMCID: PMC356075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.1.41-46.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical analysis of rhinovirus 14 revealed a ribonucleic acid (RNA) content of 29.8% and a high adenylic acid content (35%). A partial specific volume of 0.682 cm(3)/g was obtained for the rhinovirion. Rhinovirus and poliovirus had identical sedimentation coefficients of 158S. A diffusion coefficient of 1.71 x 10(-7) cm(2)/sec was consistent with a hydrated diameter of 25 nm for the rhinovirion. The calculated molecular weights of the rhinovirion and its genome were 7.1 x 10(6) and 2.1 x 10(6) daltons, respectively. Sedimentation analysis of infectious RNA confirmed the similarity of the molecular size of the poliovirus and rhinovirus genomes.
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Blinzinger K, Simon J, Magrath D, Boulger L. Poliovirus crystals within the endoplasmic reticulum of endothelial and mononuclear cells in the monkey spinal cord. Science 1969; 163:1336-7. [PMID: 4303816 DOI: 10.1126/science.163.3873.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The lumbar motor columns of a cynomolgus monkey that had become tetraplegic after experimental infection with a highly virulent strain of type 3 poliovirus were examined by electron microscopy. Crystalline aggregates of poliovirus occurred within the endoplasmic reticulum of endothelial cells as well as of mononuclear inflammatory cells. This finding suggests that the endoplasmic reticulum might be much more involved in poliovirus multiplication than has been previously supposed.
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Young NA, Hoyer BH, Martin MA. Polynucleotide sequence homologies among polioviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 61:548-55. [PMID: 4300989 PMCID: PMC225194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.61.2.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Wentworth DF, Thorup RT, Sproul OJ. Poliovirus Inactivation in Water-Softening Precipitation Processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1968.tb03626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Summers DF, Maizel JV. Evidence for large precursor proteins in poliovirus synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1968; 59:966-71. [PMID: 4296044 PMCID: PMC224791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.59.3.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Engler R, Taher M, Fouad A. Differentiation of reoviruses and picornaviruses by density gradient centrifugation. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1967; 20:29-38. [PMID: 4299771 DOI: 10.1007/bf01245767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Warrington RE. Biophysical studies of Teschen disease virus (Talfan strain). ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1967; 21:78-90. [PMID: 5628590 DOI: 10.1007/bf01258479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Agrawal HO. Studies on the structure of poliovirus. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1966; 19:365-72. [PMID: 4295038 DOI: 10.1007/bf01250605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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SCHAFFER FL, FROMMHAGEN LH. Similarities of biophysical properties of several human enteroviruses as shown by density gradient ultra centrifugation of mixtures of the viruses. Virology 1965; 25:662-4. [PMID: 14329140 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(65)90095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vergleichende Untersuchungen �ber die Wirkung der salpetrigen S�ure auf die antigene und die physikalische Struktur von Poliovirus-Teilchen. Arch Virol 1965. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01242600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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McLaren LC, Brand G. Virustropismus. Neue Erkenntnisse aus Untersuchungen über die Enterovirus-Infektion der Zelle. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1964. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-42622-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Maizel JV. Evidence for multiple components in the structural protein of type 1 poliovirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1963. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(63)90146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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SCHAFFER FL. Binding of proflavine by and photoinactivation of poliovirus propagated in the presence of the dye. Virology 1962; 18:412-25. [PMID: 13976643 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(62)90032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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POLSON A, van REGENMORTEL M. A new method for determination of sedimentation constants of viruses. Virology 1961; 15:397-403. [PMID: 14487691 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(61)90107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Schmidt WAK, H�pken W, Wohlrab R. Untersuchungen zur Komplementbindungs-Reaktion der Poliomyelitis. Arch Virol 1961. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01241640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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POLSON A, HAMPTON JW. Determination of the diffusion constant of poliovirus by the gel precipitin technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1960; 44:18-22. [PMID: 13736909 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3002(60)91517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Partielle Reinigung einiger gestreckter Pflanzenviren und ihre Verwendung als Antigene bei der Immunisierung mittels Freundschem Adjuvans. Arch Microbiol 1960. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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