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Prencipe F, Barzan C, Savian C, Spalluto G, Carosati E, De Amici M, Mosconi G, Gianferrara T, Federico S, Da Ros T. Gaucher Disease: A Glance from a Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300641. [PMID: 38329692 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Rare diseases are particular pathological conditions affecting a limited number of people and few drugs are known to be effective as therapeutic treatment. Gaucher disease, caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, belongs to this class of disorders, and it is considered the most common among the Lysosomal Storage Diseases. The two main therapeutic approaches are the Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) and the Substrate Reduction Therapy (SRT). ERT, consisting in replacing the defective enzyme by administering a recombinant enzyme, is effective in alleviating the visceral symptoms, hallmarks of the most common subtype of the disease whereas it has no effects when symptoms involve CNS, since the recombinant protein is unable to significantly cross the Blood Brain Barrier. The SRT strategy involves inhibiting glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), the enzyme responsible for the production of the associated storage molecule. The rational design of new inhibitors of GCS has been hampered by the lack of either the crystal structure of the enzyme or an in-silico model of the active site which could provide important information regarding the interactions of potential inhibitors with the target, but, despite this, interesting results have been obtained and are herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Prencipe
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Barzan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Molecular Genetics Institute, CNR Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Savian
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carosati
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milano Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mosconi
- Fidia Farmaceutici Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35021, Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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Wilson MW, Shu L, Hinkovska-Galcheva V, Jin Y, Rajeswaran W, Abe A, Zhao T, Luo R, Wang L, Wen B, Liou B, Fannin V, Sun D, Sun Y, Shayman JA, Larsen SD. Optimization of Eliglustat-Based Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors as Substrate Reduction Therapy for Gaucher Disease Type 3. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:3464-3473. [PMID: 33035424 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There remain no approved therapies for rare but devastating neuronopathic glyocosphingolipid storage diseases, such as Sandhoff, Tay-Sachs, and Gaucher disease type 3. We previously reported initial optimization of the scaffold of eliglustat, an approved therapy for the peripheral symptoms of Gaucher disease type 1, to afford 2, which effected modest reductions in brain glucosylceramide (GlcCer) in normal mice at 60 mg/kg. The relatively poor pharmacokinetic properties and high Pgp-mediated efflux of 2 prompted further optimization of the scaffold. With a general objective of reducing topological polar surface area, and guided by multiple metabolite identification studies, we were successful at identifying 17 (CCG-222628), which achieves remarkably greater brain exposure in mice than 2. After demonstrating an over 60-fold improvement in potency over 2 at reducing brain GlcCer in normal mice, we compared 17 with Sanofi clinical candidate venglustat (Genz-682452) in the CBE mouse model of Gaucher disease type 3. At doses of 10 mg/kg, 17 and venglustat effected comparable reductions in both brain GlcCer and glucosylsphingosine. Importantly, 17 achieved these equivalent pharmacodynamic effects at significantly lower brain exposure than venglustat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Wilson
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Liming Shu
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vania Hinkovska-Galcheva
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yafei Jin
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Walajapet Rajeswaran
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Akira Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ting Zhao
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ruijuan Luo
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bo Wen
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Benjamin Liou
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Venette Fannin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Duxin Sun
- Pharmacokinetics Core, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ying Sun
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - James A. Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine - Nephrology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Scott D. Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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3
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Zielinski T, Reichman M, Donover PS, Lowery RG. Development and Validation of a Universal High-Throughput UDP-Glycosyltransferase Assay with a Time-Resolved FRET Signal. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:240-51. [PMID: 27136323 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase enzymes play diverse metabolic and regulatory roles by catalyzing the transfer of sugar molecules to protein, lipid, and carbohydrate acceptors, and they are increasingly of interest as therapeutic targets in a number of diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. The glycosyltransferases are a challenging target class from an assay development perspective because of the diversity of both donor and acceptor substrates and the lack of suitable glycan detection methods. However, many glycosyltransferases use uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) sugars as donor substrates, and detection of the free UDP reaction product provides a generic approach for measuring the activity of those enzymes. To exploit this approach for a broadly applicable high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for discovery of glycosyltransferase inhibitors, we developed a Transcreener(®) assay for immunodetection of UDP with a time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) signal. We optimized the assay for detection of glycosyltransferase activity with nucleotide diphosphate (NDP) sugars at concentrations from 10 μM to 1 mM, achieving Z' values of 0.6 or higher. The assay was validated by orthogonal pooled screening with 8,000 compounds using polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T3 as the target, and the hits were confirmed using an orthogonal readout. The reagents and signal were both stable for more than 8 h at room temperature, insuring robust performance in automated HTS environments. The TR-FRET-based UDP detection assay provides a broadly applicable approach for screening glycosyltransferases that use a UDP-sugar donor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melvin Reichman
- 2 Lankenau Institute for Medical Research , Wynnewood, Pennsylvania
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Larsen SD, Wilson MW, Abe A, Shu L, George CH, Kirchhoff P, Showalter HDH, Xiang J, Keep RF, Shayman JA. Property-based design of a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor that reduces glucosylceramide in the brain. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:282-91. [PMID: 22058426 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m021261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis inhibition is the basis for the treatment of type 1 Gaucher disease by the glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitor eliglustat tartrate. However, the extended use of eliglustat and related compounds for the treatment of glycosphingolipid storage diseases with CNS manifestations is limited by the lack of brain penetration of this drug. Property modeling around the D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-propanol (PDMP) pharmacophore was employed in a search for compounds of comparable activity against the GCS but lacking P-glycoprotein (MDR1) recognition. Modifications of the carboxamide N-acyl group were made to lower total polar surface area and rotatable bond number. Compounds were screened for inhibition of GCS in crude enzyme and whole cell assays and for MDR1 substrate recognition. One analog, 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl)-N-((1R,2R)-1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-1-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide (CCG-203586), was identified that inhibited GCS at low nanomolar concentrations with little to no apparent recognition by MDR1. Intraperitoneal administration of this compound to mice for 3 days resulted in a significant dose dependent decrease in brain glucosylceramide content, an effect not seen in mice dosed in parallel with eliglustat tartrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core - Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Sullards MC, Merrill AH. An introduction to sphingolipid metabolism and analysis by new technologies. Neuromolecular Med 2010; 12:306-19. [PMID: 20680704 PMCID: PMC2982954 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-010-8132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SP) are a complex class of molecules found in essentially all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes and viruses where they influence membrane structure, intracellular signaling, and interactions with the extracellular environment. Because of the combinatorial nature of their biosynthesis, there are thousands of SP subspecies varying in the lipid backbones and complex phospho- and glycoheadgroups. Therefore, comprehensive or “sphingolipidomic” analyses (structure-specific, quantitative analyses of all SP, or at least all members of a critical subset) are needed to know which and how much of these subspecies are present in a system as a step toward understanding their functions. Mass spectrometry and related novel techniques are able to quantify a small fraction, but nonetheless a substantial number, of SP and are beginning to provide information about their localization. This review summarizes the basic metabolism of SP and state-of-art mass spectrometric techniques that are producing insights into SP structure, metabolism, functions, and some of the dysfunctions of relevance to neuromedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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6
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Thrombospondin-1: A proatherosclerotic protein augmented by hyperglycemia. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:1238-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Rhome R, McQuiston T, Kechichian T, Bielawska A, Hennig M, Drago M, Morace G, Luberto C, Del Poeta M. Biosynthesis and immunogenicity of glucosylceramide in Cryptococcus neoformans and other human pathogens. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1715-26. [PMID: 17693597 PMCID: PMC2043385 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00208-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Rhome
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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8
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Modrak DE, Cardillo TM, Newsome GA, Goldenberg DM, Gold DV. Synergistic interaction between sphingomyelin and gemcitabine potentiates ceramide-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2005; 64:8405-10. [PMID: 15548711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the mechanism by which sphingomyelin (SM) enhances chemotherapy in human pancreatic cancer cells, focusing on the correlation between ceramide metabolism and apoptosis. Dose response curves for gemcitabine in the absence or presence of 0.2 mg/mL SM provided IC(50) values of 78.3 +/- 13.7 and 13.0 +/- 3.0 nmol/L, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of the combined treatment was synergistic (combination index = 0.36). Using annexin-V staining, the percentage of apoptotic cells was 3.6 +/- 2.6% for the untreated cells, 6.5 +/- 3.8% for the 0.2 mg/mL SM-treated cells, and 19.9 +/- 12.9% for the 100 nmol/L gemcitabine-treated cells, but increased significantly to 42.1 +/- 12.7% with the combined treatment (P < 0.001, compared with gemcitabine-treated group). The percentage of cells losing mitochondrial membrane potential followed a similar trend. The ceramide content of untreated and gemcitabine-treated cells was not significantly different (0.46 +/- 0.29 and 0.59 +/- 0.34 pmol ceramide/nmole PO(4)). However, when 0.2 mg/mL SM was added, ceramide levels were 1.09 +/- 0.42 and 1.58 +/- 0.55 pmol ceramide/nmol PO(4), for the SM alone and SM with gemcitabine-treated cells, respectively (P = 0.038). Acidic SMase was activated by exposure to gemcitabine but not SM, whereas the activities of neutral SMase and glycosylceramide synthase did not change with either gemcitabine or SM. The data are consistent with gemcitabine-induced activation of acidic SMase and indicate that the addition of SM can yield increased production of ceramide, mitochondrial depolarization, apoptosis, and cell death. Because SM by itself is relatively nontoxic, addition of this lipid to agents that induce apoptosis may prove useful to enhance apoptosis and increase cytotoxicity in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Modrak
- Garden State Cancer Center, Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Belleville, New Jersey 07109, USA.
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Lynch DV, Dunn TM. An introduction to plant sphingolipids and a review of recent advances in understanding their metabolism and function. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 161:677-702. [PMID: 33873728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous constituents of eukaryotic cells, and have been intensively investigated in mammals and yeast for decades. Aspects of sphingolipid biochemistry in plants have been explored only recently. To date, progress has been made in determining the structure and occurrence of sphingolipids in plant tissues; in characterizing the enzymatic steps involved in production and turnover of sphingolipids (and, in some cases, the genes encoding the relevant enzymes); and in identifying a variety of biological functions for sphingolipids in plants. Given that these efforts are far from complete and much remains to be learned, this review represents a status report on the burgeoning field of plant sphingolipid biochemistry. Contents Summary 677 I. Introduction 678 II. Plant sphingolipid structure 678 III. Sphingolipid metabolism in plants 683 IV. Sphingolipid functions in plants 693 V. Conclusions 696 Acknowledgements 696 References 696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Lynch
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA 01267, USA
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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10
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Hillig I, Leipelt M, Ott C, Zähringer U, Warnecke D, Heinz E. Formation of glucosylceramide and sterol glucoside by a UDP-glucose-dependent glucosylceramide synthase from cotton expressed in Pichia pastoris. FEBS Lett 2003; 553:365-9. [PMID: 14572652 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In plants, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) biosynthesis is poorly understood. Previous investigations suggested that sterol glucoside (SG) acts as the actual glucose donor for the plant GlcCer synthase (GCS). We addressed this question by generating a Pichia pastoris double mutant devoid of GlcCer and SG. This mutant was used for heterologous expression of the plant GCS. The activity of the GCS resulted in the accumulation of GlcCer and, surprisingly, a small proportion of SG. The synthesis of GlcCer in the transformed double mutant shows that the GCS is SG-independent, while the detection of SG suggests that in addition to the sterol glucosyltransferase, also the GCS may contribute in planta to SG biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Hillig
- Institut für Allgemeine Botanik, University of Hamburg, Ohnhorststr. 18, 22609 Hamburg, Germany
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11
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Levery SB, Momany M, Lindsey R, Toledo MS, Shayman JA, Fuller M, Brooks K, Doong RL, Straus AH, Takahashi HK. Disruption of the glucosylceramide biosynthetic pathway in Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus by inhibitors of UDP-Glc:ceramide glucosyltransferase strongly affects spore germination, cell cycle, and hyphal growth. FEBS Lett 2002; 525:59-64. [PMID: 12163162 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The opportunistic mycopathogen Aspergillus fumigatus expresses both glucosylceramide and galactosylceramide (GlcCer and GalCer), but their functional significance in Aspergillus species is unknown. We here identified and characterized a GlcCer from Aspergillus nidulans, a non-pathogenic model fungus. Involvement of GlcCer in fungal development was tested on both species using a family of compounds known to inhibit GlcCer synthase in mammals. Two analogs, D-threo-1-phenyl-2-palmitoyl-3-pyrrolidinopropanol (P4) and D-threo-3',4'-ethylenedioxy-P4, strongly inhibited germination and hyphal growth. Neutral lipids from A. fumigatus cultured in the presence of these inhibitors displayed a significantly reduced GlcCer/GalCer ratio. These results suggest that synthesis of GlcCer is essential for normal development of A. fumigatus and A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven B Levery
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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12
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O'Donnell PH, Guo WX, Reynolds CP, Maurer BJ. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide increases ceramide and is cytotoxic to acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines, but not to non-malignant lymphocytes. Leukemia 2002; 16:902-10. [PMID: 11986953 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2001] [Accepted: 01/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The retinoid, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR), mediates p53-independent cytotoxicity and can increase reactive oxygen species and ceramide in solid tumor cell lines. We determined changes in ceramide and cytotoxicity upon treatment with 4-HPR (3-12 microM) in six human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines: T cell (MOLT-3, MOLT-4, CEM), pre-B-cell (NALM-6, SMS-SB), and null cell (NALL-1). Exposure to 4-HPR (12 microM) for 96 h caused 4.7 (MOLT-3), 3.5 (MOLT-4), 3.9 (CEM), 2.9 (NALM-6), 4.7 (SMS-SB), AND 4.5 (NALL-1) logs of cell kill. The average 4-HPR concentration that killed 99% of cells (LC(99)) for all six lines was 4.8 microM (range: 1.5-8.9 microM). Treatment with 4-HPR (9 microM) for 24 h resulted in an 8.9 +/- 1.0-fold (range: 4.9-15.7-fold) increase of ceramide. Ceramide increase was time- and dose-dependent and abrogated by inhibitors of de novo ceramide synthesis. Concurrent inhibition of ceramide glycosylation/acylation by d,l-threo-(1-phenyl-2-hexadecanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol) (PPMP) further increased ceramide levels, and synergistically increased 4-HPR cytotoxicity in four of six ALL cell lines. 4-HPR was minimally cytotoxic to peripheral blood mononuclear cells and a lymphoblastoid cell line, and increased ceramide <2-fold. Thus, 4-HPR was cytotoxic and increased ceramide in ALL cell lines, but not in non-malignant lymphoid cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H O'Donnell
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Merrill
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-3050, USA
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14
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Schwarz A, Futerman AH. Immunolocalization of gangliosides by light microscopy using anti-ganglioside antibodies. Methods Enzymol 2001; 312:179-87. [PMID: 11070871 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)12908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Schwarz
- Kekulé-Institute, Universität Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
A significant corpus of work over the last decade has firmly established an important role for sphingolipids in a variety of important biological processes. Such processes include signaling events related to cell growth, differentiation, programmed cell death, and stress responses. These processes not only involve those sphingolipids that accumulate as a result of a variety of inherited lysosomal storage disorders, but, in addition, sphingolipids associated with long-chain base metabolism. This article reviews the chemical properties, pathways, regulated metabolism, and signaling function of sphingolipids. In addition, the potential roles of sphingolipids in renal-specific processes are considered. While a variety of cellular functions have been ascribed to sphingolipids, in many cases proof of the concept has yet to be well established. Thus, a number of critical questions can be posed in interpreting these studies. Several of these questions are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Shayman
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0676, USA.
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Abe A, Arend LJ, Lee L, Lingwood C, Brady RO, Shayman JA. Glycosphingolipid depletion in fabry disease lymphoblasts with potent inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase. Kidney Int 2000; 57:446-54. [PMID: 10652021 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabry disease is an inherited X-linked disorder resulting in the loss of activity of the lysosomal hydrolase alpha-galactosidase A and causing the clinical manifestations of renal failure, cerebral vascular disease, and myocardial infarction. The phenotypic expression of this disorder is manifest by the accumulation of glycosphingolipids containing alpha-galactosyl linkages, most prominently globotriaosylceramide. METHODS Based on quantitative structure activity studies, we recently reported two newly designed glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors based on 1-phenyl-2-palmitoylamino-3-pyrrolidino-1-propanol (P4). These inhibitors, 4'-hydroxy-P4 and ethylenedioxy-P4, were evaluated for their ability to deplete globotriaosylceramide and other glucosylceramide-based lipids in Fabry lymphocytes and were compared with N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, another reported glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. RESULTS Concentrations as low as 10 nmol/L of 4'-hydroxy-P4 and ethylenedioxy-P4 resulted in 70 and 80% depletion, respectively, of globotriaosylceramide, with maximal depletion occurring at three days of treatment. There was no impairment of cell growth. In contrast, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin only minimally lowered globotriaosylceramide levels, even at concentrations as high as 10 micromol/L. Globotriaosylceramide depletion was confirmed by the loss of binding of FITC-conjugated verotoxin B subunit to the lymphoblasts. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that selective glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors are highly effective in the depletion of globotriaosylceramide from Fabry cell lines. We suggest that these compounds have potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of Fabry disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abe
- Nephrology Division, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0676, USA
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