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Christensen BA, Clark B, Muir AM, Allen WD, Corbin EM, Jaggi T, Alder N, Clawson A, Farrer TJ, Bigler ED, Larson MJ. Interhemispheric transfer time and concussion in adolescents: A longitudinal study using response time and event-related potential measures. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1161156. [PMID: 37056961 PMCID: PMC10086259 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1161156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionConcussion in children and adolescents is a public health concern with higher concussion incidence than adults and increased susceptibility to axonal injury. The corpus callosum is a vulnerable location of concussion-related white matter damage that can be associated with short- and long-term effects of concussion. Interhemispheric transfer time (IHTT) of visual information across the corpus callosum can be used as a direct measure of corpus callosum functioning that may be impacted by adolescent concussion with slower IHTT relative to matched controls. Longitudinal studies and studies testing physiological measures of IHTT following concussion in adolescents are lacking.MethodsWe used the N1 and P1 components of the scalp-recorded brain event-related potential (ERP) to measure IHTT in 20 adolescents (ages 12–19 years old) with confirmed concussion and 16 neurologically-healthy control participants within 3 weeks of concussion (subacute stage) and approximately 10 months after injury (longitudinal).ResultsSeparate two-group (concussion, control) by two-time (3 weeks, 10 months) repeated measures ANOVAs on difference response times and IHTT latencies of the P1 and N1 components showed no significant differences by group (ps ≥ 0.25) nor by time (ps ≥ 0.64), with no significant interactions (ps ≥ 0.15).DiscussionResults from the current sample suggest that measures of IHTT may not be strongly influenced at 3 weeks or longitudinally following adolescent concussion using the current IHTT paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Christensen
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Bradley Clark
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Alexandra M. Muir
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Whitney D. Allen
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Erin M. Corbin
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Tyshae Jaggi
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, United States
| | - Nathan Alder
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Ann Clawson
- Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas J. Farrer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Erin D. Bigler
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Michael J. Larson
- Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Michael J. Larson,
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Chicos L, Rangaprakash D, Barry R, Herr H. Resting state neurophysiology of agonist-antagonist myoneural interface in persons with transtibial amputation. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2362961. [PMID: 36798194 PMCID: PMC9934762 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2362961/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI) is a novel amputation surgery that preserves sensorimotor signaling mechanisms of the central-peripheral nervous systems. Our first neuroimaging study investigating AMI subjects (Srinivasan et al., Sci. Transl. Med. 2020) focused on task-based neural signatures, and showed evidence of proprioceptive feedback to the central nervous system. The study of resting state neural activity helps non-invasively characterize the neural patterns that prime task response. In this first study on resting state fMRI in AMI subjects, we compared resting state functional connectivity in patients with transtibial AMI (n=12) and traditional (n=7) amputations, as well as biologically intact control subjects (n=10). We hypothesized that the AMI surgery will induce functional network reorganization that significantly differs from the traditional amputation surgery and also more closely resembles the neural configuration of controls. We found AMI subjects to have lower connectivity with salience and motor seed regions compared to traditional amputees. Additionally, with connections affected in traditional amputees, AMI subjects exhibited a connectivity pattern more closely resembling controls. Lastly, sensorimotor connectivity in amputee cohorts was significantly associated with phantom sensation (R2=0.7, p=0.0008). These findings provide researchers and clinicians with a critical mechanistic understanding of the effects of the AMI surgery on the brain at rest, spearheading future research towards improved prosthetic control and embodiment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Barry
- Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School
| | - Hugh Herr
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Pan H, Zhang S, Pan D, Ye Z, Yu H, Ding J, Wang Q, Sun Q, Hua T. Characterization of Feedback Neurons in the High-Level Visual Cortical Areas That Project Directly to the Primary Visual Cortex in the Cat. Front Neuroanat 2021; 14:616465. [PMID: 33488364 PMCID: PMC7820340 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.616465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that top-down influence plays a critical role in visual information processing and perceptual detection. However, the substrate that carries top-down influence remains poorly understood. Using a combined technique of retrograde neuronal tracing and immunofluorescent double labeling, we characterized the distribution and cell type of feedback neurons in cat's high-level visual cortical areas that send direct connections to the primary visual cortex (V1: area 17). Our results showed: (1) the high-level visual cortex of area 21a at the ventral stream and PMLS area at the dorsal stream have a similar proportion of feedback neurons back projecting to the V1 area, (2) the distribution of feedback neurons in the higher-order visual area 21a and PMLS was significantly denser than in the intermediate visual cortex of area 19 and 18, (3) feedback neurons in all observed high-level visual cortex were found in layer II-III, IV, V, and VI, with a higher proportion in layer II-III, V, and VI than in layer IV, and (4) most feedback neurons were CaMKII-positive excitatory neurons, and few of them were identified as inhibitory GABAergic neurons. These results may argue against the segregation of ventral and dorsal streams during visual information processing, and support "reverse hierarchy theory" or interactive model proposing that recurrent connections between V1 and higher-order visual areas constitute the functional circuits that mediate visual perception. Also, the corticocortical feedback neurons from high-level visual cortical areas to the V1 area are mostly excitatory in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Deng Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Zheng Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jian Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Qingyan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, China
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Bonfiglio L, Bocci T, Minichilli F, Crecchi A, Barloscio D, Spina DM, Rossi B, Sartucci F. Defective chromatic and achromatic visual pathways in developmental dyslexia: Cues for an integrated intervention programme. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 35:11-24. [PMID: 27858722 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As well as obtaining confirmation of the magnocellular system involvement in developmental dyslexia (DD); the aim was primarily to search for a possible involvement of the parvocellular system; and, furthermore, to complete the assessment of the visual chromatic axis by also analysing the koniocellular system. METHODS Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to achromatic stimuli with low luminance contrast and low spatial frequency, and isoluminant red/green and blue/yellow stimuli with high spatial frequency were recorded in 10 dyslexic children and 10 age- and sex-matched, healthy subjects. RESULTS Dyslexic children showed delayed VEPs to both achromatic stimuli (magnocellular-dorsal stream) and isoluminant red/green and blue/yellow stimuli (parvocellular-ventral and koniocellular streams). To our knowledge, this is the first time that a dysfunction of colour vision has been brought to light in an objective way (i.e., by means of electrophysiological methods) in children with DD. CONCLUSION These results give rise to speculation concerning the need for a putative approach for promoting both learning how to read and/or improving existing reading skills of children with or at risk of DD. The working hypothesis would be to combine two integrated interventions in a single programme aimed at fostering the function of both the magnocellular and the parvocellular streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bonfiglio
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello Neurology Unit, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Minichilli
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Crecchi
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Barloscio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello Neurology Unit, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donata Maria Spina
- Children's Neuropsychiatric Medical Facility, Local Health Authority of Viareggio (USL 12), Lido di Camaiore (LU), Italy
| | - Bruno Rossi
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, School of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Sartucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Cisanello Neurology Unit, Pisa University Medical School, Pisa, Italy
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Williams LJ, Butler JS, Molloy A, McGovern E, Beiser I, Kimmich O, Quinlivan B, O'Riordan S, Hutchinson M, Reilly RB. Young Women do it Better: Sexual Dimorphism in Temporal Discrimination. Front Neurol 2015. [PMID: 26217303 PMCID: PMC4497309 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporal discrimination threshold (TDT) is the shortest time interval at which two sensory stimuli presented sequentially are detected as asynchronous by the observer. TDTs are known to increase with age. Having previously observed shorter thresholds in young women than in men, in this work we sought to systematically examine the effect of sex and age on temporal discrimination. The aims of this study were to examine, in a large group of men and women aged 20–65 years, the distribution of TDTs with an analysis of the individual participant’s responses, assessing the “point of subjective equality” and the “just noticeable difference” (JND). These respectively assess sensitivity and accuracy of an individual’s response. In 175 participants (88 women) aged 20–65 years, temporal discrimination was faster in women than in men under the age of 40 years by a mean of approximately 13 ms. However, age-related decline in temporal discrimination was three times faster in women so that, in the age group of 40–65 years, the female superiority was reversed. The point of subjective equality showed a similar advantage in younger women and more marked age-related decline in women than men, as the TDT. JND values declined equally in both sexes, showing no sexual dimorphism. This observed sexual dimorphism in temporal discrimination is important for both (a) future clinical research assessing disordered mid-brain covert attention in basal-ganglia disorders, and (b) understanding the biology of this sexual dimorphism which may be genetic or hormonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jane Williams
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John S Butler
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Anna Molloy
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Eavan McGovern
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Ines Beiser
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Okka Kimmich
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Brendan Quinlivan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Sean O'Riordan
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Michael Hutchinson
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Richard B Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland ; School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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Hinterberger T, Zlabinger M, Blaser K. Neurophysiological correlates of various mental perspectives. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:637. [PMID: 25191253 PMCID: PMC4140388 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A common view of consciousness is that our mind presents emotions, experiences, and images in an internal mental (re-)presentation space which in a state of wakefulness is triggered by the world outside. Consciousness can be defined as the observation of this inner mental space. We propose a new model, in which the state of the conscious observer is defined by the observer’s mental position and focus of attention. The mental position of the observer can either be within the mental self (intrapersonal space), in the mental outer world (extrapersonal space) or in an empathic connection, i.e., within the intrapersonal space of another person (perspective taking). The focus of attention can be directed toward the self or toward the outside world. This mental space model can help us to understand the patterns of relationships and interactions with other persons as they occur in social life. To investigate the neurophysiological correlates and discriminability of the different mental states, we conducted an EEG experiment measuring the brain activity of 16 subjects via 64 electrodes while they engaged in different mental positions (intrapersonal, extrapersonal, perspective taking) with different attentional foci (self, object). Compared to external mental locations, internal ones showed significantly increased alpha2 power, especially when the observer was focusing on an object. Alpha2 and beta2 were increased in the empathic condition compared to the extrapersonal perspective. Delta power was significantly higher when the attentional focus was directed toward an object in comparison to the participant’s own self. This exploratory study demonstrates highly significant differences between various mental locations and foci, suggesting that the proposed categories of mental location and intra- and interpersonal attentional foci are not only helpful theoretical concepts but are also physiologically relevant and therefore may relate to basic brain processing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Hinterberger
- Section of Applied Consciousness Sciences, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center Regensburg Regensburg, Germany ; Brain, Mind and Healing Program, Samueli Institute Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Milena Zlabinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Klaus Blaser
- Center for Applied Boundary Studies Basel, Switzerland
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Terhune DB, Wudarczyk OA, Kochuparampil P, Cohen Kadosh R. Enhanced dimension-specific visual working memory in grapheme-color synesthesia. Cognition 2013; 129:123-37. [PMID: 23892185 PMCID: PMC3757159 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grapheme–color synesthetes display superior color working memory than controls. This effect is independent of color familiarity and color discrimination abilities. Controls and synesthetes do not differ in grapheme working memory. These results support enhanced color processing in synesthesia. They also support research linking sensory processing and working memory.
There is emerging evidence that the encoding of visual information and the maintenance of this information in a temporarily accessible state in working memory rely on the same neural mechanisms. A consequence of this overlap is that atypical forms of perception should influence working memory. We examined this by investigating whether having grapheme–color synesthesia, a condition characterized by the involuntary experience of color photisms when reading or representing graphemes, would confer benefits on working memory. Two competing hypotheses propose that superior memory in synesthesia results from information being coded in two information channels (dual-coding) or from superior dimension-specific visual processing (enhanced processing). We discriminated between these hypotheses in three n-back experiments in which controls and synesthetes viewed inducer and non-inducer graphemes and maintained color or grapheme information in working memory. Synesthetes displayed superior color working memory than controls for both grapheme types, whereas the two groups did not differ in grapheme working memory. Further analyses excluded the possibilities of enhanced working memory among synesthetes being due to greater color discrimination, stimulus color familiarity, or bidirectionality. These results reveal enhanced dimension-specific visual working memory in this population and supply further evidence for a close relationship between sensory processing and the maintenance of sensory information in working memory.
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Zhang Y, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Christodoulou JA, Gabrieli JDE. Atypical balance between occipital and fronto-parietal activation for visual shape extraction in dyslexia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67331. [PMID: 23825653 PMCID: PMC3692444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading requires the extraction of letter shapes from a complex background of text, and an impairment in visual shape extraction would cause difficulty in reading. To investigate the neural mechanisms of visual shape extraction in dyslexia, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine brain activation while adults with or without dyslexia responded to the change of an arrow’s direction in a complex, relative to a simple, visual background. In comparison to adults with typical reading ability, adults with dyslexia exhibited opposite patterns of atypical activation: decreased activation in occipital visual areas associated with visual perception, and increased activation in frontal and parietal regions associated with visual attention. These findings indicate that dyslexia involves atypical brain organization for fundamental processes of visual shape extraction even when reading is not involved. Overengagement in higher-order association cortices, required to compensate for underengagment in lower-order visual cortices, may result in competition for top-down attentional resources helpful for fluent reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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Rolls ET. A biased activation theory of the cognitive and attentional modulation of emotion. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:74. [PMID: 23508210 PMCID: PMC3600537 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognition can influence emotion by biasing neural activity in the first cortical region in which the reward value and subjective pleasantness of stimuli is made explicit in the representation, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The same effect occurs in a second cortical tier for emotion, the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Similar effects are found for selective attention, to for example the pleasantness vs. the intensity of stimuli, which modulates representations of reward value and affect in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. The mechanisms for the effects of cognition and attention on emotion are top-down biased competition and top-down biased activation. Affective and mood states can in turn influence memory and perception, by backprojected biasing influences. Emotion-related decision systems operate to choose between gene-specified rewards such as taste, touch, and beauty. Reasoning processes capable of planning ahead with multiple steps held in working memory in the explicit system can allow the gene-specified rewards not to be selected, or to be deferred. The stochastic, noisy, dynamics of decision-making systems in the brain may influence whether decisions are made by the selfish-gene-specified reward emotion system, or by the cognitive reasoning system that explicitly calculates reward values that are in the interests of the individual, the phenotype.
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Blos J, Chatterjee A, Kircher T, Straube B. Neural correlates of causality judgment in physical and social context—The reversed effects of space and time. Neuroimage 2012; 63:882-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Brown JM, Guenther BA. Magnocellular and Parvocellular Pathway Influences on Location-Based Inhibition-Of-Return. Perception 2012; 41:319-38. [DOI: 10.1068/p7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The roles of the parvocellular (P) and magnocellular (M) retino-geniculo-cortical pathways during shifts of visual attention were investigated by creating M/dorsal-biased (eg low spatial frequency target, no objects present) and P/ventral-biased (ie high spatial frequency target, the perception of 3-D objects) stimulus conditions and measuring location-based inhibition-of-return (IOR). P/ventral-biased conditions produced the greatest IOR. M/dorsal-biased conditions produced the least IOR, in one instance eliminating it altogether. The results indicate a close relationship between IOR magnitude and relative P/ventral and M/dorsal activity with location-based IOR related more to P/ventral than to M/dorsal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-3013, USA
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Grabenhorst F, Rolls ET. Attentional Modulation of Affective Versus Sensory Processing: Functional Connectivity and a Top-Down Biased Activation Theory of Selective Attention. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:1649-60. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00352.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Top-down selective attention to the affective properties of taste stimuli increases activation to the taste stimuli in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and pregenual cingulate cortex (PGC), and selective attention to the intensity of the stimuli increases the activation in the insular taste cortex, but the origin of the top-down attentional biases is not known. Using psychophysiological interaction connectivity analyses, we showed that in the anterior lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) at Y = 53 mm the correlation with activity in OFC and PGC seed regions was greater when attention was to pleasantness compared with when attention was to intensity. Conversely, we showed that in a more posterior region of the LPFC at Y = 34 the correlation with activity in the anterior insula seed region was greater when attention was to intensity compared with when attention was to pleasantness. We also showed that correlations between areas in these separate processing streams were dependent on selective attention to affective value versus physical intensity of the stimulus. We then propose a biased activation theory of selective attention to account for the findings and contrast this with a biased competition theory of selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmund T. Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, United Kingdom
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