1
|
Triarhou LC, Manto M. Olov Oscarsson (1931-1996) of Lund University, a Pioneer in Cerebellar Neurobiology. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:279-283. [PMID: 36690830 PMCID: PMC10951007 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present Cerebellar Classic highlights the experimental work of the Swedish neurophysiologist Olov Oscarsson (1931-1996) on the afferent innervation of the cerebellum by axons emanating from neurons in the spinal cord and the inferior olive. Historically, the schemes of cerebellar division had been principally based on the external morphology of lobules and fissures. However, the macroscopic anatomical division of the cerebellum does not coincide with its pattern of functional organization. By defining a system of longitudinal somatotopy, Oscarsson contributed to the much needed plan of cerebellar division that correlates experimental information on axonal connections with physiology. His contribution has ultimately led to the currently accepted microzonal modular scheme of cerebellar corticonuclear microcomplexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros C Triarhou
- Department of Psychology, Sector of Cognitive, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotelian University, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
| | - Mario Manto
- Unité Des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service Des Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elangovan N, Cappello L, Masia L, Aman J, Konczak J. A robot-aided visuo-motor training that improves proprioception and spatial accuracy of untrained movement. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17054. [PMID: 29213051 PMCID: PMC5719025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioceptive function can become enhanced during motor learning. Yet, we have incomplete knowledge to what extent proprioceptive function is trainable and how a training that enhances proprioception may influence performance in untrained motor skills. To address this knowledge gap, healthy young adults (N = 14) trained in a visuomotor task that required learners to make increasingly accurate wrist movements. Using a robotic exoskeleton coupled with a virtual visual environment, participants tilted a virtual table through continuous wrist flexion/extension movements with the goal to position a rolling ball on table into a target. With learning progress, the level of difficulty increased by altering the virtual ball mechanics and the gain between joint movement and ball velocity. Before and after training, wrist position sense acuity and spatial movement accuracy in an untrained, discrete wrist-pointing task was assessed using the same robot. All participants showed evidence of proprioceptive-motor learning. Mean position sense discrimination threshold improved by 34%. Wrist movement accuracy in the untrained pointing task improved by 27% in 13/14 participants. This demonstrates that a short sensorimotor training challenging proprioception can a) effectively enhance proprioceptive acuity and b) improve the accuracy of untrained movement. These findings provide a scientific basis for applying such somatosensory-based motor training to clinical populations with known proprioceptive dysfunction to enhance sensorimotor performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Elangovan
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Leonardo Cappello
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorenzo Masia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua Aman
- Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Neuromodulation Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Abstract
Patients with cerebellar lesions and limb ataxia performed two types of continuous tracking tasks involving flexion and extension of the index finger. In both tasks, patients were provided cutaneous and proprioceptive cues, but visual feedback was given in the first task (visual tracking) and not in the second (arbitrarily termed proprioceptive tracking). Raw records and Fourier-analyzed power spectra were compared with results in normal controls. Harmonic distortion was determined for each task. In all patients, as well as normal subjects, tracking performance was markedly improved and harmonic distortion substantially reduced during proprioceptive tracking. This surprising finding may result from a much shorter feedback loop for proprioceptive stimuli compared to visual stimuli. The tracking records, power spectra analysis, and determination of harmonic distortion provide both qualitative and quantitative data in patients with dyssynergia.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
A primary control system for the arm position is formulated. The hypothesis that the cerebellum is a part of the system controller is checked by studying the nerve cells responses in the cerebellum, and motor cortex, to natural activation of muscular receptors. The results show that the cerebellum receives feedback information related to the speed of these receptors. The discussion concentrates on how the interruption of this feedback may result in excessive oscillations to instability. These observations are the base for evaluating how the cerebral lesions produce dismeasurements.
Collapse
|
6
|
Odkvist LM, Liedgreen SR, Larsby B, Jerlvall L. Vestibular and somatosensory inflow to the vestibular projection area in the post cruciate dimple region of the cat cerebral cortex. Exp Brain Res 1975; 22:185-96. [PMID: 1079190 DOI: 10.1007/bf00237688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In anesthetized cats 251 cells within the cortical vestibular projection area, adjacent to the post-cruciate dimple, were analyzed as to their input characteristics employing extracellular recording techniques. The post cruciate dimple vestibular field, which is located in area 3a, has a high degree of convergence between vestibular and peripheral somatosensory input. The latter is not restricted to muscle afferents but includes cutaneous modalities. The functional significance of this vestibular cortical projection field is discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosén I, Sjölund B. Organization of group I activated cells in the main and external cuneate nuclei of the cat: identification of muscle receptors. Exp Brain Res 1973; 16:221-37. [PMID: 4265601 DOI: 10.1007/bf00233327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
10
|
Rosén I, Asanuma H. Natural stimulation of group I activated cells in the cerebral cortex of the awake cat. Exp Brain Res 1973; 16:247-54. [PMID: 4686610 DOI: 10.1007/bf00233329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|