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Saggu SK, Nath A, Kumar S. Myxobacteria: biology and bioactive secondary metabolites. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104079. [PMID: 37169232 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Myxobacteria are Gram-negative eubacteria and they thrive in a variety of habitats including soil rich in organic matter, rotting wood, animal dung and marine environment. Myxobacteria are a promising source of new compounds associated with diverse bioactive spectrum and unique mode of action. The genome information of myxobacteria has revealed many orphan biosynthetic pathways indicating that these bacteria can be the source of several novel natural products. In this review, we highlight the biology of myxobacteria with emphasis on their habitat, life cycle, isolation methods and enlist all the bioactive secondary metabolites purified till date and their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaur Saggu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India - 144004.
| | - Amar Nath
- University Centre of Excellence in Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab India 151203.
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab India 151203.
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2
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Wang X, Chen X, Wang ZJ, Zhuang M, Zhong L, Fu C, Garcia R, Müller R, Zhang Y, Yan J, Wu D, Huo L. Discovery and Characterization of a Myxobacterial Lanthipeptide with Unique Biosynthetic Features and Anti-inflammatory Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37466996 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The genomes of myxobacteria harbor a variety of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding numerous secondary metabolites, including ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) with diverse chemical structures and biological activities. However, the biosynthetic potential of RiPPs from myxobacteria remains barely explored. Herein, we report a novel myxobacteria lanthipeptide myxococin identified from Myxococcus fulvus. Myxococins represent the first example of lanthipeptides, of which the characteristic multiple thioether rings are installed by employing a Class II lanthipeptide synthetase MfuM and a Class I lanthipeptide cyclase MfuC in a cascaded way. Unprecedentedly, we biochemically characterized the first M61 family aminopeptidase MfuP involved in RiPP biosynthesis, demonstrating that MfuP showed the activity of an endopeptidase activity. MfuP is leader-independent but strictly selective for the multibridge structure of myxococin A and responsible for unwrapping two rings via amide bond hydrolysis, yielding myxococin B. Furthermore, the X-ray crystal structure of MfuP and structural analysis, including active-site mutations, are reported. Finally, myxococins are evaluated to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages without detectable cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Zong-Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Mengwei Zhuang
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Chin
| | - Chengzhang Fu
- Helmholtz International Laboratory, Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Helmholtz International Laboratory, Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz International Laboratory, Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Diagnostics, Medical Integration and Practice Center, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dalei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Liujie Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
- Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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3
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Walesch S, Birkelbach J, Jézéquel G, Haeckl FPJ, Hegemann JD, Hesterkamp T, Hirsch AKH, Hammann P, Müller R. Fighting antibiotic resistance-strategies and (pre)clinical developments to find new antibacterials. EMBO Rep 2022; 24:e56033. [PMID: 36533629 PMCID: PMC9827564 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance is one of the greatest threats to human health. The development of new therapeutics against bacterial pathogens has slowed drastically since the approvals of the first antibiotics in the early and mid-20th century. Most of the currently investigated drug leads are modifications of approved antibacterials, many of which are derived from natural products. In this review, we highlight the challenges, advancements and current standing of the clinical and preclinical antibacterial research pipeline. Additionally, we present novel strategies for rejuvenating the discovery process and advocate for renewed and enthusiastic investment in the antibacterial discovery pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Walesch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Joy Birkelbach
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Gwenaëlle Jézéquel
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany
| | - F P Jake Haeckl
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Julian D Hegemann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Thomas Hesterkamp
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Anna K H Hirsch
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany,Helmholtz International Lab for Anti‐InfectivesSaarbrückenGermany
| | - Peter Hammann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)SaarbrückenGermany,Department of PharmacySaarland UniversitySaarbrückenGermany,Helmholtz Centre for Infection research (HZI)BraunschweigGermany,German Center for infection research (DZIF)BraunschweigGermany,Helmholtz International Lab for Anti‐InfectivesSaarbrückenGermany
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4
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Kohr M, Walt C, Dastbaz J, Müller R, Kazmaier U. Total synthesis of Myxoprincomide, a secondary metabolite from Myxococcus xanthus. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9609-9612. [PMID: 36416153 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myxoprincomide, a secondary metabolite of the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus DK 1622, is synthesised for the first time. The central, unusual α-ketoamide is generated at the end of the synthesis to avoid side reactions during the synthesis of this rather reactive subunit. Nevertheless, the synthetic natural product is obtained as an isomeric mixture. Detailed analytical investigations show that the identical isomeric mixture is found in the isolated natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kohr
- Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Christine Walt
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jan Dastbaz
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. .,Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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5
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Babadi ZK, Garcia R, Ebrahimipour GH, Risdian C, Kämpfer P, Jarek M, Müller R, Wink J. Corallococcus soli sp. Nov., a Soil Myxobacterium Isolated from Subtropical Climate, Chalus County, Iran, and Its Potential to Produce Secondary Metabolites. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071262. [PMID: 35888982 PMCID: PMC9323933 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel myxobacterial strain ZKHCc1 1396T was isolated in 2017 from a soil sample collected along Chalus Road connecting Tehran and Mazandaran, Iran. It was a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strain that displayed the general features of Corallococcus, including gliding and fruiting body formation on agar and microbial lytic activity. Strain ZKHCc1 1396T was characterized as an aerobic, mesophilic, and chemoheterotrophic bacterium resistant to many antibiotics. The major cellular fatty acids were branched-chain iso-C17:0 2-OH, iso-C15:0, iso-C17:1, and iso-C17:0. The strain showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Corallococcusterminator CA054AT (99.67%) and C. praedator CA031BT (99.17%), and formed a novel branch both in the 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenomic tree. The genome size was 9,437,609 bp, with a DNA G + C content of 69.8 mol%. The strain had an average nucleotide identity (ANI) value lower than the species cut-off (95%), and with the digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) below the 70% threshold compared to the closest type strains. Secondary metabolite and biosynthetic gene cluster analyses revealed the strain’s potential to produce novel compounds. Based on polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that strain ZKHCc1 1396T represents a novel species, Corallococcus soli sp. nov. (NCCB 100659T = CIP 111634T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khosravi Babadi
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University GC, Tehran 1983969411, Iran;
- Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Correspondence: (Z.K.B.); (J.W.); Tel.: +98-021-29905901 (Z.K.B.); +49-531-61814223 (J.W.); Fax: +98-021-22431664 (Z.K.B.); +49-531-61819499 (J.W.)
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (R.G.); (R.M.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gholam Hossein Ebrahimipour
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University GC, Tehran 1983969411, Iran;
| | - Chandra Risdian
- Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Research Unit for Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany;
| | - Michael Jarek
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (R.G.); (R.M.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joachim Wink
- Microbial Strain Collection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Correspondence: (Z.K.B.); (J.W.); Tel.: +98-021-29905901 (Z.K.B.); +49-531-61814223 (J.W.); Fax: +98-021-22431664 (Z.K.B.); +49-531-61819499 (J.W.)
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6
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Mwangi HN, Muge EK, Wagacha PW, Ndakala A, Mulaa FJ. Methods for Identifying Microbial Natural Product Compounds that Target Kinetoplastid RNA Structural Motifs by Homology and De Novo Modeled 18S rRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4493. [PMID: 33925823 PMCID: PMC8123475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel anti-infectives against Kinetoplastids pathogens targeting proteins is a big problem occasioned by the antigenic variation in these parasites. This is also a global concern due to the zoonosis of these parasites, as they infect both humans and animals. Therefore, we need not only to create novel antibiotics, but also to speed up the development pipeline for these antibiotics. This may be achieved by using novel drug targets for Kinetoplastids drug discovery. In this study, we focused our attention on motifs of rRNA molecules that have been created using homology modeling. The RNA is the most ambiguous biopolymer in the kinetoplatid, which carries many different functions. For instance, tRNAs, rRNAs, and mRNAs are essential for gene expression both in the pro-and eukaryotes. However, all these types of RNAs have sequences with unique 3D structures that are specific for kinetoplastids only and can be used to shut down essential biochemical processes in kinetoplastids only. All these features make RNA very potent targets for antibacterial drug development. Here, we combine in silico methods combined with both computational biology and structure prediction tools to address our hypothesis. In this study, we outline a systematic approach for identifying kinetoplastid rRNA-ligand interactions and, more specifically, techniques that can be used to identify small molecules that target particular RNA. The high-resolution optimized model structures of these kineoplastids were generated using RNA 123, where all the stereochemical conflicts were solved and energies minimized to attain the best biological qualities. The high-resolution optimized model's structures of these kinetoplastids were generated using RNA 123 where all the stereochemical conflicts were solved and energies minimized to attain the best biological qualities. These models were further analyzed to give their docking assessment reliability. Docking strategies, virtual screening, and fishing approaches successfully recognized novel and myriad macromolecular targets for the myxobacterial natural products with high binding affinities to exploit the unmet therapeutic needs. We demonstrate a sensible exploitation of virtual screening strategies to 18S rRNA using natural products interfaced with classical maximization of their efficacy in phamacognosy strategies that are well established. Integration of these virtual screening strategies in natural products chemistry and biochemistry research will spur the development of potential interventions to these tropical neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Ndung’u Mwangi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00200-30197, Kenya; (E.K.M.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Edward Kirwa Muge
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00200-30197, Kenya; (E.K.M.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Peter Waiganjo Wagacha
- Department of Computing and Informatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00200-30197, Kenya;
| | - Albert Ndakala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00200-30197, Kenya;
| | - Francis Jackim Mulaa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi 00200-30197, Kenya; (E.K.M.); (F.J.M.)
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Kappler S, Siebert A, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of New Cyclopeptide Analogues of the Miuraenamides. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:418-424. [PMID: 33441075 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210113161550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Miuraenamides belong to natural marine compounds with interesting biological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Miuraenamides initiate polymerization of monomeric actin and therefore show high cytotoxicity by influencing the cytoskeleton. New derivatives of the miuraenamides have been synthesized containing an N-methylated amide bond instead of the more easily hydrolysable ester in the natural products. RESULTS Incorporation of an aromatic side chain onto the C-terminal amino acid of the tripeptide fragment also led to highly active new miuraenamides. CONCLUSION In this study, we showed that the ester bond of the natural product miuraenamide can be replaced by an N-methyl amide. The yields in the cyclization step were high and generally much better than with the corresponding esters. On the other hand, the biological activity of the new amide analogs was lower compared to the natural products, but the activity could significantly be increased by incorporation of a p-nitrophenyl group at the C-terminus of the peptide fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kappler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Andreas Siebert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, P.O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Bioprospecting of indigenous myxobacteria from Iran and potential of Cystobacter as a source of anti-MDR compounds. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 65:639-648. [PMID: 31907732 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a critical issue in future clinical treatment. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is among the pathogens that need indispensable drug-discovery efforts. The myxobacteria are a unique group of bacteria that have recently been regarded for their potency to produce new drugs with high chemical diversity and unusual mode of actions. The present study was conducted to isolate and screen myxobacteria for the first time from Iran habitats and evaluate their antibacterial activity against the multidrug-resistant strain of S. aureus. Out of 62 soil and rotten plant samples, 51 myxobacteria were isolated. The isolates belonged to Myxococcus, Corallococcus, Pyxidicoccus, and Cystobacter genera based on morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Secondary metabolites of the selected strains were screened for activity on MDR strain with resistance to multiple antibiotic classes. The semi-purified fraction from Cystobacter sp. UTMC 4086 showed potent activity against MDR S. aureus with minimum inhibitory effect at 5 ≥ μg per mL compared with vancomycin (5 μg per mL) as well as no toxicity against Artemia salina. Hence, the strain Cystobacter sp. UTMC 4086 can be a valuable candidate for antibiotic discovery against MRSA and its metabolites can be subjected to further purification and analysis aimed at the identification of the effective chemical entity.
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Corallopyronin A-Producing Myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides B035. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/17/e00050-19. [PMID: 31023790 PMCID: PMC6486236 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00050-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxobacteria are a source of unique metabolites, including corallopyronin A (CorA), a promising antibiotic agent in preclinical development for the treatment of filariasis. To investigate the production of CorA on the genetic level, we present the complete 9.6-Mb genome sequence of the CorA producer Corallococcus coralloides B035. Myxobacteria are a source of unique metabolites, including corallopyronin A (CorA), a promising antibiotic agent in preclinical development for the treatment of filariasis. To investigate the production of CorA on the genetic level, we present the complete 9.6-Mb genome sequence of the CorA producer Corallococcus coralloides B035.
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Kappler S, Karmann L, Prudel C, Herrmann J, Caddeu G, Müller R, Vollmar AM, Zahler S, Kazmaier U. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Modified Miuraenamides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kappler
- Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Lisa Karmann
- Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Cynthia Prudel
- Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Saarland University; Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Giulia Caddeu
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich); Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Saarland University; Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich); Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich); Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Garcia R, Müller R. Simulacricoccus ruber gen. nov., sp. nov., a microaerotolerant, non-fruiting, myxospore-forming soil myxobacterium and emended description of the family Myxococcaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:3101-3110. [PMID: 30113300 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A non-fruiting group of myxobacteria was previously speculated to exist in nature based on metagenomics data containing uncultured members of the order Myxococcales. Here, we describe a myxobacterial strain, designated MCy10636T, which was isolated from a German soil sample collected in 2013. It exhibits swarming characteristics but atypically produces myxospores in the absence of fruiting bodies. The novel strain stains Gram-negative and Congo-red-negative and is characterized mesophilic, neutrophilic, chemoheterotrophic and microaerotolerant. Branched-chain fatty acids are the predominant cellular fatty acids over the straight-chain type, and contain the major fatty acids iso-C17 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 1, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. Based on blastn results, the 16S rRNA gene sequence reveals similarity (97 %) to Aggregicoccus edonensis MCy1366T, (97 %) Myxococcus macrosporus DSM 14697T, (96 %) Corallococcus coralloides DSM2259T and Corallococcus exiguus Cc e167T. Phylogenetic analysis showed a novel lineage of MCy10636T in the family Myxococcaceae, suborder Cystobacterineae. Based on polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that this unusual, non-fruiting, myxospore-forming and microaerotolerant myxobacterial strain, MCy10636T, represents a novel genus and species, Simulacricoccus ruber gen. nov., sp. nov. (DSM 106554T=NCCB 100651T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Garcia
- 1Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- 1Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,3Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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12
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Awal RP, Garcia R, Gemperlein K, Wink J, Kunwar B, Parajuli N, Müller R. Vitiosangium cumulatum gen. nov., sp. nov. and Vitiosangium subalbum sp. nov., soil myxobacteria, and emended descriptions of the genera Archangium and Angiococcus, and of the family Cystobacteraceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:1422-1430. [PMID: 28141508 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial strains MCy10943T and MCy10944T were isolated in 2014 from dried Nepalese soil samples collected in 2013 from Phukot, Kalikot, Western Nepal, and Godawari, Lalitpur, Central Nepal. The novel organisms showed typical myxobacterial growth characteristics, which include swarming colony and fruiting body formation on solid surfaces, and a predatory ability to lyse micro-organisms. The strains were aerobic, mesophilic, chemoheterotrophic and showed resistance to various antibiotics. The major cellular fatty acids common to both organisms were C17 : 0 2-OH, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1 and iso-C17 : 0. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72-75 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strains belong to the family Cystobacteraceae, suborder Cystobacterineae, order Myxococcales. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of both strains showed 97-98 % similarity to Archangium gephyra DSM 2261T andCystobacter violaceus DSM 14727T, and 96.7-97 % to Cystobacter fuscus DSM 2262T and Angiococcus disciformis DSM 52716T. Polyphasic taxonomic characterization suggested that strains MCy10943T and MCy10944T represent two distinct species of a new genus, for which the names Vitiosangium cumulatum gen. nov., sp. nov. and Vitiosangium subalbum sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of Vitiosangium cumulatum is MCy10943T (=DSM 102952T=NCCB 100600T) while that for Vitiosangium subalbum is MCy10944T (=DSM 102953T=NCCB 100601T). In addition, emended descriptions of the genera Archangium and Angiococcus, and of the family Cystobacteraceaeare provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad Awal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building E8 1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building E 8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building E 8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building E8 1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Katja Gemperlein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building E8 1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building E 8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Joachim Wink
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bikram Kunwar
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, 44600 Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Department of Biotechnology, National College, Tribhuvan University, Naya Bazar, 44600 Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rolf Müller
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building E 8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building E8 1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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13
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Molecular and functional characterization of myxobacteria isolated from soil in India. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:112. [PMID: 28567623 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the isolation of myxobacteria from soil collected from plains in north India. Based on the morphology and 16S rDNA sequence, the isolated myxobacteria were identified as Corallococcus sp., Pyxidicoccus sp., Myxococcus sp., Cystobacter sp. and Archangium sp. The myxobacteria were functionally characterized to assess their ability to produce antibacterial and anticancer metabolites. The isolates were found to be functionally versatile as they produced extracellular bioactive molecules that exhibited high frequency of activities against Bacillus cereus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas syringae. The strains also showed cytotoxic activity against the human cancer cell lines of liver, pancreas, prostrate, bone and cervix. These results indicate the importance of isolating diverse strains of myxobacteria from unexplored habitats to find novel bioactive compounds. Moreover, the bioactive molecules explored in this study are predominantly hydrophilic compounds, obviating the limitations of solubility-related aspect of drug discovery.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke C. Wenzel
- Saarland University; Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Saarland University Campus, Building E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Saarland University; Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Saarland University Campus, Building E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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15
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Awal RP, Garcia R, Müller R. Racemicystis crocea gen. nov., sp. nov., a soil myxobacterium in the family Polyangiaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:2389-2395. [PMID: 27046779 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bacterial strain designated MSr9521T was isolated in 2014 from a soil sample collected in 1986 from the Philippines. The novel bacterium shows myxobacterial characteristics that include pseudoplasmodial swarming, fruiting body formation and predatory ability to lyse microorganisms. The strain is chemoheterotrophic, mesophilic and aerobic. Major fatty acids are C18:1, C17:1 2-OH and iso-C15:0, and also contains trace amounts of omega-3/-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 70.4 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence shows 95-96 % closest similarity to Sorangium cellulosum DSM 14627T, Polyangium fumosum Pl fu5T, Jahnella thaxteri Pl t4T and Byssovorax cruenta By c2T. The molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the novel isolate forms a novel branch in the family Polyangiaceae, suborder Sorangiineae. Polyphasic taxonomic characterization suggests that the strain MSr9521T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Polyangiaceae, for which the name Racemicystis crocea gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Racemicystis crocea is MSr9521T (=DSM 100773T=NCCB 100574T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Prasad Awal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, Building E 8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, Building E 8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, Building E 8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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16
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Garcia R, Stadler M, Gemperlein K, Müller R. Aetherobacter fasciculatus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Aetherobacter rufus sp. nov., novel myxobacteria with promising biotechnological applications. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:928-938. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.000813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Garcia
- Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS),Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Saarland University, Saarland University Campus Building E8 1, D-66123, Saarbrücken,Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),Partner Site Hannover–Braunschweig, D-38124, Braunschweig,Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),Partner Site Hannover–Braunschweig, D-38124, Braunschweig,Germany
- Department of Microbial Drugs,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124, Braunschweig,Germany
| | - Katja Gemperlein
- Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS),Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Saarland University, Saarland University Campus Building E8 1, D-66123, Saarbrücken,Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS),Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology of Saarland University, Saarland University Campus Building E8 1, D-66123, Saarbrücken,Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF),Partner Site Hannover–Braunschweig, D-38124, Braunschweig,Germany
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17
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Genome Analysis of the Fruiting Body-Forming Myxobacterium Chondromyces crocatus Reveals High Potential for Natural Product Biosynthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:1945-1957. [PMID: 26773087 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03011-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the type strain of the myxobacterial genus Chondromyces, Chondromyces crocatus Cm c5. It presents one of the largest prokaryotic genomes featuring a single circular chromosome and no plasmids. Analysis revealed an enlarged set of tRNA genes, along with reduced pressure on preferred codon usage compared to that of other bacterial genomes. The large coding capacity and the plethora of encoded secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters are in line with the capability of Cm c5 to produce an arsenal of antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic compounds. Known pathways of the ajudazol, chondramide, chondrochloren, crocacin, crocapeptin, and thuggacin compound families are complemented by many more natural compound biosynthetic gene clusters in the chromosome. Whole-genome comparison of the fruiting-body-forming type strain (Cm c5, DSM 14714) to an accustomed laboratory strain which has lost this ability (nonfruiting phenotype, Cm c5 fr-) revealed genetic changes in three loci. In addition to the low synteny found with the closest sequenced representative of the same family, Sorangium cellulosum, extensive genetic information duplication and broad application of eukaryotic-type signal transduction systems are hallmarks of this 11.3-Mbp prokaryotic genome.
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18
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Actinobacteria and Myxobacteria—Two of the Most Important Bacterial Resources for Novel Antibiotics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:273-302. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Castro C, Freitag J, Berod L, Lochner M, Sparwasser T. Microbe-associated immunomodulatory metabolites: Influence on T cell fate and function. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:575-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Garcia R, Gemperlein K, Müller R. Minicystis rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich and steroid-producing soil myxobacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3733-3742. [PMID: 25114157 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.068270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain designated SBNa008(T) was isolated from a Philippine soil sample. It exhibited the general characteristics associated with myxobacteria, such as swarming of Gram-negative vegetative rod cells, fruiting body and myxospore formation and predatory behaviour in lysing micro-organisms. The novel strain was characterized as mesophilic, chemoheterotrophic and aerobic. The major fatty acids were C(20:4)ω6,9,12,15 all cis (arachidonic acid), iso-C(15 : 0), C(17 : 1) 2-OH and iso-C(15 : 0) dimethylacetal. Interestingly, SBNa008(T) contained diverse fatty acids belonging to the commercially valuable polyunsaturated omega-6 and omega-3 families, and a highly conjugated dihydroxylated C28 steroid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 67.3 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed 95-96% similarity to sequences derived from clones of uncultured bacteria and 94-95% similarity to cultured members of the suborder Sorangiineae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain SBNa008(T) formed a novel lineage in the suborder Sorangiineae. Based on a polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that strain SBNa008(T) represents a novel genus and species, Minicystis rosea gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Minicystis rosea is SBNa008(T) ( =DSM 24000(T) =NCCB 100349(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Garcia
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Katja Gemperlein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hannover, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus Building C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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21
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Yamamoto E, Muramatsu H, Nagai K. Vulgatibacter incomptus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Labilithrix luteola gen. nov., sp. nov., two myxobacteria isolated from soil in Yakushima Island, and the description of Vulgatibacteraceae fam. nov., Labilitrichaceae fam. nov. and Anaeromyxobacteraceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3360-3368. [PMID: 25048208 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.063198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two myxobacterial strains (designated B00001(T) and B00002(T)) were isolated from forest soil samples collected from Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains B00001(T) and B00002(T) respectively formed independent branches within the suborders Cystobacterineae and Sorangiineae and were most closely related to Cystobacter armeniaca DSM 14710(T) (90.4% similarity) and Byssovorax cruenta DSM 14553(T) (91.3%). Neither strain showed typical features of myxobacteria such as bacteriolytic action or fruiting body formation, but both had high DNA G+C contents (66.3-68.3 mol%). Swarming motility was observed in strain B00002(T) only. Cells of both strains were vegetative, chemoheterotrophic, mesophilic, strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, motile rods, and both strains exhibited esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and β-galactosidase activities. Strain B00001(T) contained MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone and the major fatty acid was iso-C15:0. In contrast, strain B00002(T) contained MK-8 as the major cellular quinone and the major fatty acids were C16 : 1ω5c and iso-C17 : 0. Based on the phenotypic and genotypic data presented, strains B00001(T) and B00002(T) represent novel genera and species, for which we propose the names Vulgatibacter incomptus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Labilithrix luteola gen. nov., sp. nov., respectively. The type strains of Vulgatibacter incomptus and Labilithrix luteola are B00001(T) ( = NBRC 109945(T) = DSM 27710(T)) and B00002(T) ( = NBRC 109946(T) = DSM 27648(T)), respectively. The new genera are assigned to the new families Vulgatibacteraceae fam. nov. and Labilitrichaceae fam. nov., respectively. In addition, Anaeromyxobacteraceae fam. nov., is proposed to accommodate the genus Anaeromyxobacter, which is related to the genus Vulgatibacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisaku Yamamoto
- Fermentation Research Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Muramatsu
- Fermentation Research Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koji Nagai
- Fermentation Research Division, Astellas Research Technologies Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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22
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Still PC, Johnson TA, Theodore CM, Loveridge ST, Crews P. Scrutinizing the scaffolds of marine biosynthetics from different source organisms: Gram-negative cultured bacterial products enter center stage. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:690-702. [PMID: 24571234 PMCID: PMC4095796 DOI: 10.1021/np500041x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compounds from macro marine organisms are presumed to owe their biosynthetic origins to associated microbial symbionts, although few definitive examples exist. An upsurge in the recent literature from 2012 to 2013 has shown that four compounds previously reported from macro marine organisms are in fact biosynthesized by non-photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria (NPGNB). Structural parallels between compounds isolated from macro marine organisms and NPGNB producers form the basis of this review. Although less attention has been given to investigating the chemistry of NPGNB sources, there exists a significant list of structural parallels between NPGNB and macro marine organism-derived compounds. Alternatively, of the thousands of compounds isolated from Gram-positive actinomycetes, few structural parallels with macro marine organisms are known. A summary of small molecules isolated from marine NPGNB sources is presented, including compounds isolated from marine myxobacteria. From this assemblage of structural parallels and diverse chemical structures, it is hypothesized that the potential for the discovery of inspirational molecules from NPGNB sources is vast and that the recent spike in the literature of macro marine compounds owing their biosynthetic origin to NPGNB producers represents a turning point in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Still
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, United States
| | - Tyler A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, United States
| | - Christine M. Theodore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, United States
| | - Steven T. Loveridge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, United States
| | - Phillip Crews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, United States
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23
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Hoffmann T, Müller S, Nadmid S, Garcia R, Müller R. Microsclerodermins from Terrestrial Myxobacteria: An Intriguing Biosynthesis Likely Connected to a Sponge Symbiont. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16904-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4054509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoffmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Suvd Nadmid
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ronald Garcia
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Building C 2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Desriac F, Jégou C, Balnois E, Brillet B, Le Chevalier P, Fleury Y. Antimicrobial peptides from marine proteobacteria. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3632-60. [PMID: 24084784 PMCID: PMC3826127 DOI: 10.3390/md11103632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After years of inadequate use and the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains, the efficiency of "classical" antibiotics has decreased significantly. New drugs to fight MDR strains are urgently needed. Bacteria hold much promise as a source of unusual bioactive metabolites. However, the potential of marine bacteria, except for Actinomycetes and Cyanobacteria, has been largely underexplored. In the past two decades, the structures of several antimicrobial compounds have been elucidated in marine Proteobacteria. Of these compounds, polyketides (PKs), synthesised by condensation of malonyl-coenzyme A and/or acetyl-coenzyme A, and non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), obtained through the linkage of (unusual) amino acids, have recently generated particular interest. NRPs are good examples of naturally modified peptides. Here, we review and compile the data on the antimicrobial peptides isolated from marine Proteobacteria, especially NRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florie Desriac
- University of Brest, LUBEM EA 3882, SFR 148, Quimper 29000, France.
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25
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Müller R, Wink J. Future potential for anti-infectives from bacteria - how to exploit biodiversity and genomic potential. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 304:3-13. [PMID: 24119567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The early stages of antibiotic development include the identification of novel hit compounds. Since actinomycetes and myxobacteria are still the most important natural sources of active metabolites, we provide an overview on these producers and discuss three of the most promising approaches toward finding novel anti-infectives from microorganisms. These are defined as the use of biodiversity to find novel producers, the variation of culture conditions and induction of silent genes, and the exploitation of the genomic potential of producers via "genome mining". Challenges that exist beyond compound discovery are outlined in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Müller
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), P.O. Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Infectious Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joachim Wink
- Helmholtz Centre for Infectious Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Herrmann J, Hüttel S, Müller R. Discovery and biological activity of new chondramides from Chondromyces sp. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1573-80. [PMID: 23959765 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Myxobacteria have proven to be highly valuable sources of natural products, as they produce a variety of secondary metabolites with unique structures and often new modes of action. In this study, high-content screening is demonstrated to be a convenient tool for bioactivity-guided isolation of natural products from crude bacterial extracts. By the application of focused, image-based screens we were able to identify over 30 novel chondramide derivatives from Chondromyces sp. MSr9030, some of which were present in only minute amounts. These cyclic depsipeptides were shown to target actin filaments with a similar binding mode to that of the mushroom toxin phalloidin. Fermentations of the myxobacterial strain were carried out under improved cultivation conditions, and supplementation of the culture broth with potassium bromide afforded the production of brominated analogues that are superior (in terms of biological activity) to all chondramides described to date. Initial biological profiling of 11 new derivatives in comparison to the reference compounds (chondramides A-C) showed that bromo-chondramide C3 and propionyl-bromo-chondramide C3 are the most active in cell-based studies, with GI₅₀ values on human cancer cell lines in the low nanomolar range. Given that these brominated C3 analogues were also less potent on noncancerous human cells (by a factor of 2 to 4 in comparison to cancer cell lines), our results can aid further structure-activity relationship-guided development of chondramides, either as molecular probes or pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Herrmann
- Microbial Natural Products (MINS), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken (Germany)
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Activity-guided screening of bioactive natural compounds implementing a new glucocorticoid-receptor-translocation assay and detection of new anti-inflammatory steroids from bacteria. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 35:11-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-1042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Plaza A, Garcia R, Bifulco G, Martinez JP, Hüttel S, Sasse F, Meyerhans A, Stadler M, Müller R. Aetheramides A and B, potent HIV-inhibitory depsipeptides from a myxobacterium of the new genus "Aetherobacter". Org Lett 2012; 14:2854-7. [PMID: 22616796 DOI: 10.1021/ol3011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aetheramides are structurally distinctive cyclic peptides isolated from a novel myxobacterial genus proposed to be termed "Aetherobacter". The structures were solved by a combination of NMR analyses, quantum mechanical calculations, and chemical derivatizations. Aetheramides which contain a unique polyketide moiety and two amino acid residues potently inhibited HIV-1 infection with IC(50) values of ~0.015 μM. Furthermore aetheramides showed cytostatic activity against human colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cells with IC(50) values of 0.11 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Plaza
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, Universität des Saarlandes, Postfach 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Hüttel S, Müller R. Methods to optimize myxobacterial fermentations using off-gas analysis. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:59. [PMID: 22571441 PMCID: PMC3445963 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The influence of carbon dioxide and oxygen on microbial secondary metabolite producers and the maintenance of these two parameters at optimal levels have been studied extensively. Nevertheless, most studies have focussed on their influence on specific product formation and condition optimization of established processes. Considerably less attention has been paid to the influence of reduced or elevated carbon dioxide and oxygen levels on the overall metabolite profiles of the investigated organisms. The synergistic action of both gases has garnered even less attention. Results We show that the composition of the gas phase is highly important for the production of different metabolites and present a simple approach that enables the maintenance of defined concentrations of both O2 and CO2 during bioprocesses over broad concentration ranges with a minimal instrumental setup by using endogenously produced CO2. The metabolite profiles of a myxobacterium belonging to the genus Chondromyces grown under various concentrations of CO2 and O2 showed considerable differences. Production of two unknown, highly cytotoxic compounds and one antimicrobial substance was found to increase depending on the gas composition. In addition, the observation of CO2 and O2 in the exhaust gas allowed optimization and control of production processes. Conclusions Myxobacteria are becoming increasingly important due to their potential for bioactive secondary metabolite production. Our studies show that the influence of different gas partial pressures should not be underestimated during screening processes for novel compounds and that our described method provides a simple tool to investigate this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hüttel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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Mohr KI, Garcia RO, Gerth K, Irschik H, Müller R. Sandaracinus amylolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a starch-degrading soil myxobacterium, and description of Sandaracinaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:1191-1198. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.033696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel starch-degrading myxobacterium designated NOSO-4T (new organism of the
Sorangiineae
strain 4) was isolated in 1995 from a soil sample containing plant residues, collected in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. The novel bacterium shows typical myxobacterial characteristics such as Gram-negative, rod-shaped vegetative cells, swarming colonies, fruiting body-like aggregates and bacteriolytic activity. The strain is mesophilic, strictly aerobic and chemoheterotrophic. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, NOSO-4T shows highest similarity (96.2 %) with the unidentified bacterial strain O29 (accession no. FN554397), isolated from leek (Allium porrum) rhizosphere, and to the myxobacteria
Jahnella thaxteri
(88.9 %) and
Chondromyces pediculatus
(88.5 %). Major fatty acids are C17 : 1 2-OH, C20 : 4ω6 (arachidonic acid), and the straight-chain fatty acids C17 : 0, C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel isolate is 66.8 mol%. It is proposed that strain NOSO-4T represents a novel species in a new genus, i.e. Sandaracinus amylolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., but also belongs to a new family, Sandaracinaceae fam. nov. The type strain of the type species, S. amylolyticus sp. nov., is NOSO-4T ( = DSM 53668T = NCCB 100362T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin I. Mohr
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ronald O. Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2 3 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus C2 3 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerth
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Herbert Irschik
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2 3 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus C2 3 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Zander W, Mohr KI, Gerth K, Jansen R, Müller R. p-hydroxyacetophenone amides from Cystobacter ferrugineus, strain Cb G35. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1358-1363. [PMID: 21591808 DOI: 10.1021/np1006789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A family of six novel p-hydroxyacetophenone amides, 1-6, was isolated from Cystobacter ferrugineus, strain Cb G35. Their structures were elucidated by ESI-TOF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Feeding experiments with labeled [¹³C₉,¹⁵N]-tyrosine and [d₁₀]-leucine identified the biosynthetic precursors of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Zander
- Research Group Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Gawas D, Garcia R, Huch V, Müller R. A highly conjugated dihydroxylated C28 steroid from a myxobacterium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1281-1283. [PMID: 21513291 DOI: 10.1021/np100682c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In the course of our search for novel secondary metabolites, the CHCl3-MeOH extract of the novel myxobacterial strain Sorangiineae SBNa008 was shown to be active against human SW480 colon adinocarcinoma cells. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract yielded a highly conjugated novel, sterol 9α,11α-dihydroxyergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one, 1. The structure and the relative stereochemistry of 1 were established from interpretation of spectroscopic data and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar Gawas
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Khatri Y, Hannemann F, Perlova O, Müller R, Bernhardt R. Investigation of cytochromes P450 in myxobacteria: Excavation of cytochromes P450 from the genome ofSorangium cellulosumSo ce56. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1506-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fatty acid-related phylogeny of myxobacteria as an approach to discover polyunsaturated omega-3/6 Fatty acids. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:1930-42. [PMID: 21317327 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01091-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In an analysis of 47 aerobic myxobacterial strains, representing 19 genera in suborders Cystobacterineae, Nannocystineae, Sorangiineae, and a novel isolate, "Aetherobacter" SBSr008, an enormously diverse array of fatty acids (FAs) was found. The distribution of straight-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) supports the reported clustering of strains in the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA genes. This finding additionally allows the prediction and assignment of the novel isolate SBSr008 into its corresponding taxon. Sorangiineae predominantly contains larger amounts of SCFA (57 to 84%) than BCFA. On the other hand, Cystobacterineae exhibit significant BCFA content (53 to 90%), with the exception of the genus Stigmatella. In Nannocystineae, the ratio of BCFA and SCFA seems dependent on the taxonomic clade. Myxobacteria could also be identified and classified by using their specific and predominant FAs as biomarkers. Nannocystineae is remarkably unique among the suborders for its absence of hydroxy FAs. After the identification of arachidonic (AA) FA in Phaselicystidaceae, eight additional polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) belonging to the omega-6 and omega-3 families were discovered. Here we present a comprehensive report of FAs found in aerobic myxobacteria. Gliding bacteria belonging to Flexibacter and Herpetosiphon were chosen for comparative analysis to determine their FA profiles in relation to the myxobacteria.
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Osbourn A. Secondary metabolic gene clusters: evolutionary toolkits for chemical innovation. Trends Genet 2010; 26:449-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Garcia R, Gerth K, Stadler M, Dogma IJ, Müller R. Expanded phylogeny of myxobacteria and evidence for cultivation of the 'unculturables'. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 57:878-87. [PMID: 20807581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An expanded neighbour-joining tree of myxobacteria is presented based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of 101 strains (including types) representing 3 suborders, 6 families, 20 genera, 46 species, and 12 other novel taxa. The distinctions amongst members of the three suborders (Sorangiineae, Cytobacterineae and Nannocystineae) are reaffirmed. The positions of anaerobic myxobacteria, novel groups (Pyxidicoccus and several Cystobacter species) in Cystobacterineae, the marine genera (Plesiocystis, Haliangium, Enhygromyxa), and two additional novel taxa ('Paraliomyxa miuraensis', brackish-water isolate) were together revealed for the first time. Changes in the nomenclature of several isolates (Polyangium vitellinum Pl vt1(T), Polyangium thaxteri Pl t3, Polyangium cellulosum, NOSO-1, NOCB-2, NOCB-4) are also highlighted. Suborders Sorangiineae and Nannocystineae hold great promise for novel strain discovery. In Sorangiineae, the new family Phaselicystidaceae, with a monotypic genus, was added. Nine additional novel taxa were discovered in this suborder for which new genera or even families may be erected in the near future. These taxa appear to represent the so-called viable but not culturable (VBNC) group of myxobacteria. Based on at least 4% phylogenetic distance, new clades were formed comprising of novel Nannocystineae and Sorangiineae isolates. Overall, the myxobacteria, on the basis of bracket distance, could be divided into 16 clusters, as supported by tree topology and a morphology-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Garcia
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Weissman KJ, Müller R. Myxobacterial secondary metabolites: bioactivities and modes-of-action. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1276-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c001260m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Wenzel SC, Müller R. The impact of genomics on the exploitation of the myxobacterial secondary metabolome. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:1385-407. [DOI: 10.1039/b817073h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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