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Abstract
Deviation from a balanced genome by either gain or loss of entire chromosomes is generally tolerated poorly in all eukaryotic systems studied to date. Errors in mitotic or meiotic cell division lead to aneuploidy, which places a burden of additional or insufficient gene products from the missegregated chromosomes on the daughter cells. The burden of aneuploidy often manifests itself as impaired fitness of individual cells and whole organisms, in which abnormal development is also characteristic. However, most human cancers, noted for their rapid growth, also display various levels of aneuploidy. Here we discuss the detrimental, potentially beneficial, and sometimes puzzling effects of aneuploidy on cellular and organismal fitness and tissue function as well as its role in diseases such as cancer and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake J Siegel
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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2
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Ried T, Hu Y, Difilippantonio MJ, Ghadimi BM, Grade M, Camps J. The consequences of chromosomal aneuploidy on the transcriptome of cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:784-93. [PMID: 22426433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal aneuploidies are a defining feature of carcinomas, i.e., tumors of epithelial origin. Such aneuploidies result in tumor specific genomic copy number alterations. The patterns of genomic imbalances are tumor specific, and to a certain extent specific for defined stages of tumor development. Genomic imbalances occur already in premalignant precursor lesions, i.e., before the transition to invasive disease, and their distribution is maintained in metastases, and in cell lines derived from primary tumors. These observations are consistent with the interpretation that tumor specific genomic imbalances are drivers of malignant transformation. Naturally, this precipitates the question of how such imbalances influence the expression of resident genes. A number of laboratories have systematically integrated copy number alterations with gene expression changes in primary tumors and metastases, cell lines, and experimental models of aneuploidy to address the question as to whether genomic imbalances deregulate the expression of one or few key genes, or rather affect the cancer transcriptome more globally. The majority of these studies showed that gene expression levels follow genomic copy number. Therefore, gross genomic copy number changes, including aneuploidies of entire chromosome arms and chromosomes, result in a massive deregulation of the transcriptome of cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, USA.
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3
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Kost-Alimova M, Darai-Ramqvist E, Yau WL, Sandlund A, Fedorova L, Yang Y, Kholodnyuk I, Cheng Y, Li Lung M, Stanbridge E, Klein G, Imreh S. Mandatory chromosomal segment balance in aneuploid tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:21. [PMID: 17257397 PMCID: PMC1794251 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Euploid chromosome balance is vitally important for normal development, but is profoundly changed in many tumors. Is each tumor dependent on its own structurally and numerically changed chromosome complement that has evolved during its development and progression? We have previously shown that normal chromosome 3 transfer into the KH39 renal cell carcinoma line and into the Hone1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma line inhibited their tumorigenicity. The aim of the present study was to distinguish between a qualitative and a quantitative model of this suppression. According to the former, a damaged or deleted tumor suppressor gene would be restored by the transfer of a normal chromosome. If so, suppression would be released only when the corresponding sequences of the exogenous normal chromosome are lost or inactivated. According to the alternative quantitative model, the tumor cell would not tolerate an increased dosage of the relevant gene or segment. If so, either a normal cell derived, or, a tumor derived endogenous segment could be lost. METHODS Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization based methods, as well as analysis of polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to follow chromosome 3 constitution changes in monochromosomal hybrids. RESULTS In both tumor lines with introduced supernumerary chromosomes 3, the copy number of 3p21 or the entire 3p tended to fall back to the original level during both in vitro and in vivo growth. An exogenous, normal cell derived, or an endogenous, tumor derived, chromosome segment was lost with similar probability. Identification of the lost versus retained segments showed that the intolerance for increased copy number was particularly strong for 3p14-p21, and weaker for other 3p regions. Gains in copy number were, on the other hand, well tolerated in the long arm and particularly the 3q26-q27 region. CONCLUSION The inability of the cell to tolerate an experimentally imposed gain in 3p14-p21 in contrast to the well tolerated gain in 3q26-q27 is consistent with the fact that the former is often deleted in human tumors, whereas the latter is frequently amplified. The findings emphasize the importance of even minor changes in copy number in seemingly unbalanced aneuploid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kost-Alimova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Darai-Ramqvist
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wing Lung Yau
- Department of Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region), China
| | - Agneta Sandlund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludmila Fedorova
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irina Kholodnyuk
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region), China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Biology, Center for Cancer Research, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region), China
| | - Eric Stanbridge
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Imreh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Kholodnyuk ID, Kozireva S, Kost-Alimova M, Kashuba V, Klein G, Imreh S. Down regulation of 3p genes,LTF, SLC38A3 andDRR1, upon growth of human chromosome 3–mouse fibrosarcoma hybrids in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:99-107. [PMID: 16432833 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have applied a functional test for tumour antagonizing genes based on human chromosome 3 (chr3)-mouse fibrosarcoma A9 MCHs that were studied in vitro and after growth as tumours in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Previously, we reported that 9 out of the 36 SCID-tumours maintained the transferred chr3 ("chr3+" tumours), but lost the expression of the known human TSG fragile histidine triad gene (FHIT) in contrast to 14 other 3p-genes examined. Here we report the results of the duplex RT-PCR analysis of 9 "chr3+" tumours and 3 parental MCHs. We have examined the expression of 34 human 3p-genes from known cancer-related regions of instability, including 13 genes from CER1 defined by us previously at 3p21.33-p21.31 and 10 genes from the LUCA region at 3p21.31. We have found that in addition to FHIT, expression of the LTF gene from CER1 at 3p21.33-p21.31 was lost in all 9 tumours analyzed. The transcript of the solute carrier family 38 member 3 gene (SLC38A3) gene from LUCA region at 3p21.31 was not found in 8 and was greatly reduced in 1 out of these 9 tumours. Expression of the down-regulated in renal cell carcinoma gene (DRR1) gene at 3p14.2 was lost in 7 and down regulated in 2 "chr3+" tumours. In the SCID-tumour derived cell lines treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored the mRNA expression of LTF, indicating the integrity of DNA sequences. Notably that transcription of the LTF and 2 flanking genes, LRRC2 and TMEM7, as well as transcription of the SLC38A3 gene, were also impaired in all 5 RCC cell lines analyzed. Our data indicate these genes as putative tumour suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina D Kholodnyuk
- Microbiology and Tumour Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Upender MB, Habermann JK, McShane LM, Korn EL, Barrett JC, Difilippantonio MJ, Ried T. Chromosome transfer induced aneuploidy results in complex dysregulation of the cellular transcriptome in immortalized and cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64:6941-9. [PMID: 15466185 PMCID: PMC4772432 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal aneuploidies are observed in essentially all sporadic carcinomas. These aneuploidies result in tumor-specific patterns of genomic imbalances that are acquired early during tumorigenesis, continuously selected for and faithfully maintained in cancer cells. Although the paradigm of translocation induced oncogene activation in hematologic malignancies is firmly established, it is not known how genomic imbalances affect chromosome-specific gene expression patterns in particular and how chromosomal aneuploidy dysregulates the genetic equilibrium of cells in general. To model specific chromosomal aneuploidies in cancer cells and dissect the immediate consequences of genomic imbalances on the transcriptome, we generated artificial trisomies in a karyotypically stable diploid yet mismatch repair-deficient, colorectal cancer cell line and in telomerase immortalized, cytogenetically normal human breast epithelial cells using microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. The global consequences on gene expression levels were analyzed using cDNA arrays. Our results show that regardless of chromosome or cell type, chromosomal trisomies result in a significant increase in the average transcriptional activity of the trisomic chromosome. This increase affects the expression of numerous genes on other chromosomes as well. We therefore postulate that the genomic imbalances observed in cancer cells exert their effect through a complex pattern of transcriptional dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens K. Habermann
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa M. McShane
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Edward L. Korn
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J. Carl Barrett
- Laboratory for Biosystems and Cancer, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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6
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Kost-Alimova M, Fedorova L, Yang Y, Klein G, Imreh S. Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer provides evidence that polysomy promotes structural instability in tumor cell chromosomes through asynchronous replication and breakage within late-replicating regions. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004; 40:316-24. [PMID: 15188454 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
It was reported earlier that normal chromosome 3 (chr3) transfer into tumor cells of different origin may suppress their ability to grow in SCID mice. Tumorigenicity may be restored by the loss of certain 3p regions. We transferred a normal cell-derived chr3 into cells of a human renal cell carcinoma line and followed the chromosomal changes during in vivo and in vitro growth. In cells cultivated for 6 weeks or more and in the tumors grown in SCID mice, supernumerary chrs3 were always rearranged, accompanied by 3p losses. Unexpectedly, we found that the rearrangements affected not only the transferred exogenous chr3, but also the endogenous chrs3. Other chromosomes that were polysomic in the recipient cells were affected as well, suggesting that polysomy may be associated with structural chromosome instability. The dominant chromosomal aberrations were unbalanced translocations with preferentially pericentromeric breakpoints. The breakpoint distribution on chr3 preferentially affected the pericentromeric 3p11 (8 breaks) and 3p12-13 (5 breaks) regions. The regions 3p14 and 3q26-27 occasionally were involved as well (one break in each case). These four regions were the latest replicating, as shown by BrdU incorporation-based replication banding. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization-based replication timing, we detected asynchronous and incomplete centromere replication in cells with 3 or 4 copies of chr3, but not in cells with 2. We concluded that in tumor cells, asynchronous and incomplete replication of polysomic chromosomal parts is associated with aberrations that have breakpoints within the late-replicating regions. This may explain the increased structural chromosome instability and preferential pericentromeric localization of breakpoints in hyperploid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kost-Alimova
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Yang Y, Kost-Alimova M, Ingvarsson S, Qianhui Q, Kiss H, Szeles A, Kholodnyuk I, Cuthbert A, Klein G, Imreh S. Similar regions of human chromosome 3 are eliminated from or retained in human/human and human/mouse microcell hybrids during tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1136-41. [PMID: 11158607 PMCID: PMC14721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.3.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By passaging microcell hybrids (MCHs) containing human chromosome 3 (chr3) on A9 mouse fibrosarcoma background through severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice (elimination test), we have previously defined a 1-Mb-long common eliminated region 1 (CER1) at 3p21.3, a second eliminated region (ER2) at 3p21.1-p14 and a common retained region (CRR) at 3q26-qter. In the present work, chr3 was transferred by microcell fusion into the human nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma line KH39 that contained uniparentally disomic chr3. Four MCHs were generated. Compared with KH39, they developed fewer and smaller tumors, which grew after longer latency periods in SCID mice. The tumors were analyzed in comparison with corresponding MCHs by chr3 arm-specific painting, 19 fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes, and 27 polymorphic markers. Three MCHs that maintained the intact exogenous chr3 in vitro lost one 3p copy in all 11 tumors. Seven of 11 tumors lost the exogenous 3p, whereas four tumors contained mixed cell populations that lacked either the exogenous or one endogenous KH39 derived 3p. In one MCH the exogenous chr3 showed deletions within CER1 and ER2 already in vitro. It remained essentially unchanged in 8/9 derived tumors. The third, exogenous copy of the 3q26-q27 region (part of CRR) was retained in 16/20 tumors. It can be concluded that the human/human MCH-based elimination test identifies similar eliminated and retained regions on chr3 as the human/murine MCH-based test.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Fusion
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Fibrosarcoma/genetics
- Fibrosarcoma/pathology
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Sarcoma, Experimental/genetics
- Sarcoma, Experimental/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Miele ME, Jewett MD, Goldberg SF, Hyatt DL, Morelli C, Gualandi F, Rimessi P, Hicks DJ, Weissman BE, Barbanti-Brodano G, Welch DR. A human melanoma metastasis-suppressor locus maps to 6q16.3-q23. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:524-8. [PMID: 10797266 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000515)86:4<524::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Loss, deletion or rearrangement along large portions of the long arm (q-arm) of chromosome 6 occurs in >80% of late-stage human melanomas, suggesting that genes controlling malignant characteristics are encoded there. Metastasis, but not tumorigenicity, was completely suppressed in the human melanoma cell line C8161 into which an additional intact chromosome 6 had been introduced by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. Our objective was to refine the location of a putative metastasis suppressor gene. To do this, we transferred an intact (neo6) and a deletion variant [neo6qdel; neo6(del)(q16.3-q23)] of neomycin-tagged human chromosome 6 into metastatic C8161 subclone 9 (C8161.9) by MMCT. Single cell hybrid clones were selected in G-418 and isolated. Following verification that the hybrids retained the expected regions of chromosome 6 using a panel of polymorphic sequence-tagged sites, the hybrids were tested for tumorigenicity and metastasis in athymic mice. As reported previously, intact, normal chromosome 6 suppressed metastasis whether tumor cells were injected i.v. or into an orthotopic (i.e., intradermal) site. In contrast, metastasis was not suppressed in the neo6qdel hybrids. Tumorigenicity was unaffected in hybrids prepared with either chromosome 6 donor. These data strongly suggest that a human melanoma metastasis suppressor locus maps between 6q16.3-q23 ( approximately 40 cM).
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Miele
- Department of Medical Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA.
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9
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Yang Y, Kiss H, Kost-Alimova M, Kedra D, Fransson I, Seroussi E, Li J, Szeles A, Kholodnyuk I, Imreh MP, Fodor K, Hadlaczky G, Klein G, Dumanski JP, Imreh S. A 1-Mb PAC contig spanning the common eliminated region 1 (CER1) in microcell hybrid-derived SCID tumors. Genomics 1999; 62:147-55. [PMID: 10610706 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an elimination test to identify chromosomal regions that contain tumor inhibitory genes. Monochromosomal human/mouse microcell hybrids are generated and passaged through SCID mice. Derived tumors are then analyzed for deletions on the transgenomic chromosome. Using this strategy, we have previously identified a 1.6-cM common eliminated region 1 (CER1) on human 3p21. 3. We now report that CER1 contains 14 markers that are deleted in 19 SCID-derived tumors. A 1-Mb PAC contig that spans CER1 was assembled. Five chemokine receptor genes (CCR1, CCR3, CCR2, CCR5, and CCR6) were localized in CER1 in a 225-kb cluster. The lactotransferrin gene (LTF, or lactoferrin, LF), which reportedly has tumor inhibitory activity, also maps to CER1. Our results create a basis for characterization and further functional testing of genes within CER1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Lee JH, Welch DR. Identification of highly expressed genes in metastasis-suppressed chromosome 6/human malignant melanoma hybrid cells using subtractive hybridization and differential display. Int J Cancer 1997; 71:1035-44. [PMID: 9185708 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970611)71:6<1035::aid-ijc20>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Microcell-mediated transfer of chromosome 6 into human melanoma cell lines C8161 and MelJuSo suppresses metastasis by at least 95% without affecting tumorigenicity. Subtractive hybridization and differential display were used to identify the molecule(s) responsible for suppressing metastasis in neo6/melanoma (neo6/C8161 and neo6/MelJuSo) hybrids. Seven cDNA clones exhibiting quantitatively or qualitatively higher expression in neo6/melanoma hybrids were obtained. These genes fell into 2 categories: 1) transcription-related genes (AP-2A, HMG-I(Y) and a novel isoform of nucleophosmin B23), which have previously been shown to regulate metastasis-associated genes; and 2) novel genes. One of the novel genes, designated KiSS-1, significantly suppressed metastasis of the human malignant melanoma cell lines MelJuSo and a highly metastatic subclone of C8161, C8161cl.9, following transfection and constitutive expression. Our results illustrate the power of subtractive hybridization and differential display to identify functional metastasis-controlling genes in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Lee
- The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033-0850, USA
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11
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Kholodnyuk I, Kost-Alimova M, Kashuba V, Gizatulin R, Szeles A, Stanbridge EJ, Zabarovsky ER, Klein G, Imreh S. A 3p21.3 region is preferentially eliminated from human chromosome 3/mouse microcell hybrids during tumor growth in SCID mice. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2264(199703)18:3<200::aid-gcc6>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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12
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Menke AL, van Ham RC, Sonneveld E, Shvarts A, Stanbridge EJ, Miyagawa K, van der Eb AJ, Jochemsen AG. Human chromosome 11 suppresses the tumorigenicity of adenovirus transformed baby rat kidney cells: involvement of the Wilms' tumor 1 gene. Int J Cancer 1995; 63:76-85. [PMID: 7558457 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910630115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human chromosome 11 was introduced into adenovirus-transformed baby rat kidney (BRK) cells by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. The resulting microcell hybrids (MCHs) showed a reduced ability to form tumors upon s.c. injection into athymic mice. Further analysis, with the use of defined deletion chromosomes of 11p, indicated that the presence of region 11p13-p12 is necessary for the suppression of tumorigenicity. In contrast, the presence of region 11p15-14.1 appeared to increase the rate of tumor growth. Expression studies on the human Wilms' tumor I (WTI) and the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) genes, which lie in regions 11p13 and 11p15, respectively, suggested the involvement of both genes in determining the degree of suppression of tumorigenicity. Finally, stable expression of a murine WTI protein in the adenovirus-transformed cells resulted in almost complete suppression of tumorigenicity, establishing the WTI protein as a tumor suppressor in this cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Menke
- Laboratory for Molecular Carcinogenesis, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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13
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Tannergård P, Zabarovsky E, Stanbridge E, Nordenskjöld M, Lindblom A. Sublocalization of a locus at 3p21.3-23 predisposing to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Hum Genet 1994; 94:210-4. [PMID: 8045572 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) is a heterogeneous disease caused by at least three different genes on chromosomes 2 and 3, and one or more additional chromosomes. We used 19 dinucleotide markers in order to sublocalize further the 3p locus linked to HNPCC, and to order the markers into one map resulting in a panel of markers suitable for linkage studies. Human chromosome 3 mouse hybrids were used to determine the chromosomal position of the markers. Haplotype analysis in two families where the disease is linked to chromosome 3p21-23 was used in order to sublocalize further the region in which the gene is located. Based on our results, the gene has now been localized to the region 3p21.3-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tannergård
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Gualandi F, Morelli C, Pavan JV, Rimessi P, Sensi A, Bonfatti A, Gruppioni R, Possati L, Stanbridge EJ, Barbanti-Brodano G. Induction of senescence and control of tumorigenicity in BK virus transformed mouse cells by human chromosome 6. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1994; 10:77-84. [PMID: 7520270 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral transformation models may be useful to detect and map human tumor suppressor genes. BK virus (BKV), a human papovavirus, readily transforms rodent cells but is unable to transform human cells, suggesting that oncosuppressive functions expressed in human cells control BKV oncogenic activity. We have transferred human chromosome 6 to BKV-transformed mouse pRPcT1ss1 cells. The great majority of the colonies growing in selective medium degenerated by senescence. Only five hybrid pRPcT1ss1/H6 clones maintained the immortalized phenotype of the recipient cell line. All the immortalized clones had two common regions of deletion involving bands 6q21-22 and the SOD2 gene in 6q25. Senescent colonies carried an intact chromosome 6. A specific human sequence in 6q21-22 was amplified by PCR in senescent cells, suggesting that this region harbors a gene inducing senescence. The SOD2 deletion confirms recent data on the role of the Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase in inhibition of proliferation. The monochromosomic hybrids bearing a deleted chromosome 6 showed a reverted phenotype in vitro and a significantly longer latency period before they were tumorigenic in nude mice, indicating the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in the residual regions of chromosome 6. Molecular mapping suggests that this gene is located in 6q27. The BKV transformation model detects genes inducing senescence and tumor suppressor genes on human chromosome 6 and may represent a useful system to isolate and clone such genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gualandi
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Lambert C, Schultz RA, Smith M, Wagner-McPherson C, McDaniel LD, Donlon T, Stanbridge EJ, Friedberg EC. Functional complementation of ataxia-telangiectasia group D (AT-D) cells by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer and mapping of the AT-D locus to the region 11q22-23. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:5907-11. [PMID: 2062869 PMCID: PMC51987 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary human disease ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is characterized by phenotypic complexity at the cellular level. We show that multiple mutant phenotypes of immortalized AT cells from genetic complementation group D (AT-D) are corrected after the introduction of a single human chromosome from a human-mouse hybrid line by microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. This chromosome is cytogenetically abnormal. It consists primarily of human chromosome 18, but it carries translocated material from the region 11q22-23, where one or more AT genes have been previously mapped by linkage analysis. A cytogenetically normal human chromosome 18 does not complement AT-D cells after microcell-mediated transfer, whereas a normal human chromosome 11 does. We conclude that the AT-D gene is located on chromosome 11q22-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lambert
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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Flejter WL, Li FP, Antman KH, Testa JR. Recurring loss involving chromosomes 1, 3, and 22 in malignant mesothelioma: possible sites of tumor suppressor genes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1989; 1:148-54. [PMID: 2487155 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis was performed on short-term cultures of primary tumor tissue obtained from five patients with pleural malignant mesothelioma. Clonal karyotypic abnormalities were detected in four patients, none of whom had received cytotoxic therapy prior to karyotypic evaluation. Recurring chromosomal changes included partial deletions of 1p and 3p, and monosomy of 18, 19, and 22. We also reviewed data on 24 previously reported pretreatment patients and determined that alterations of chromosomes 1, 3, and 22 are frequently associated with malignant mesothelioma. Partial loss of chromosome 1 due to deletions or other rearrangements most frequently involve bands 1p11-pter with the shortest region of overlap (SRO) occurring at 1p21-p22 in our patients. Deletions and other structural changes of chromosome 3 usually involve the region 3p14-p25. The SRO of 3p deletions appeared to be at band 3p21. Monosomy 22 represents the most consistent specific whole chromosome loss seen in malignant mesothelioma, being observed in 11 of 28 cases summarized. In addition, structural changes of 22q have been observed in three patients, and a breakpoint at 22q11 was reported in each case. Taken collectively, these data suggest that a cascade of events involving alterations of genes on more than one specific chromosome may play a critical role in the development of malignant mesothelioma. The pattern of recurring chromosomal loss, particularly of 1p, 3p, and 22q, indicates that these regions should be targeted for future molecular investigations into the possible involvement of suppressor genes in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Flejter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, University of Maryland, Baltimore
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Martinsson T, Weith A, Cziepluch C, Schwab M. Chromosome 1 deletions in human neuroblastomas: generation and fine mapping of microclones from the distal 1p region. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1989; 1:67-78. [PMID: 2535035 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroblastomas show a high incidence of deletions in the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 1. In pursuit of a molecular analysis of these deletions, we have generated a microclone bank from microdissected 1p35-pter chromosomal fragments. To allow a rapid localization of the microclones, we have also generated a panel of (human x mouse) hybrid cell lines through microcell-mediated chromosome transfer. The hybrid cells contained different portions of the human chromosome 1 on a murine background. A total of 20 randomly chosen single or low-copy microclones were localized by Southern analysis on DNA of the hybrid panel: All probes were derived from chromosome I. Sixteen mapped in region 1p36.1-pter, two in 1p22-p36.1, and another two in 1cen-qter. The mapping of ten of these microclones was further refined by in situ hybridization. Cells of the neuroblastoma line GI-ME-N carry two types of chromosome 1, one cytogenetically normal and another with a translocation reported to be in 1p36.2, i.e., a t(1;?) (p36.2;?) marker. Using cell hybridization, we separated the two chromosome 1 types of GI-ME-N into different hybrid cell clones. Southern hybridization of three microclones from distal Ip to DNA of the hybrid cell clones revealed that the breakpoint in the translocated chromosome I was located in 1p36.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Martinsson
- Institut für Experimentelle Pathologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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