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Phillips TM, Kalish H, Wellner E. Receptor affinity CE for measuring bioactive inflammatory cytokines in human skin biopsies. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3947-54. [PMID: 19938183 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chip-based receptor affinity CE system has been employed to measure the concentrations of bioactive pro-inflammatory cytokines in biopsy materials obtained from human atopic skin lesions. The device employs a replaceable affinity disk to which recombinant cytokine receptors have been chemically immobilized. Homogenates obtained from micro-dissected human skin samples were injected into the system where the bioactive cytokines were captured in the receptor affinity port and labeled in situ with a laser dye. The captured cytokines were released and separated by CE, the resolved peaks being detected and measured by laser-induced fluorescence. When compared with conventional cell-based bioassays, the affinity receptor chip showed reasonable correlation with r(2) values of 0.998 for interferon gamma, 0.994 for IL-6 and 0.991 for tumor necrosis factor alpha. The complete process including cytokine capture, labeling, and analysis took approximately 12.5 min with intra- and inter-assay CVs below 5.3% and recoveries of 84.9-98.4% at the 100 pg/mL concentration in buffer solutions and 84.5-95% in normal human tissue extract. The system could indicate clear differences between the various clinical stages of atopic dermatitis in human patients and could run 4-6 samples per hour. This system, like previous chip-based systems designed in our laboratory, holds the potential for being modified to be a portable unit that could be used in clinics and other biomedical screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Phillips
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Wyler MR, Smith DH, Cayanis E, Többen U, Aulner N, Mayer T. Cell-based assays to probe the ERK MAP kinase pathway in endothelial cells. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 486:29-41. [PMID: 19347614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-545-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To understand signaling pathways in mammalian cells, cell-based assays are relatively new and extremely powerful tools. We have developed a battery of phenotypic assays to study signaling; two of them are described in detail in this chapter. A subset of these assays monitors mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. MAP kinases are principal regulators of fundamental processes in mammalian cells, including growth, cell division, differentiation, stress responses, and neoplastic transformation. Here we describe two cell-based assays querying the function of ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase), one of the three principal MAP kinases in mammalian cells. We selected human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), a primary cell type, because they show a very dynamic response to various activators. Both assays are phenotypic assays and use well-established phosphorylation-specific primary antibodies to study activation. Fluorochrome-coupled secondary antibodies were used to label phosphorylated target proteins; images were captured with the INCell Analyzer 3000 and analyzed with the INCell Analyzer 3000 software. The first of these two assays monitors phosphorylation of ERK1/2, while the second assay monitors activation of the transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein). The assays described in this chapter cover major checkpoints of the ERK signaling pathway: (1) MAP kinase activation and (2) subsequent transcription factor activation. Both assays exhibit robust performance and can easily be used for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wyler
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, The Judith P. Sulzberger, M.D. Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Kozlov SV. Development of a cell-based assay to quantify the inflammatory potential of test substances and screen compound libraries for anti-cancer drug candidates in a high-throughput format. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 512:159-167. [PMID: 19347277 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-530-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the current availability of an impressive in vitro assay battery developed to quantitatively analyze the broad panel of small compounds and macromolecules that possess the inflammatory potential, little methodology exists nowadays that affords a researcher or clinician to quantify the ultimate output on the level of cell signaling response caused by inflammatory pathway stimulation. As a matter of fact, majority of analytical tools measure bona fide inflammatory substances (e.g., cytokines or chemokines) by their direct binding to secondary reagents such as specific antibodies or other selectively affine substrates with the final readout generated via quantification of the resulting complexes. Although specific and highly reproducible, this approach provides no discrimination between biologically active versus inactive input analyte nor does it address the differential biological potential for the questioned substances related to their in vivo stability and biodistribution. In a search for alternative solutions, a novel strategy is emerging that employs cell-based methods of inflammatory substance measurements allowing to detect and quantify the downstream effects of analyte's activity translated in terms of inflammatory pathways stimulation. In addition, application of cell based assays simultaneously permits entry level evaluation of compound toxicity and endows with a powerful approach to perform high-throughput screenings of, e.g., small molecule libraries in a quest for novel compounds capable of influencing the inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei V Kozlov
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Gong G, Xie Y, Liu Y, Rinderspacher A, Deng SX, Feng Y, Zhu Z, Tang Y, Wyler M, Aulner N, Toebben U, Smith DH, Branden L, Chung C, Schürer S, Vidović D, Landry DW. Discovery of novel small molecule cell type-specific enhancers of NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 19:1191-4. [PMID: 19136257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An IKKbeta inhibitor reported to block NF-kappaB transcriptional activities in Jurkat T cells, was found to enhance NF-kappaB translocation in HUVEC cells. These studies suggested a noncanonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway independent of IKKbeta in HUVEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangli Gong
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 650 W 168th Street, BB 1029, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Xie Y, Deng S, Thomas CJ, Liu Y, Zhang YQ, Rinderspacher A, Huang W, Gong G, Wyler M, Cayanis E, Aulner N, Többen U, Chung C, Pompou S, Southall N, Vidović D, Schürer S, Branden L, Davis RE, Staudt LM, Inglese J, Austin CP, Landry DW, Smith DH, Auld DS. Identification of N-(quinolin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamides as agents capable of down-regulating NFkappaB activity within two separate high-throughput screens of NFkappaB activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:329-35. [PMID: 18024113 PMCID: PMC2275118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a series of N-(quinolin-8-yl)benzenesulfonamides capable of suppressing the NFkappaB pathway identified from two high-throughput screens run at two centers of the NIH Molecular Libraries Initiative. These small molecules were confirmed in both primary and secondary assays of NFkappaB activation and expanded upon through analogue synthesis. The series exhibited potencies in the cell-based assays at as low as 0.6 microM, and several indications suggest that the targeted activity lies within a common region of the NFkappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Xie
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - ShiXian Deng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
| | - Yidong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ya-Qin Zhang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
| | - Alison Rinderspacher
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
| | - Gangli Gong
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Wyler
- MLSCN Center at Columbia University, Columbia Genome Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Efithia Cayanis
- MLSCN Center at Columbia University, Columbia Genome Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nathalie Aulner
- MLSCN Center at Columbia University, Columbia Genome Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Udo Többen
- MLSCN Center at Columbia University, Columbia Genome Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Caty Chung
- Scientific Computing, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Sergey Pompou
- MLSCN Center at Columbia University, Columbia Genome Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Noel Southall
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
| | - Dušica Vidović
- Scientific Computing, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Stephan Schürer
- Scientific Computing, The Scripps Research Institute, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter FL 33458 USA
| | - Lars Branden
- MLSCN Center at Columbia University, Columbia Genome Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - R. Eric Davis
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 5A/02, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Louis M. Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, Room 5A/02, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - James Inglese
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
| | - Donald W. Landry
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Deborah H. Smith
- MLSCN Center at Columbia University, Columbia Genome Center, 1150 St Nicholas Ave., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Douglas S. Auld
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 9800 Medical Center Drive, MSC 3370 Bethesda, MD 20892-3370 USA
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Houck KA, Kavlock RJ. Understanding mechanisms of toxicity: insights from drug discovery research. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2007; 227:163-78. [PMID: 18063003 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxicology continues to rely heavily on use of animal testing for prediction of potential for toxicity in humans. Where mechanisms of toxicity have been elucidated, for example endocrine disruption by xenoestrogens binding to the estrogen receptor, in vitro assays have been developed as surrogate assays for toxicity prediction. This mechanistic information can be combined with other data such as exposure levels to inform a risk assessment for the chemical. However, there remains a paucity of such mechanistic assays due at least in part to lack of methods to determine specific mechanisms of toxicity for many toxicants. A means to address this deficiency lies in utilization of a vast repertoire of tools developed by the drug discovery industry for interrogating the bioactivity of chemicals. This review describes the application of high-throughput screening assays as experimental tools for profiling chemicals for potential for toxicity and understanding underlying mechanisms. The accessibility of broad panels of assays covering an array of protein families permits evaluation of chemicals for their ability to directly modulate many potential targets of toxicity. In addition, advances in cell-based screening have yielded tools capable of reporting the effects of chemicals on numerous critical cell signaling pathways and cell health parameters. Novel, more complex cellular systems are being used to model mammalian tissues and the consequences of compound treatment. Finally, high-throughput technology is being applied to model organism screens to understand mechanisms of toxicity. However, a number of formidable challenges to these methods remain to be overcome before they are widely applicable. Integration of successful approaches will contribute towards building a systems approach to toxicology that will provide mechanistic understanding of the effects of chemicals on biological systems and aid in rationale risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office Research and Development, United Stated Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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