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Askari S, Javadpour P, Rashidi FS, Dargahi L, Kashfi K, Ghasemi R. Behavioral and Molecular Effects of Thapsigargin-Induced Brain ER- Stress: Encompassing Inflammation, MAPK, and Insulin Signaling Pathway. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091374. [PMID: 36143409 PMCID: PMC9500646 DOI: 10.3390/life12091374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of misfolded proteins, known as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is known to participate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is also correlated with impaired central insulin signaling. However, few studies have probed the relationship between memory, central ER stress, inflammation, hippocampal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and insulin resistance. The present study aimed to investigate the causative role and underlying mechanisms of brain ER stress in memory impairment and develop a reliable animal model for ER-mediated memory loss. Thapsigargin (TG), a known ER stress activator, was centrally administered. The cognitive function of animals was evaluated by the Morris Water Maze (MWM). To verify the induction of central ER stress, we investigated the mRNA expression of UPR markers in the hippocampus. In addition, the activation of ER stress markers, including Bip, CHOP, and some related apoptosis and pro-inflammatory proteins, such as caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α, MAPK, and insulin signaling markers, were assessed by Western-blots. The results demonstrated that TG impairs spatial cognition and hippocampal insulin signaling. Meanwhile, molecular results showed a concurrent increment of hippocampal UPR markers, apoptosis, P38 activity, and TNF-α. This study introduced TG-induced ER stress as a pharmacological model for memory impairment in rats and revealed some underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Askari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Pegah Javadpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Rashidi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Biomedical Sciences, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11151-19857, Iran
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-21-22439971
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Bicer N, Yildiz E, Yegani AA, Aksu F. Synthesis of curcumin complexes with iron(iii) and manganese(ii), and effects of curcumin–iron(iii) on Alzheimer's disease. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04223j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plants provide a wealth of bioactive compounds which aid in exerting a substantial strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurcan Bicer
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Çukurova University
- Adana
- Turkey
| | - Emel Yildiz
- Department of Chemistry, Arts and Science Faculty, Çukurova University
- Adana
- Turkey
| | | | - Fazilet Aksu
- Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University
- Adana
- Turkey
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Mao X, Liao Z, Guo L, Xu X, Wu B, Xu M, Zhao X, Bi K, Jia Y. Schisandrin C Ameliorates Learning and Memory Deficits by Aβ1-42-induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in Mice. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1373-1380. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Zhengzheng Liao
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Lin Guo
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xuan Xu
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Bo Wu
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Mengjie Xu
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- The Engineering Laboratory of National and Local Union of Quality Control for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
| | - Ying Jia
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Active Components of Chinese Medicine Screening and Evaluation, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang China
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Turunc Bayrakdar E, Uyanikgil Y, Kanit L, Koylu E, Yalcin A. Nicotinamide treatment reduces the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity in Aβ(1-42)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:146-58. [PMID: 24151909 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.857018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are still unclear. It is suggested that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) overactivation can cause neuroinflammation and cell death. In this study we searched the effects of nicotinamide (NA), endogenous PARP-1 inhibitor, on oxidative stress, apoptosis, and the regulation of PARP-1 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in amyloid beta peptide (1-42) (Aβ(1-42))-induced neurodegeneration. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups as control, Aβ(1-42), Aβ(1-42) + NA(100 and 500 mg/kg). All groups were stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the hippocampus with Aβ(1-42) or saline. After surgery NA administrations were made intraperitoneally (ip) for 7 days. In order to investigate the effects of Aβ(1-42) and NA, protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione (GSH) levels, activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), mitochondrial function, mRNA and protein levels of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and Bcl-2 were measured in specific brain regions such as cortex and hippocampus. Aβ(1-42) treatment only increased the oxidative stress parameters and caused decline in antioxidant enzyme activities, mitochondrial function, and GSH levels. Also, overexpression of PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, Bax, and the decreased levels of Bcl-2 were observed in Aβ(1-42)-treated group. NA treatments against Aβ(1-42)-upregulated Bcl-2 and downregulated PARP-1, NF-κB, p53, and Bax levels. NA treatments also decreased the oxidative stress parameters and elevated antioxidant enzyme activities, GSH levels, and mitochondrial function against Aβ(1-42) treatment. These data suggest that NA may have a therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative processes due to the decreased levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and PARP-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Turunc Bayrakdar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , Bornova, Izmir , Turkey
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Alkadhi KA. Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease-like pathogenesis in a rat model: prevention by nicotine. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:587-97. [PMID: 22654719 PMCID: PMC3263455 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors including chronic stress may play a critical role in the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD).This review summarizes our studies of the aggravation of the impaired cognitive ability and its cellular and molecular correlates by chronic psychosocial stress and prevention by nicotine in an Aβ rat model of AD. We utilized three approaches: learning and memory tests in the radial arm water maze, electrophysiological recordings of the cellular correlates of memory, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), in anesthetized rats, and immunoblot analysis of synaptic plasticity- and cognition-related signaling molecules. The Aβ rat model, representing the sporadic form of established AD, was induced by continuous i.c.v. infusion of a pathogenic dose of Aβ peptides via a 14- day osmotic pump. In this AD model, chronic stress intensified cognitive deficits, accentuated the disruption of signaling molecules levels and produced greater depression of LTP than what was seen with Aβ infusion alone. Chronic treatment with nicotine was highly efficient in preventing the effects of Aβ infusion and the exacerbating impact of chronic stress. Possible mechanisms for the effect of chronic stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
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Schizandrin, an antioxidant lignan from Schisandra chinensis, ameliorates Aβ1-42-induced memory impairment in mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:721721. [PMID: 22829961 PMCID: PMC3399599 DOI: 10.1155/2012/721721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the effect of schisandrin (SCH) of Schisandra chinensis on the amyloid-beta1–42- (Aβ1–42-) induced memory impairment in mice and elucidated the possible antioxidative mechanism. Mice were intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injected with the aggregated Aβ1–42 and then treated with SCH (4, 12, and 36 mg/kg body weight) or donepezil (DPZ), a reference drug (0.65 mg/kg) by intragastric infusion for 14 days. Noncognitive disturbances and cognitive performance were evaluated by locomotor activity test, Y-maze test, and water maze test. Antioxidative enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) within the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice were measured to elucidate the mechanism. Our results showed that SCH significantly improved Aβ1–42-induced short-term and spatial reference memory impairments in Y-maze test and water maze test. Furthermore, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice, SOD and GSH-px activities, GSH level, and GSH/GSSG ratio were increased, and levels of MDA and GSSG were decreased by the treatment of SCH. These results suggest that SCH is a potential cognitive enhancer against Alzheimer's disease through antioxidative action.
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Evaluating potential of curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in aluminium induced behavioural, biochemical and histopathological alterations in mice brain. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2906-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Regulation of cortical acetylcholine release: insights from in vivo microdialysis studies. Behav Brain Res 2010; 221:527-36. [PMID: 20170686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholine release links the activity of presynaptic neurons with their postsynaptic targets and thus represents the intercellular correlate of cholinergic neurotransmission. Here, we review the regulation and functional significance of acetylcholine release in the mammalian cerebral cortex, with a particular emphasis on information derived from in vivo microdialysis studies over the past three decades. This information is integrated with anatomical and behavioral data to derive conclusions regarding the role of cortical cholinergic transmission in normal behavioral and how its dysregulation may contribute to cognitive correlates of several neuropsychiatric conditions. Some unresolved issues regarding the regulation and significance of cortical acetylcholine release and the promise of new methodology for advancing our knowledge in this area are also briefly discussed.
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Ma X, Ye W, Mei Z. Change of cholinergic transmission and memory deficiency induced by injection of beta-amyloid protein into NBM of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 44:435-42. [PMID: 18726425 DOI: 10.1007/bf02879611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The change of cholinergic transmission of beta-amyloid protein (beta-AP) treated rats was studied by intracerebral microdialysis sampling combined with HPLC analysis. beta-AP(1-40) was injected into nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). Passive avoidance response test (step-down test) and delayed alternation task were used for memory testing. The impairment of memory after injection of beta-AP(1-40) into NBM exhibited mainly the deficiency of short-term working memory. One week after injection of beta-AP(1-40) the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from frontal cortex of freely-moving rats decreased significantly, and the response of cholinergic nerve ending to the action of high [K(+)] solution was rather weak. In control animals the percentage of increase of ACh-release during behavioral performance was 57%, while in beta-AP(1-40)-treated rats it was 34%. The temporary increase of the ACh-release of the rat put into a new place was also significantly diminished in beta-AP(1-40) -treated rats. The results show that the injection of beta-AP(1-40) into NBM impairs the cholinergic transmission in frontal cortex, and the impairment of cholinergic transmission may be the main cause of the deficit of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Physiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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10
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Chi TY, Wang LH, Qu C, Yang BZ, Ji XF, Wang Y, Okuyama T, Yoshihito O, Zou LB. Protective effects of xanthoceraside on learning and memory impairment induced by Abeta(25-35) in mice. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2009; 11:1019-1027. [PMID: 20183271 DOI: 10.1080/10286020903337832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of xanthoceraside (1) on learning and memory impairment induced in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of aggregated peptide beta-amyloid 25-35 (Abeta(25-35)). Learning and memory functions in mice were examined using step-through, Y-maze and water maze tests. Administration of 1 reduced the number of errors and prolonged latency in the step-through test in mice impaired by Abeta(25-35). Likewise, latency to find the terminal platform was decreased and the number of right reflects was increased in the water maze test, and the percentage of alternation behaviors in the Y-maze test was increased. Biochemical studies showed that decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and acetylcholinesterase, and increased content of malondialdehyde in mice impaired by Abeta(25-35) were significantly ameliorated by administration of 1. The present results suggest that 1 may provide a potential treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yan Chi
- Department of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Viel TA, Lima Caetano A, Nasello AG, Lancelotti CL, Nunes VA, Araujo MS, Buck HS. Increases of kinin B1 and B2 receptors binding sites after brain infusion of amyloid-beta 1–40 peptide in rats. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1805-14. [PMID: 17570564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 04/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although numerous inflammation pathways have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, the involvement of the kallikrein-kinin system is still under investigation. We anatomically localized and quantified the density of kinin B(1) and B(2) receptors binding sites in the rat brain after the infusion of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide in the right lateral brain ventricle for 5 weeks. The conditioned avoidance test showed a significant reduction of memory consolidation in rats infused with Abeta (68.6+/-20.9%, P<0.05) when compared to control group (90.8+/-4.1%; infused with vehicle). Autoradiographic studies performed in brain samples of both groups using [(125)I]HPP-[des-Arg(10)]-Hoe-140 (150pM, 90min, 25 degrees C) showed a significant increase in density of B(1) receptor binding sites in the ventral hippocampal commissure (1.23+/-0.07fmol/mg), fimbria (1.31+/-0.05fmol/mg), CA1 and CA3 hippocampal areas (1.05+/-0.03 and 1.24+/-0.02fmol/mg, respectively), habenular nuclei (1.30+/-0.04fmol/mg), optical tract (1.30+/-0.05fmol/mg) and internal capsule (1.26+/-0.05fmol/mg) in Abeta group. For B(2) receptors ([(125)I]HPP-Hoe-140, 200pM, 90min, 25 degrees C), a significant increase in density of binding sites was observed in optical tract (2.04+/-0.08fmol/mg), basal nucleus of Meynert (1.84+/-0.18fmol/mg), lateral septal nucleus - dorsal and intermediary portions (1.66+/-0.29fmol/mg), internal capsule (1.74+/-0.19fmol/mg) and habenular nuclei (1.68+/-0.11fmol/mg). In control group, none of these nuclei showed [(125)I]HPP-Hoe-140 labeling. This significant increase in densities of kinin B(1) and B(2) receptors in animals submitted to Abeta infusion was observed mainly in brain regions related to cognitive behavior, suggesting the involvement of the kallikrein-kinin system in Alzheimer's disease in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Araujo Viel
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Liu RY, Gu R, Qi XL, Zhang T, Zhao Y, He Y, Pei JJ, Guan ZZ. Decreased nicotinic receptors and cognitive deficit in rats intracerebroventricularly injected with beta-amyloid peptide(1-42) and fed a high-cholesterol diet. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:183-93. [PMID: 17705292 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether the changes in nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and in learning and memory associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are influenced by both beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) and cholesterol in vivo, we examined the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of Abeta(1-42) and/or a high-cholesterol diet on brain levels of nAChRs and learning and memory in rats. The levels of nAChR subunit proteins and the corresponding mRNA were measured by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively; and learning and memory were evaluated with the Morris Water Maze examination. Injection of Abeta(1-42) resulted in deposition of this peptide, activation of astrocytes, decreased levels of the alpha7 and alpha4 protein subunits of the nAChR, and elevated expression of alpha7 mRNA, as well as impaired learning and spatial memory. A high-cholesterol diet activated astrocytes and, more importantly, potentiated the toxic effects of Abeta on nAChR subunit levels and on learning and memory. These findings may be highly relevant to the mechanisms underlying the cognitive deficits associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Guiyang Medical University, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
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Tayebati SK. Animal models of cognitive dysfunction. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:100-8. [PMID: 16293295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The increased life expectancy in industrialised countries in the last half century has also brought to a greater incidence of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and developing in a rather long time. In this respect, Alzheimer's disease (AD), for the large incidence, and the dramatic loss of autonomy caused by its cognitive and behavioural symptoms represents one of the main challenges of modern medicine. Although AD is a typical human disease and probably includes several nosographic entities, the use of animal models may contribute to understand specific aspects of pathophysiology of the disease. The most widely used animal models are rodents and non-human primates. In this review different animal models characterised by impaired cognitive functions are analysed. None of the models available mimics exactly cognitive, behavioural, biochemical and histopathological abnormalities observed in neurological disorders characterised by cognitive impairment. However, partial reproduction of neuropathology and/or cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia and dementia occurring in Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases, or in other neurodegenerative disorders may represent a basis for understanding pathophysiological traits of these diseases and for contributing to their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Sanità Pubblica Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Tran MH, Yamada K, Nabeshima T. Amyloid beta-peptide induces cholinergic dysfunction and cognitive deficits: a minireview. Peptides 2002; 23:1271-83. [PMID: 12128084 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) plays a critical role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much progress has been made in understanding this age-related neurodegenerative disorder, thus an insight into the cellular actions of Abeta and resulting functional consequences may contribute to preventive and therapeutic approaches for AD. In this review, recent evidence of Abeta-induced brain dysfunction, particularly of cholinergic impairment and memory deficits is summarized. Moreover, proposed mechanisms for Abeta-induced neurotoxicity such as oxidative stress, ion-channel formation, and Abeta-receptor interaction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manh Hung Tran
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of progressive decline of cognitive function in aged humans, and is characterized by the presence of numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles accompanied by neuronal loss. Some, but not all, of the neuropathological alterations and cognitive impairment in AD can be reproduced genetically and pharmacologically in animals. It should be possible to discover novel drugs that slow the progress or alleviate the clinical symptoms of AD by using these animal models. We review the recent progress in the development of animal models of AD and discuss how to use these model animals to evaluate novel anti-dementia drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, 466-8560, Nagoya, Japan
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Abstract
The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is a species frequently used in neuromorphological and neurophysiological studies. Some experimental data suggest that the guinea pig might also be used to develop an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. These studies would require microsurgical manipulations of the nervous system. The present paper describes a method for ventral stereotaxic intrusions in the guinea pig brain through the oval foramen at the skull base. The topographic relationships of the bony landmarks to major parts of the central nervous system and the cranial nerves are analysed, and the results are tested by intrahippocampal injection of horseradish peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dudás
- Department of Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South First Avenue, 60153, Maywood, IL, USA.
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18
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Abstract
While the lore of anticholinesterases (antiChEs), particularly physostigmine and its natural source, the Calabar bean, is a subject of ethnomedicine and predates our scientific era, the pharmacological development of physostigmine analogues and related agents and of the antiChEs of the organophosphorus (OP) type, is a matter of the last two centuries; this development has reached an exponential character in the last fifty years. This explosion relates to certain uses and misuses of these drugs and this aspect of antiChEs is the main focus of this article. Firstly, there is the matter of Senile Dementia of Alzheimer's Type (SDAT); while there are several clinical applications of antiChEs, their employment in the treatment of SDAT is the last and most intense foray in their medical history and this article will focus on the uses and misuses of antiChEs in this area. Secondly, the applied use of antiChEs as insecticides which coincided with the historical development of OP antiChEs was and is, of major significance for the agricultural economy of both advanced and underdeveloped countries, as this employment may mean the difference between life and starvation. However, there are notable dangers with this application of OP drugs, as will be emphasized in this article. Thirdly, there is the significant and tragic development of the OP drugs as warfare agents and tools for terrorists and rogue states and this article will discuss the several types of toxicity of OP agents and their mechanisms, the enigma of the Persian Gulf War Syndrome being particularly stressed. Altogether, the immense range of antiChE topics includes areas of great basic interest and of practical applications that are of significant benefit to mankind as well as of potential danger.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karczmar
- Research Service, Hines VA Hospital, Ill 60141, USA
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