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Shi G, Zhang C, Bai X, Sun J, Wang K, Meng Q, Li Y, Hu G, Hu R, Cai Q, Huang M. A potential mechanism clue to the periodic storm from microglia activation and progressive neuron damage induced by paraquat exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:1874-1888. [PMID: 38189626 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), is characterized by neurotoxicity, which increases the potential risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) exposure in the long-term and low doses. Triggering microglia activation and neuroinflammation is deemed an early event resulting in PD. However, the underlying pathogenesis of PD by PQ is not clear yet. In this article, C57BL/6J mice treated with PQ could successfully act out Parkinson-like. In addition, we observed the fluorescence intensity enhancement of Iba-1 activated microglia with released pro-inflammatory, all ahead of both the damage of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of the brain. Surprisingly, the injection of minocycline before PQ for many hours not only can effectively improve the neurobehavioral symptoms of mice but inhibit the activation of microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory substances, even controlling the gradual damage and loss of neurons. A further mechanism of minocycline hampered the expression levels of key signaling proteins PI3K, PDK1, p-AKT, and CD11b (the receptor of microglia membrane recognition), while a large number of inflammatory factors. Our results suggested that the CD11b/PI3K/NOX2 pathway may be a clue that microglia-mediated inflammatory responses and neuronal damage in a PQ-induced abnormal behavior Parkinson-like mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Shi
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Chunhui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xinghua Bai
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - KaiDong Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qi Meng
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Guiling Hu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Rong Hu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Qian Cai
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, School of Public Health of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
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Hoenen C, Gustin A, Birck C, Kirchmeyer M, Beaume N, Felten P, Grandbarbe L, Heuschling P, Heurtaux T. Alpha-Synuclein Proteins Promote Pro-Inflammatory Cascades in Microglia: Stronger Effects of the A53T Mutant. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162717. [PMID: 27622765 PMCID: PMC5021287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is histologically described by the deposition of α-synuclein, whose accumulation in Lewy bodies causes dopaminergic neuronal death. Although most of PD cases are sporadic, point mutations of the gene encoding the α-synuclein protein cause inherited forms of PD. There are currently six known point mutations that result in familial PD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have also been described as early events associated with dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD. Though it is known that microglia are activated by wild-type α-synuclein, little is known about its mutated forms and the signaling cascades responsible for this microglial activation. The present study was designed to investigate consequences of wild-type and mutant α-synuclein (A53T, A30P and E46K) exposure on microglial reactivity. Interestingly, we described that α-synuclein-induced microglial reactivity appeared to be peptide-dependent. Indeed, the A53T protein activated more strongly microglia than the wild-type α-synuclein and other mutants. This A53T-induced microglial reactivity mechanism was found to depend on phosphorylation mechanisms mediated by MAPKs and on successive NFkB/AP-1/Nrf2 pathways activation. These results suggest that the microgliosis intensity during PD might depend on the type of α-synuclein protein implicated. Indeed, mutated forms are more potent microglial stimulators than wild-type α-synuclein. Based on these data, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant therapeutic strategies may be valid in order to reduce microgliosis but also to subsequently slow down PD progression, especially in familial cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hoenen
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Audrey Gustin
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Cindy Birck
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mélanie Kirchmeyer
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Beaume
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Felten
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Luc Grandbarbe
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Heuschling
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Tony Heurtaux
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurobiology, University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 7, avenue des Hauts Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are linked to PD pathogenesis, its etiology and pathology remain to be elucidated. Metabolomics investigates metabolite changes in biofluids, cell lysates, tissues and tumors in order to correlate these metabolomic changes to a disease state. Thus, the application of metabolomics to investigate PD provides a systematic approach to understand the pathology of PD, to identify disease biomarkers, and to complement genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics studies. This review will examine current research into PD mechanisms with a focus on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurotoxin-based PD animal models and the rationale for metabolomics studies in PD will also be discussed. The review will also explore the potential of NMR metabolomics to address important issues related to PD treatment and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulei Lei
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Chemistry, 722
Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
| | - Robert Powers
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Chemistry, 722
Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304
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Saransaari P, Oja SS. Modulation of GABA release by second messenger substances and NO in mouse brain stem slices under normal and ischemic conditions. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1317-25. [PMID: 17053971 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
GABA is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in most brain stem nuclei. The properties of release of preloaded [(3)H]GABA were now investigated with slices from the mouse brain stem under normal and ischemic (oxygen and glucose deprivation) conditions, using a superfusion system. The ischemic GABA release increased about fourfold in comparison with normal conditions. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein had no effect on GABA release, while the phospholipase inhibitor quinacrine reduced both the basal and K(+)-evoked release in normoxia and ischemia. The activator of protein kinase C (PKC) 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate had no effects on the releases, whereas the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine reduced the basal release in ischemia. When the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were increased by superfusion with zaprinast and other phosphodiesterase inhibitors, GABA release was reduced under normal conditions. The NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and hydroxylamine (HA) enhanced the basal and K(+)-stimulated release by acting directly on presynaptic terminals. Under ischemic conditions GABA release was enhanced when cGMP levels were increased by zaprinast. This effect was confirmed by inhibition of the release by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). The NO-producing agents SNAP, HA, and sodium nitroprusside potentiated GABA release in ischemia. These effects were reduced by the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L: -arginine, but not by ODQ. The results show that particularly NO and cGMP regulate both normal and ischemic GABA release in the brain stem. Their effects are however complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo Saransaari
- Brain Research Center, Medical School, 33014 University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Liu CN, Liu X, Gao D, Li S. Effects of SNP, GLU and GABA on the neuronal activity of striatum nucleus in rats. Pharmacol Res 2006; 51:547-51. [PMID: 15829435 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the activity of nitric oxide (NO) in the striatum (STR) for a further comprehension of the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Microiontophoresis was used to observe the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), L-glutamic acid (GLU) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on STR neurons' firing rates. It was observed that 77.27% (51/66) of the tested STR neurons were excited by SNP. This excitatory effect could be antagonized by the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). During the microiontophoresis of GLU, the excitatory firing of STR neurons was also attenuated by addition of L-NAME while SNP application could enhance the excitation of the neurons. On the other hand, in the presence of GABA, SNP still excited the tested STR neurons. These results demonstrated that NOergic, GLUergic and GABAergic co-existed in the same STR neurons. NOergic and GLUergic were excitatory whereas GABAergic was inhibitory on the firing activity in STR neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Na Liu
- The Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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