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Taglienti A, Donati L, Ferretti L, Tomassoli L, Sapienza F, Sabatino M, Di Massimo G, Fiorentino S, Vecchiarelli V, Nota P, Ragno R. In vivo Antiphytoviral Activity of Essential Oils and Hydrosols From Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, and Rosmarinus officinalis to Control Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus and Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus in Cucurbita pepo L. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840893. [PMID: 35547120 PMCID: PMC9085358 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the interest in biological activity of natural compounds has been growing. In plant protection, essential oils have been reported to exhibit antiviral, antimycotic, and antiparasitic activities, and are regarded as promising for the formulation of safe antimicrobial agents. Attention has also been focused on hydrosols, the by-products of hydro-distillation of essential oils. Their production is easy, fast, and cheap, and they seem to arise less concern for human health than essential oils. Plant viruses represent a major concern for agricultural crops since no treatment compound is available for virus control. This work was aimed at evaluating the antiphytoviral effectiveness of treatments with three essential oils and corresponding hydrosols extracted from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, and Rosmarinus officinalis on Cucurbita pepo plants infected by zucchini yellow mosaic virus or tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus. Treatments were applied either concurrently or after virus inoculation to ascertain an inhibition or curative activity, respectively. Symptoms were observed and samplings were performed weekly. Virus titer and expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene (PAL) were measured on treated and untreated infected plants by real-time PCR. PAL gene plays an important role in plant defense response as it is involved in tolerance/resistance to phytopathogens. Results indicated that treatments were effective against tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus whether applied simultaneously with the inoculation or after. A major inhibition was observed with O. vulgare essential oil and hydrosol, resulting in 10–4-fold decrease of virus titer 3 weeks after treatment. Curative activity gave maximum results with all three essential oils and T. vulgaris and R. officinalis hydrosols, recording from 10–2-fold decrease to virus not detected 4 weeks after treatment. An induction of PAL gene expression was recorded at 12 d.p.i. and then was restored to the levels of untreated control. This allows to hypothesize an early plant defense response to virus infection, possibly boosted by treatments. Plant extracts’ composition was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Phenols were largely main components of O. vulgare and T. vulgaris extracts (carvacrol and thymol, respectively), while extracts from R. officinalis were based on monoterpene hydrocarbons (essential oil) and oxygenated monoterpenes (hydrosol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Taglienti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Donati
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Tomassoli
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Sapienza
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Sabatino
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Di Massimo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Fiorentino
- Centro Appenninico del Terminillo "Carlo Jucci," Perugia University, Rieti, Italy
| | - Valerio Vecchiarelli
- Centro Appenninico del Terminillo "Carlo Jucci," Perugia University, Rieti, Italy
| | - Paolo Nota
- Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, University "La Sapienza," Rome, Italy
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Iobbi V, Lanteri AP, Minuto A, Santoro V, Ferrea G, Fossa P, Bisio A. Autoxidation Products of the Methanolic Extract of the Leaves of Combretum micranthum Exert Antiviral Activity against Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus (ToBRFV). Molecules 2022; 27:760. [PMID: 35164024 PMCID: PMC8838289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) is a new damaging plant virus of great interest from both an economical and research point of view. ToBRFV is transmitted by contact, remains infective for months, and to-date, no resistant cultivars have been developed. Due to the relevance of this virus, new effective, sustainable, and operator-safe antiviral agents are needed. Thus, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was identified as the main product of the alkaline autoxidation at high temperature of the methanolic extract of the leaves of C. micranthum, known for antiviral activity. The autoxidized extract and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were assayed in in vitro experiments, in combination with a mechanical inoculation test of tomato plants. Catechinic acid, a common product of rearrangement of catechins in hot alkaline solution, was also tested. Degradation of the viral particles, evidenced by the absence of detectable ToBRFV RNA and the loss of virus infectivity, as a possible consequence of disassembly of the virus coat protein (CP), were shown. Homology modeling was then applied to prepare the protein model of ToBRFV CP, and its structure was optimized. Molecular docking simulation showed the interactions of the two compounds, with the amino acid residues responsible for CP-CP interactions. Catechinic acid showed the best binding energy value in comparison with ribavirin, an anti-tobamovirus agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (P.F.)
| | - Anna Paola Lanteri
- CeRSAA—Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrea Minuto
- CeRSAA—Centro di Sperimentazione e Assistenza Agricola, Regione Rollo 98, 17031 Albenga, Italy; (A.P.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ferrea
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale 1, Regione Liguria, Via Aurelia 97, Bussana, 18038 Sanremo, Italy;
| | - Paola Fossa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (P.F.)
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy; (V.I.); (P.F.)
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Contaminants of plant-tissue and cell cultures. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 1991; 7:452-69. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00303371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/1990] [Revised: 02/15/1991] [Accepted: 02/23/1991] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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