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Tin A, Scharpf R, Estrella MM, Yu B, Grove ML, Chang PP, Matsushita K, Köttgen A, Arking DE, Boerwinkle E, Le TH, Coresh J, Grams ME. The Loss of GSTM1 Associates with Kidney Failure and Heart Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3345-3352. [PMID: 28720685 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic compounds with glutathione to facilitate their degradation or excretion. The loss of one or both copies of GSTM1 is common in many populations and has been associated with CKD progression. With the hypothesis that the loss of GSTM1 is also associated with incident kidney failure and heart failure, we estimated GSTM1 copy number using exome sequencing reads in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, a community-based prospective cohort of white and black participants. Overall, 51.2% and 39.8% of white participants and 25.6% and 48.5% of black participants had zero or one copy of GSTM1, respectively. Over a median follow-up of 24.6 years, 256 kidney failure events occurred in 5715 participants without prevalent kidney failure, and 1028 heart failure events occurred in 5368 participants without prevalent heart failure. In analysis adjusted for demographics, diabetes, and hypertension, having zero or one copy of GSTM1 associated with higher risk of kidney failure and heart failure (adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] for zero or one versus two copies of GSTM1: kidney failure, 1.66 [1.27 to 2.17]; heart failure, 1.16 [1.04 to 1.29]). Risk did not differ significantly between participants with zero and one copy of GSTM1 (P>0.10). In summary, the loss of GSTM1 was significantly associated with incident kidney and heart failure, independent of traditional risk factors. These results suggest GSTM1 function is a potential treatment target for the prevention of kidney and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Tin
- Departments of Epidemiology and .,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Scharpf
- Divisions of Oncology.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics.,Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michelle M Estrella
- Kidney Health Research Collaborative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Kidney Health Research Collaborative, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Bing Yu
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Megan L Grove
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia P Chang
- Division of Cardiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Departments of Epidemiology and.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anna Köttgen
- Departments of Epidemiology and.,Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Cardiology, and
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Thu H Le
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Josef Coresh
- Departments of Epidemiology and.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Morgan E Grams
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, Maryland.,Nephrology, and
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Kurtovic S, Modén O, Shokeer A, Mannervik B. Structural Determinants of Glutathione Transferases with Azathioprine Activity Identified by DNA Shuffling of Alpha Class Members. J Mol Biol 2008; 375:1365-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Systematic approaches to directed evolution of proteins have been documented since the 1970s. The ability to recruit new protein functions arises from the considerable substrate ambiguity of many proteins. The substrate ambiguity of a protein can be interpreted as the evolutionary potential that allows a protein to acquire new specificities through mutation or to regain function via mutations that differ from the original protein sequence. All organisms have evolutionarily exploited this substrate ambiguity. When exploited in a laboratory under controlled mutagenesis and selection, it enables a protein to "evolve" in desired directions. One of the most effective strategies in directed protein evolution is to gradually accumulate mutations, either sequentially or by recombination, while applying selective pressure. This is typically achieved by the generation of libraries of mutants followed by efficient screening of these libraries for targeted functions and subsequent repetition of the process using improved mutants from the previous screening. Here we review some of the successful strategies in creating protein diversity and the more recent progress in directed protein evolution in a wide range of scientific disciplines and its impacts in chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Sun J, Baudry J, Katzenellenbogen JA, Katzenellenbogen BS. Molecular basis for the subtype discrimination of the estrogen receptor-beta-selective ligand, diarylpropionitrile. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17:247-58. [PMID: 12554752 DOI: 10.1210/me.2002-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the two subtypes of the human estrogen receptor (ER), ERalpha and ERbeta, share only 56% amino acid sequence identity in their ligand binding domain (LBD), the residues that surround the ligand are nearly identical; nevertheless, subtype-selective ligands are known. To understand the molecular basis by which diarylpropionitrile (DPN), an ERbeta-selective ligand, is able to discriminate between the two ERs, we examined its activity on ER mutants and chimeric constructs generated by DNA shuffling. The N-terminal region of the ERbeta LBD (through helix 6) appears to be fully responsible for the ERbeta selectivity of DPN. In fact, a single ERalpha point mutation (L384M) was largely sufficient to switch the DPN response of this ER to that of the ERbeta type, but residues in helix 3 are also important in achieving the full ERbeta selectivity of DPN. Using molecular modeling, we found an energetically favorable fit for the S-DPN enantiomer in ERbeta, in which the proximal phenol mimics the A ring of estradiol, and the nitrile engages in stabilizing interactions with residues in the ligand-binding pocket of ERbeta. Our findings highlight that a limited number of critical interactions of DPN with the ERbeta ligand-binding pocket underlie its ER subtype-selective character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Abstract
In vitro recombination of homologous genes (family shuffling) has been proposed as an effective search strategy for laboratory evolution of genes and proteins. Few data are available, however, on the composition of shuffled gene libraries, from which one could assess the efficiency of recombination and optimize protocols. Here, probe hybridization is used in a macroarray format to analyze chimeric DNA libraries created by DNA shuffling. Characterization of hundreds of shuffled genes encoding dioxygenases has elucidated important biases in the shuffling reaction. As expected, crossovers are favored in regions of high sequence identity. A sequence-based model of homologous recombination that captures this observed bias was formulated using the experimental results. The chimeric genes were found to show biases in the incorporation of sequences from certain parents, even before selection. Statistically different patterns of parental incorporation in genes expressing functional proteins can help to identify key sequence-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Joern
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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