1
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Murdoch E, Schweizer LM, Schweizer M. Hypothesis: evidence that the PRS gene products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae support both PRPP synthesis and maintenance of cell wall integrity. Curr Genet 2024; 70:6. [PMID: 38733432 PMCID: PMC11088543 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-024-01290-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The gene products of PRS1-PRS5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are responsible for the production of PRPP (5-phospho-D-ribosyl-α-1-pyrophosphate). However, it has been demonstrated that they are also involved in the cell wall integrity (CWI) signalling pathway as shown by protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with, for example Slt2, the MAP kinase of the CWI pathway. The following databases: SGD, BioGRID and Hit Predict, which collate PPIs from various research papers, have been scrutinized for evidence of PPIs between Prs1-Prs5 and components of the CWI pathway. The level of certainty in PPIs was verified by interaction scores available in the Hit Predict database revealing that well-documented interactions correspond with higher interaction scores and can be graded as high confidence interactions based on a score > 0.28, an annotation score ≥ 0.5 and a method-based high confidence score level of ≥ 0.485. Each of the Prs1-Prs5 polypeptides shows some degree of interaction with the CWI pathway. However, Prs5 has a vital role in the expression of FKS2 and Rlm1, previously only documented by reporter assay studies. This report emphasizes the importance of investigating interactions using more than one approach since every method has its limitations and the use of different methods, as described herein, provides complementary experimental and statistical data, thereby corroborating PPIs. Since the experimental data described so far are consistent with a link between PRPP synthetase and the CWI pathway, our aim was to demonstrate that these data are also supported by high-throughput bioinformatic analyses promoting our hypothesis that two of the five PRS-encoding genes contain information required for the maintenance of CWI by combining data from our targeted approach with relevant, unbiased data from high-throughput analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Murdoch
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | | | - Michael Schweizer
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot Watt University, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
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2
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Maisat W, Yuki K. Volatile anesthetic isoflurane exposure facilitates Enterococcus biofilm infection. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23186. [PMID: 37665578 PMCID: PMC10495085 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301128r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is one of the major pathogenic bacteria responsible for surgical site infections. Biofilm infections are major hospital-acquired infections. Previous studies suggested that ions could regulate biofilm formation in microbes. Volatile anesthetics, frequently administered in surgical setting, target ion channels. Here, we investigated the role of ion channels/transporters and volatile anesthetics in the biofilm formation by E. faecalis MMH594 strain and its ion transporter mutants. We found that a chloride transporter mutant significantly reduced biofilm formation compared to the parental strain. Downregulation of teichoic acid biosynthesis in the chloride transporter mutant impaired biofilm matrix formation and cellular adhesion, leading to mitigated biofilm formation. Among anesthetics, isoflurane exposure enhanced biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. The upregulation of de novo purine biosynthesis pathway by isoflurane exposure potentially enhanced biofilm formation, an essential process for DNA, RNA, and ATP synthesis. We also demonstrated that isoflurane exposure to E. faecalis increased cyclic-di-AMP and extracellular DNA production, consistent with the increased purine biosynthesis. We further showed that isoflurane enhanced the enzymatic activity of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRPP-S). With the hypothesis that isoflurane directly bound to PRPP-S, we predicted isoflurane binding site on it using rigid docking. Our study provides a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of E. faecalis biofilm formation and highlights the potential impact of an ion transporter and volatile anesthetic on this process. These findings may lead to the development of novel strategies for preventing E. faecalis biofilm formation and improving patient outcomes in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiriya Maisat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Koichi Yuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Cardiac Anesthesia Division, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Camici M, Garcia-Gil M, Allegrini S, Pesi R, Bernardini G, Micheli V, Tozzi MG. Inborn Errors of Purine Salvage and Catabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:787. [PMID: 37512494 PMCID: PMC10383617 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular purine nucleotides derive mainly from de novo synthesis or nucleic acid turnover and, only marginally, from dietary intake. They are subjected to catabolism, eventually forming uric acid in humans, while bases and nucleosides may be converted back to nucleotides through the salvage pathways. Inborn errors of the purine salvage pathway and catabolism have been described by several researchers and are usually referred to as rare diseases. Since purine compounds play a fundamental role, it is not surprising that their dysmetabolism is accompanied by devastating symptoms. Nevertheless, some of these manifestations are unexpected and, so far, have no explanation or therapy. Herein, we describe several known inborn errors of purine metabolism, highlighting their unexplained pathological aspects. Our intent is to offer new points of view on this topic and suggest diagnostic tools that may possibly indicate to clinicians that the inborn errors of purine metabolism may not be very rare diseases after all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Camici
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Unità di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Allegrini
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Pesi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vanna Micheli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- LND Famiglie Italiane ODV-Via Giovanetti 15-20, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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4
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Lu GM, Hu HH, Chang CC, Zhong J, Zhou X, Guo CJ, Zhang T, Li YL, Yin B, Liu JL. Structural basis of human PRPS2 filaments. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:100. [PMID: 37248548 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PRPP synthase (PRPS) transfers the pyrophosphate groups from ATP to ribose-5-phosphate to produce 5-phosphate ribose-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of several metabolites including nucleotides, dinucleotides and some amino acids. There are three PRPS isoforms encoded in human genome. While human PRPS1 (hPRPS1) and human PRPS2 (hPRPS2) are expressed in most tissues, human PRPS3 (hPRPS3) is exclusively expressed in testis. Although hPRPS1 and hPRPS2 share 95% sequence identity, hPRPS2 has been shown to be less sensitive to allosteric inhibition and specifically upregulated in certain cancers in the translational level. Recent studies demonstrate that PRPS can form a subcellular compartment termed the cytoophidium in multiple organisms across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Forming filaments and cytoophidia is considered as a distinctive mechanism involving the polymerization of the protein. Previously we solved the filament structures of Escherichia coli PRPS (ecPRPS) using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) 1. RESULTS Order to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of hPRPS2 polymerization, here we solve the polymer structure of hPRPS2 at 3.08 Å resolution. hPRPS2 hexamers stack into polymers in the conditions with the allosteric/competitive inhibitor ADP. The binding modes of ADP at the canonical allosteric site and at the catalytic active site are clearly determined. A point mutation disrupting the inter-hexamer interaction prevents hPRPS2 polymerization and results in significantly reduced catalytic activity. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the regulation of hPRPS2 polymer is distinct from ecPRPS polymer and provide new insights to the regulation of hPRPS2 with structural basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ming Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Huan-Huan Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chia-Chun Chang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiale Zhong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yi-Lan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Boqi Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Ji-Long Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK.
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5
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Xiong G, Feng Y, Yi X, Zhang X, Li X, Yang L, Yi Z, Sai B, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Kuang Y, Zhu Y. NRF2-directed PRPS1 upregulation to promote the progression and metastasis of melanoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989263. [PMID: 36203561 PMCID: PMC9530353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) is the first enzyme in the de novo purine nucleotide synthesis pathway and is essential for cell development. However, the effect of PRPS1 on melanoma proliferation and metastasis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of PRPS1 in the malignant progression of melanoma. Here, we found PRPS1 was upregulated in melanoma and melanoma cells. In addition, our data indicated that PRPS1 could promote the proliferation and migration and invasion of melanoma both in vitro and in vivo. PRPS1 also could inhibit melanoma cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found NRF2 is an upstream transcription factor of PRPS1 that drive malignant progression of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaojia Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xuedan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zihan Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University (Tumor Hospital of Yunnan Province), Kunming, China
| | - Buqing Sai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingmin Kuang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yuechun Zhu, ; Yingmin Kuang,
| | - Yuechun Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yuechun Zhu, ; Yingmin Kuang,
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6
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Ugbogu EA, Schweizer LM, Schweizer M. Contribution of Model Organisms to Investigating the Far-Reaching Consequences of PRPP Metabolism on Human Health and Well-Being. Cells 2022; 11:1909. [PMID: 35741038 PMCID: PMC9221600 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRS EC 2.7.6.1) is a rate-limiting enzyme that irreversibly catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) from ribose-5-phosphate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This key metabolite is required for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, the two aromatic amino acids histidine and tryptophan, the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), all of which are essential for various life processes. Despite its ubiquity and essential nature across the plant and animal kingdoms, PRPP synthetase displays species-specific characteristics regarding the number of gene copies and architecture permitting interaction with other areas of cellular metabolism. The impact of mutated PRS genes in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae on cell signalling and metabolism may be relevant to the human neuropathies associated with PRPS mutations. Human PRPS1 and PRPS2 gene products are implicated in drug resistance associated with recurrent acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and progression of colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. The investigation of PRPP metabolism in accepted model organisms, e.g., yeast and zebrafish, has the potential to reveal novel drug targets for treating at least some of the diseases, often characterized by overlapping symptoms, such as Arts syndrome and respiratory infections, and uncover the significance and relevance of human PRPS in disease diagnosis, management, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eziuche A. Ugbogu
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (E.A.U.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Lilian M. Schweizer
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK; (E.A.U.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Michael Schweizer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics & Engineering (IB3), School of Engineering &Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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7
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Srivastava S, Sahu U, Zhou Y, Hogan AK, Sathyan KM, Bodner J, Huang J, Wong KA, Khalatyan N, Savas JN, Ntziachristos P, Ben-Sahra I, Foltz DR. NOTCH1-driven UBR7 stimulates nucleotide biosynthesis to promote T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabc9781. [PMID: 33571115 PMCID: PMC7840127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7 (UBR7) is the most divergent member of UBR box-containing E3 ubiquitin ligases/recognins that mediate the proteasomal degradation of its substrates through the N-end rule. Here, we used a proteomic approach and found phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetases (PRPSs), the essential enzymes for nucleotide biosynthesis, as strong interacting partners of UBR7. UBR7 stabilizes PRPS catalytic subunits by mediating the polyubiquitination-directed degradation of PRPS-associated protein (PRPSAP), the negative regulator of PRPS. Loss of UBR7 leads to nucleotide biosynthesis defects. We define UBR7 as a transcriptional target of NOTCH1 and show that UBR7 is overexpressed in NOTCH1-driven T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Impaired nucleotide biosynthesis caused by UBR7 depletion was concomitant with the attenuated cell proliferation and oncogenic potential of T-ALL. Collectively, these results establish UBR7 as a critical regulator of nucleotide metabolism through the regulation of the PRPS enzyme complex and uncover a metabolic vulnerability in NOTCH1-driven T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Umakant Sahu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yalu Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ann K Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kizhakke Mattada Sathyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Justin Bodner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jiehuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Kelvin A Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Natalia Khalatyan
- Department of Neurology Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology Northwestern University, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel R Foltz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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8
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A novel mutation in gene of PRPS1 in a young Chinese woman with X-linked gout: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:949-956. [PMID: 31773495 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyrophosphate synthetase-1(PRS-1) is a crucial enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) with substrate: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ribose-5-phophate(R5P) in the de novo pathways of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Mutation in PRPS1 can result in a series of diseases of purine metabolism, which includes PRS-1 superactivity. The common clinical phenotypes are hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria. We identified a novel missense mutation in X-chromosomal gene PRPS1 in a young Chinese woman while her mother has heterogeneous genotype and phenotype. A 24-year-old Chinese female patient suffered hyperuricemia, gout, and recurrent hyperpyrexia for more than 6 years, and then was diagnosed with hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance (IR), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A novel missense mutation, c.521(exon)G>T, p.(Gly174Val) was detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and confirmed by Sanger sequencing in the patient and her parents. Interestingly, her mother has the same heterozygous missense mutation but without uric acid overproduction which can be explained by the phenomenon of the skewed X-chromosome inactivation. The substituted amino acid Val for Gly174 is positioned in the pyrophosphate (PPi) binding loop, and this mutation impacts the binding rate of Mg2+-ATP complex to PRS-1, thus the assembling of homodimer is affected by changed Val174 leading to the instability of the allosteric site. Our report highlights the X-linked inheritance of gout in females caused by mutation in PRPS1 accompanied with severe metabolic disorders and recurrent hyperpyrexia.
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9
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Li J, Ye J, Zhu S, Cui H. Down-Regulation of Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase 1 Inhibits Neuroblastoma Cell Proliferation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090955. [PMID: 31443513 PMCID: PMC6770549 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) is a key enzyme in de novo nucleotide synthesis and nucleotide salvage synthesis pathways that are critical for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Abnormally high expression of PRPS1 can cause many diseases, including hearing loss, hypotonia, and ataxia, in addition to being associated with neuroblastoma. However, the role of PRPS1 in neuroblastoma is still unclear. In this study, we found that PRPS1 was commonly expressed in neuroblastoma cells and was closely related to poor prognosis for cancer. Furthermore, down-regulation of PRPS1 inhibited neuroblastoma cell proliferation and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo via disturbing DNA synthesis. This study provides new insights into the treatment of neuroblastoma patients and new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Cancer Biomedical and Translational Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Silk Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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10
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Kanemoto N, Okamoto T, Tanabe K, Shimada T, Minoshima H, Hidoh Y, Aoyama M, Ban T, Kobayashi Y, Ando H, Inoue Y, Itotani M, Sato S. Antidiabetic and cardiovascular beneficial effects of a liver-localized mitochondrial uncoupler. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2172. [PMID: 31092829 PMCID: PMC6520346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing mitochondrial uncoupling (mUncoupling) is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating metabolic diseases because it leads to calorie-wasting by reducing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria. Here we report a safe mUncoupler, OPC-163493, which has unique pharmacokinetic characteristics. OPC-163493 shows a good bioavailability upon oral administration and primarily distributed to specific organs: the liver and kidneys, avoiding systemic toxicities. It exhibits insulin-independent antidiabetic effects in multiple animal models of type I and type II diabetes and antisteatotic effects in fatty liver models. These beneficial effects can be explained by the improvement of glucose metabolism and enhancement of energy expenditure by OPC-163493 in the liver. Moreover, OPC-163493 treatment lowered blood pressure, extended survival, and improved renal function in the rat model of stroke/hypertension, possibly by enhancing NO bioavailability in blood vessels and reducing mitochondrial ROS production. OPC-163493 is a liver-localized/targeted mUncoupler that ameliorates various complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Kanemoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan.
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Koji Tanabe
- Department of CNS Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimada
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hitomi Minoshima
- Pharmaceutical Planning Group, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-16-4 Shinagawa Grand Central Tower Minatominami Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8242, Japan
| | - Yuya Hidoh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoyama
- Biology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Medical Innovations, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Ban
- Department of Renal and Cardiovascular Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kobayashi
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Hikaru Ando
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Department of Drug Safety Research, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
| | - Motohiro Itotani
- Quality Assurance Section (Tokushima Wajiki Factory), Quality Assurance Department, Headquarters for Product Safety and Quality Assurance, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 306-2 Otsubo Koniu aza Naka-cho Naka-gun, Tokushima, 771-5209, Japan
| | - Seiji Sato
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, New Drug Research Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 463-10 Kagasuno Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, 771-0192, Japan
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11
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Sauvaget M, Hutton F, Coull R, Vavassori S, Wang K, Reznik A, Chyker T, Newfield CG, Euston E, Benary G, Schweizer LM, Schweizer M. The NHR1-1 of Prs1 and the pentameric motif 284KKCPK288 of Prs3 permit multi-functionality of the PRPP synthetase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5288342. [PMID: 30649305 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The five-membered PRS gene family of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an example of gene duplication allowing the acquisition of novel functions. Each of the five Prs polypeptides is theoretically capable of synthesising PRPP but at least one of the following heterodimers is required for survival: Prs1/Prs3, Prs2/Prs5 and Prs4/Prs5. Prs3 contains a pentameric motif 284KKCPK288 found only in nuclear proteins. Deletion of 284KKCPK288 destabilises the Prs1/Prs3 complex resulting in a cascade of events, including reduction in PRPP synthetase activity and altered cell wall integrity (CWI) as measured by caffeine sensitivity and Rlm1 expression. Prs3 also interacts with the kinetochore-associated protein, Nuf2. Following the possibility of 284KKCPK288-mediated transport of the Prs1/Prs3 complex to the nucleus, it may interact with Nuf2 and phosphorylated Slt2 permitting activation of Rlm1. This scenario explains the breakdown of CWI encountered in mutants lacking PRS3 or deleted for 284KKCPK288. However, removal of NHR1-1 from Prs1 does not disrupt the Prs1/Prs3 interaction as shown by increased PRPP synthetase activity. This is evidence for the separation of the two metabolic functions of the PRPP-synthesising machinery: provision of PRPP and maintenance of CWI and is an example of evolutionary development when multiple copies of a gene were present in the ancestral organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Sauvaget
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics & Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Fraser Hutton
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure & Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Robert Coull
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure & Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Stefano Vavassori
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics & Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Ke Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Aleksandra Reznik
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Tatsiana Chyker
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Chelsea G Newfield
- Institute of Life & Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure & Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Eloise Euston
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics & Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Gerrit Benary
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics & Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Lilian M Schweizer
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Michael Schweizer
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics & Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
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12
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Brown EB, Rayens E, Rollmann SM. The Gene CG6767 Affects Olfactory Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Genet 2019; 49:317-326. [PMID: 30710192 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-019-09949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory systems mediate some of the most vital animal behaviors. However, our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms that underlie behavioral responses to olfactory cues remains fragmented. Genome-wide association mapping has greatly advanced our ability to identify candidate loci associated with variation in olfactory behavior, but functional validation of these candidates remain a necessary next step in understanding the mechanisms by which these genes influence chemoreception. In previous genome-wide association analyses, a genomic region that spans multiple polymorphic loci on the left arm of the third chromosome was found to be significantly associated with variation in olfactory behavioral responses to the odorant 2,3-butanedione, a volatile compound present in fermenting fruit. In this study, behavioral analysis of flies possessing either the major or minor haplotype for this region confirmed the association between polymorphisms in the region and variation in olfactory behavior. Moreover, functional dissection of the genes within this region using P-element insertional mutagenesis together with targeted RNAi experiments revealed that the gene CG6767, a gene of previously unknown function but predicted to encode an enzyme responsible for the synthesis and metabolism of nucleic acids, affects olfactory behavioral responses to 2,3-butanedione. Specifically, RNAi mediated knockdown of CG6767 expression in different neuroanatomical populations of the olfactory system suggests that this gene functions in local interneurons of the antennal lobe. These results reveal a new role for CG6767 and its importance in olfactory behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA
| | - Emily Rayens
- Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH, 45501, USA
| | - Stephanie M Rollmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA.
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13
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Ma Y, An X, Guan X, Kong Q, Wang Y, Li P, Meng Y, Cui Y, Wen X, Guo Y, Shen Y, Yu J. High expression of PRPS1 induces an anti-apoptotic effect in B-ALL cell lines and predicts an adverse prognosis in Chinese children with B-ALL. Oncol Lett 2018. [PMID: 29541198 PMCID: PMC5835884 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) is closely associated with a number of diseases; however, its influence in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and the potential molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of PRPS1 in Chinese children with B-ALL and to investigate the mechanism of action of PRPS1 in this disease. A Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to examine the proliferation of B-ALL Sup-B15 and Raji cells, and flow cytometric analysis was conducted to determine the cell cycle distribution and rate of apoptosis. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PRPS1, MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor, cyclin E1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), cyclin dependent kinase 2 and caspase-3 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Elevated PRPS1 expression was associated with a high-risk stratification and poor prognosis in patients with B-ALL. Furthermore, overexpression of PRPS1 accelerated the growth of and inhibited apoptosis in Sup-B15 and Raji cells as well as increasing the expression of Bcl-2 to induce an anti-apoptotic effect in B-ALL cell lines. The results of the present study indicate that PRPS1 regulates multiple processes in B-ALL and may be an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimei Ma
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Xizhou An
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Xianmin Guan
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Qinglin Kong
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yinghui Cui
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Xianhao Wen
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Guo
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yali Shen
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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14
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Niu Y, Zhou Y, Lin H, Gao LH, Xiong W, Zhu H, Zou CG, Li L. Inhibition of 3,5,2′,4′-Tetrahydroxychalcone on Production of Uric Acid in Hypoxanthine-Induced Hyperuricemic Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:99-105. [PMID: 29093325 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Niu
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yuanfang Zhou
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
| | - Hua Lin
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University
| | - Li-Hui Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University
| | - Wenyong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University
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15
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Phosphoribosyl Diphosphate (PRPP): Biosynthesis, Enzymology, Utilization, and Metabolic Significance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 81:81/1/e00040-16. [PMID: 28031352 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00040-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl diphosphate (PRPP) is an important intermediate in cellular metabolism. PRPP is synthesized by PRPP synthase, as follows: ribose 5-phosphate + ATP → PRPP + AMP. PRPP is ubiquitously found in living organisms and is used in substitution reactions with the formation of glycosidic bonds. PRPP is utilized in the biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, the amino acids histidine and tryptophan, the cofactors NAD and tetrahydromethanopterin, arabinosyl monophosphodecaprenol, and certain aminoglycoside antibiotics. The participation of PRPP in each of these metabolic pathways is reviewed. Central to the metabolism of PRPP is PRPP synthase, which has been studied from all kingdoms of life by classical mechanistic procedures. The results of these analyses are unified with recent progress in molecular enzymology and the elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of PRPP synthases from eubacteria, archaea, and humans. The structures and mechanisms of catalysis of the five diphosphoryltransferases are compared, as are those of selected enzymes of diphosphoryl transfer, phosphoryl transfer, and nucleotidyl transfer reactions. PRPP is used as a substrate by a large number phosphoribosyltransferases. The protein structures and reaction mechanisms of these phosphoribosyltransferases vary and demonstrate the versatility of PRPP as an intermediate in cellular physiology. PRPP synthases appear to have originated from a phosphoribosyltransferase during evolution, as demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis. PRPP, furthermore, is an effector molecule of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis, either by binding to PurR or PyrR regulatory proteins or as an allosteric activator of carbamoylphosphate synthetase. Genetic analyses have disclosed a number of mutants altered in the PRPP synthase-specifying genes in humans as well as bacterial species.
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16
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Ugbogu EA, Wang K, Schweizer LM, Schweizer M. Metabolic gene products have evolved to interact with the cell wall integrity pathway inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 16:fow092. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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17
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Additive reductions in zebrafish PRPS1 activity result in a spectrum of deficiencies modeling several human PRPS1-associated diseases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29946. [PMID: 27425195 PMCID: PMC4947902 DOI: 10.1038/srep29946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase-1 (PRPS1) is a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis, and mutations in PRPS1 are found in several human diseases including nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5, and Arts Syndrome. We utilized zebrafish as a model to confirm that mutations in PRPS1 result in phenotypic deficiencies in zebrafish similar to those in the associated human diseases. We found two paralogs in zebrafish, prps1a and prps1b and characterized each paralogous mutant individually as well as the double mutant fish. Zebrafish prps1a mutants and prps1a;prps1b double mutants showed similar morphological phenotypes with increasingly severe phenotypes as the number of mutant alleles increased. Phenotypes included smaller eyes and reduced hair cell numbers, consistent with the optic atrophy and hearing impairment observed in human patients. The double mutant also showed abnormal development of primary motor neurons, hair cell innervation, and reduced leukocytes, consistent with the neuropathy and recurrent infection of the human patients possessing the most severe reductions of PRPS1 activity. Further analyses indicated the phenotypes were associated with a prolonged cell cycle likely resulting from reduced nucleotide synthesis and energy production in the mutant embryos. We further demonstrated the phenotypes were caused by delays in the tissues most highly expressing the prps1 genes.
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18
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Du J, Rountree A, Cleghorn WM, Contreras L, Lindsay KJ, Sadilek M, Gu H, Djukovic D, Raftery D, Satrústegui J, Kanow M, Chan L, Tsang SH, Sweet IR, Hurley JB. Phototransduction Influences Metabolic Flux and Nucleotide Metabolism in Mouse Retina. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:4698-710. [PMID: 26677218 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of energy in a cell must keep pace with demand. Photoreceptors use ATP to maintain ion gradients in darkness, whereas in light they use it to support phototransduction. Matching production with consumption can be accomplished by coupling production directly to consumption. Alternatively, production can be set by a signal that anticipates demand. In this report we investigate the hypothesis that signaling through phototransduction controls production of energy in mouse retinas. We found that respiration in mouse retinas is not coupled tightly to ATP consumption. By analyzing metabolic flux in mouse retinas, we also found that phototransduction slows metabolic flux through glycolysis and through intermediates of the citric acid cycle. We also evaluated the relative contributions of regulation of the activities of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and the aspartate-glutamate carrier 1. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the retinal metabolome showed that phototransduction also influences steady-state concentrations of 5'-GMP, ribose-5-phosphate, ketone bodies, and purines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Du
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | | | | | - Laura Contreras
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), and Health Research Institute Jimenez Diaz Foundation, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Haiwei Gu
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
| | - Danijel Djukovic
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
| | - Dan Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
| | - Jorgina Satrústegui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), and Health Research Institute Jimenez Diaz Foundation, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lawrence Chan
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara and Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, and
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory and Barbara and Donald Jonas Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, and Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | | | - James B Hurley
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109,
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19
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The expanding spectrum of PRPS1-associated phenotypes: three novel mutations segregating with X-linked hearing loss and mild peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:766-73. [PMID: 25182139 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing is currently the technology of choice for gene/mutation discovery in genetically-heterogeneous disorders, such as inherited sensorineural hearing loss (HL). Whole-exome sequencing of a single Italian proband affected by non-syndromic HL identified a novel missense variant within the PRPS1 gene (NM_002764.3:c.337G>T (p.A113S)) segregating with post-lingual, bilateral, progressive deafness in the proband's family. Defects in this gene, encoding the phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRS-I) enzyme, determine either X-linked syndromic conditions associated with hearing impairment (eg, Arts syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type X-5) or non-syndromic HL (DFNX1). A subsequent screening of the entire PRPS1 gene in 16 unrelated probands from X-linked deaf families led to the discovery of two additional missense variants (c.343A>G (p.M115V) and c.925G>T (p.V309F)) segregating with hearing impairment, and associated with mildly-symptomatic peripheral neuropathy. All three variants result in a marked reduction (>60%) of the PRS-I activity in the patients' erythrocytes, with c.343A>G (p.M115V) and c.925G>T (p.V309F) affecting more severely the enzyme function. Our data significantly expand the current spectrum of pathogenic variants in PRPS1, confirming that they are associated with a continuum disease spectrum, thus stressing the importance of functional studies and detailed clinical investigations for genotype-phenotype correlation.
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20
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Balasubramaniam S, Duley JA, Christodoulou J. Inborn errors of purine metabolism: clinical update and therapies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:669-86. [PMID: 24972650 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of purine metabolism exhibit broad neurological, immunological, haematological and renal manifestations. Limited awareness of the phenotypic spectrum, the recent descriptions of newer disorders and considerable genetic heterogeneity, have contributed to long diagnostic odysseys for affected individuals. These enzymes are widely but not ubiquitously distributed in human tissues and are crucial for synthesis of essential nucleotides, such as ATP, which form the basis of DNA and RNA, oxidative phosphorylation, signal transduction and a range of molecular synthetic processes. Depletion of nucleotides or accumulation of toxic intermediates contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders. Maintenance of cellular nucleotides depends on the three aspects of metabolism of purines (and related pyrimidines): de novo synthesis, catabolism and recycling of these metabolites. At present, treatments for the clinically significant defects of the purine pathway are restricted: purine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency with uridine; familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN), adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) deficiency, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) deficiency and phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase superactivity (PRPS) with allopurinol; adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiencies have been treated by bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and ADA deficiency with enzyme replacement with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ADA, or erythrocyte-encapsulated ADA; myeloadenylate deaminase (MADA) and adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiencies have had trials of oral ribose; PRPS, HPRT and adenosine kinase (ADK) deficiencies with S-adenosylmethionine; and molybdenum cofactor deficiency of complementation group A (MOCODA) with cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP). In this review we describe the known inborn errors of purine metabolism, their phenotypic presentations, established diagnostic methodology and recognised treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Balasubramaniam
- Metabolic Unit, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
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21
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Prenatal growth restriction, retinal dystrophy, diabetes insipidus and white matter disease: expanding the spectrum of PRPS1-related disorders. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:310-6. [PMID: 24961627 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PRPS1 codes for the enzyme phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase-1 (PRS-1). The spectrum of PRPS1-related disorders associated with reduced activity includes Arts syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5 (CMTX5) and X-linked non-syndromic sensorineural deafness (DFN2). We describe a novel phenotype associated with decreased PRS-1 function in two affected male siblings. Using whole exome and Sanger sequencing techniques, we identified a novel missense mutation in PRPS1. The clinical phenotype in our patients is characterized by high prenatal maternal α-fetoprotein, intrauterine growth restriction, dysmorphic facial features, severe intellectual disability and spastic quadraparesis. Additional phenotypic features include macular coloboma-like lesions with retinal dystrophy, severe short stature and diabetes insipidus. Exome sequencing of the two affected male siblings identified a shared putative pathogenic mutation c.586C>T p.(Arg196Trp) in the PRPS1 gene that was maternally inherited. Follow-up testing showed normal levels of hypoxanthine in urine samples and uric acid levels in blood serum. The PRS activity was significantly reduced in erythrocytes of the two patients. Nucleotide analysis in erythrocytes revealed abnormally low guanosine triphosphate and guanosine diphosphate. This presentation is the most severe form of PRPS1-deficiency syndrome described to date and expands the spectrum of PRPS1-related disorders.
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Bardeleben C, Sharma S, Reeve JR, Bassilian S, Frost P, Hoang B, Shi Y, Lichtenstein A. Metabolomics identifies pyrimidine starvation as the mechanism of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-riboside-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1310-21. [PMID: 23585020 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism by which 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-riboside (AICAr) induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells, we conducted an unbiased metabolomics screen. AICAr had selective effects on nucleotide metabolism, resulting in an increase in purine metabolites and a decrease in pyrimidine metabolites. The most striking abnormality was a 26-fold increase in orotate associated with a decrease in uridine monophosphate (UMP) levels, indicating an inhibition of UMP synthetase (UMPS), the last enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, which produces UMP from orotate and 5-phosphoribosyl-α-pyrophosphate (PRPP). As all pyrimidine nucleotides can be synthesized from UMP, this suggested that the decrease in UMP would lead to pyrimidine starvation as a possible cause of AICAr-induced apoptosis. Exogenous pyrimidines uridine, cytidine, and thymidine, but not purines adenosine or guanosine, rescued multiple myeloma cells from AICAr-induced apoptosis, supporting this notion. In contrast, exogenous uridine had no protective effect on apoptosis resulting from bortezomib, melphalan, or metformin. Rescue resulting from thymidine add-back indicated apoptosis was induced by limiting DNA synthesis rather than RNA synthesis. DNA replicative stress was identified by associated H2A.X phosphorylation in AICAr-treated cells, which was also prevented by uridine add-back. Although phosphorylation of AICAr by adenosine kinase was required to induce multiple myeloma cell death, apoptosis was not associated with AMP-activated kinase activation or mTORC1 inhibition. A possible explanation for inhibition of UMP synthase activity by AICAr was a depression in cellular levels of PRPP, a substrate of UMP synthase. These data identify pyrimidine biosynthesis as a potential molecular target for future therapeutics in multiple myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne Bardeleben
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, 111H, VA West LA Med Ctr., 11301 Wilshire BLVD, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Ugbogu EA, Wippler S, Euston M, Kouwenhoven EN, de Brouwer AP, Schweizer LM, Schweizer M. The contribution of the nonhomologous region of Prs1 to the maintenance of cell wall integrity and cell viability. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:291-301. [DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Wippler
- School of Life Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh; UK
| | - Matthew Euston
- School of Life Sciences; Heriot-Watt University; Edinburgh; UK
| | - Evelyn N. Kouwenhoven
- Department of Human Genetics; Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Sciences and Institute of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen; The Netherlands
| | - Arjan P.M. de Brouwer
- Department of Human Genetics; Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Sciences and Institute of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen; The Netherlands
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Liu XZ, Xie D, Yuan HJ, de Brouwer APM, Christodoulou J, Yan D. Hearing loss and PRPS1 mutations: Wide spectrum of phenotypes and potential therapy. Int J Audiol 2012. [PMID: 23190330 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2012.736032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review was to evaluate the current literature on phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1)-related diseases and their consequences on hearing function. DESIGN A literature search of peer-reviewed, published journal articles was conducted in online bibliographic databases. STUDY SAMPLE Three databases for medical research were included in this review. RESULTS Mutations in PRPS1 are associated with a spectrum of non-syndromic to syndromic hearing loss. Hearing loss in male patients with PRPS1 mutations is bilateral, moderate to profound, and can be prelingual or postlingual, progressive or non-progressive. Audiogram shapes associated with PRPS1 deafness are usually residual and flat. Female carriers can have unilateral or bilateral hearing impairment. Gain of function mutations in PRPS1 cause a superactivity of the PRS-I protein whereas the loss-of-function mutations result in X-linked nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness type 2 (DFN2), or in syndromic deafness including Arts syndrome and X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5 (CMTX5). CONCLUSIONS Lower residual activity in PRS-I leads to a more severe clinical manifestation. Clinical and molecular findings suggest that the four PRPS1 disorders discovered to date belong to the same disease spectrum. Dietary supplementation with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) appeared to alleviate the symptoms of Arts syndrome patients, suggesting that SAM could compensate for PRS-I deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
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Kunjara S, Greenbaum AL, Sochor M, Ali M, Flyvbjerg A, Grønbaek H, McLean P. Effects of long-acting somatostatin analogues on adrenal growth and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate formation in experimental diabetes. Int J Exp Pathol 2012; 93:56-69. [PMID: 22264286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2011.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal growth and increased adrenal function occur in experimental diabetes. Previously, we have shown that phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and PRPP synthetase increased rapidly between 3 and 7 days after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ), with less marked changes in enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway. The present study examines the earlier phase of 1-3 days following induction of diabetes, seeking to elucidate whether control of PRPP production is a result of diabetic hyperglycaemia, or to a more general re-ordering of hormonal factors. To investigate this question, the role of insulin and two different long-acting somatostatin analogues, Angiopeptin and Sandostatin, were used in a well-established animal model. PRPP was chosen specifically as a target for these studies in view of its central role in nucleotide formation and nicotinamide mononucleotide synthesis via Nampt which is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of NAD and which has been shown to have multiple roles in cell signalling in addition to its known function in glycolysis and energy production. Treatment with the somatostatin analogues ab initio effectively abolished the adrenal growth, the increase in PRPP formation and the rise of PRPP synthetase activity in the first 7 days of diabetes, without having any significant effect on blood glucose values. This suggests that elevated glucose per se is not responsible for the diabetic adrenal hypertrophy and implies that growth factors/hormones, regulated by somatostatin analogues, play a significant role in adrenal growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirilaksana Kunjara
- Division of Biosciences, Metabolic Regulation Group, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
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Duley JA, Christodoulou J, de Brouwer APM. The PRPP synthetase spectrum: what does it demonstrate about nucleotide syndromes? NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2012; 30:1129-39. [PMID: 22132967 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2011.591747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Defects in X-linked phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1) manifest as follows: (1) PRS-I enzyme "superactivity" (gain-of-function mutations affecting allosteric regions); (2) PRS-I overexpression (which may be linked to miRNA mutation); (3) severe PRS-I deficiency/Arts syndrome (missense mutations producing loss-of-function); (4) moderate PRS-I deficiency/Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5 (less severe loss-of-function mutations); and (5) mild PRS-I deficiency/Deafness-2 (mutations producing slight destabilization). Similar to Lesch-Nyhan disease, PRPS1-related disorders arise from phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate (PRPP)-dependent nucleotide "depletion" of purine nucleotides (e.g., ATP, GTP). S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) appears to partially alleviate purine depletion via a PRPP-independent path. Synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides is PRPP dependent, with uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency producing pyrimidine nucleotide depletion. But pyrimidine salvage from uridine does not require PRPP, and this nucleoside is transported freely to pyrimidine-depleted tissues. Regulation of nicotinamide nucleotides is less clear; synthesis from pyridine nucleobases is PRPP dependent. Nucleotide "depletion" contrasts with nucleotide "toxicity," exemplified by the purine disorders adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiencies or by pyrimidine nucleotidase deficiency. These are characterized by the accumulation of one or more abnormal nucleotides such as succinyl- or deoxy-nucleotides or their metabolites, which interrupt other nucleotide or related pathways or are toxic to specific cell types. Theoretically, purine toxicity disorders would not be ameliorated by SAMe therapy, and this was confirmed for one adenylosuccinate lyase-deficient child. Nucleotide defects may also be seen as an aspect of mitochondrial disease, with SAMe-based mitochondrial therapy perhaps meriting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Duley
- University of Queensland and Mater Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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Moran R, Kuilenburg ABP, Duley J, Nabuurs SB, Retno-Fitri A, Christodoulou J, Roelofsen J, Yntema HG, Friedman NR, van Bokhoven H, de Brouwer APM. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity and recurrent infections is caused by a p.Val142Leu mutation in PRS-I. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:455-60. [PMID: 22246954 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We identified a novel missense mutation, c.424G>C (p.Val142Leu) in PRPS1 in a patient with uric acid overproduction without gout but with developmental delay, hypotonia, hearing loss, and recurrent respiratory infections. The uric acid overproduction accompanying this combination of symptoms suggests that the patient presented with phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase superactivity, but recurrent infections have not been associated with superactivity until now. However, recurrent infections are a prominent feature of patients with Arts syndrome, which is caused by PRPS1 loss-of-function mutations, indicating that the patient reported here has an intermediate phenotype. Molecular modeling predicts that the p.Val142Leu change affects both allosteric sites that are involved in inhibition of PRPS1 and the ATP-binding site, which suggests that this substitution can result both in a gain-of-function and loss-of-function of PRPP synthetase. This finding is in line with the normal PRPP synthetase activity in fibroblasts and the absence of activity in erythrocytes of the present patient. We postulate that the overall effect of the p.Val142Leu change on protein activity is determined by the cell type, being a gain-of-function in proliferating cells and a loss-of-function in postmitotic cells. Our results show that missense mutations in PRPS1 can cause a continuous spectrum of features ranging from progressive non-syndromic postlingual hearing impairment to uric acid overproduction, neuropathy, and recurrent infections depending on the functional sites that are affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Moran
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Peracchi A, Mozzarelli A. Exploring and exploiting allostery: Models, evolution, and drug targeting. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:922-33. [PMID: 21035570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of allostery was elaborated almost 50years ago by Monod and coworkers to provide a framework for interpreting experimental studies on the regulation of protein function. In essence, binding of a ligand at an allosteric site affects the function at a distant site exploiting protein flexibility and reshaping protein energy landscape. Both monomeric and oligomeric proteins can be allosteric. In the past decades, the behavior of allosteric systems has been analyzed in many investigations while general theoretical models and variations thereof have been steadily proposed to interpret the experimental data. Allostery has been established as a fundamental mechanism of regulation in all organisms, governing a variety of processes that range from metabolic control to receptor function and from ligand transport to cell motility. A number of studies have shed light on how evolutionary pressures have favored and molded the development of allosteric features in specific macromolecular systems. The widespread occurrence of allostery has been recently exploited for the development and design of allosteric drugs that bind to either physiological or non-physiological allosteric sites leading to gain of function or loss of function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein Dynamics: Experimental and Computational Approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Peracchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Ipata PL, Balestri F, Camici M, Tozzi MG. Molecular mechanisms of nucleoside recycling in the brain. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:140-5. [PMID: 20974280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A major role of plasma membrane bound ectonucleotidases is the modulation of ATP, ADP, adenosine (the purinergic agonists), UTP, and UDP (the pyrimidinergic agonists) availability in the extracellular space at their respective receptors. We have recently shown that an ATP driven uridine-UTP cycle is operative in the brain, based on the strictly compartmentalized processes of uridine salvage to UTP and uridine generation from UTP, in which uptaken uridine is anabolized to UTP in the cytosol, and converted back to uridine in the extracellular space by the action of ectonucleotidases (Ipata et al. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010;42:932-7). In this paper we show that a similar cytidine-CTP cycle exists in rat brain. Since (i) brain relies on imported preformed nucleosides for the synthesis of nucleotides, RNA, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, coenzymes, pyrimidine sugar- and lipid-conjugates and (ii) no specific pyrimidinergic receptors have been identified for cytidine and their nucleotides, our results, taken together with previous studies on the intra- and extracellular metabolic network of ATP, GTP, UTP, and their nucleosides in the brain (Barsotti and Ipata. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:2214-25; Balestri et al. Neurochem Int 2007;50:517-23), strongly suggest that, apart from the modulation of ligand availability, ectonucleotidases may serve the process of local nucleoside recycling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Luigi Ipata
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Biochimica, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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de Brouwer AP, van Bokhoven H, Nabuurs SB, Arts WF, Christodoulou J, Duley J. PRPS1 mutations: four distinct syndromes and potential treatment. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 86:506-18. [PMID: 20380929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetases (PRSs) catalyze the first step of nucleotide synthesis. Nucleotides are central to cell function, being the building blocks of nucleic acids and serving as cofactors in cellular signaling and metabolism. With this in mind, it is remarkable that mutations in phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRPS1), which is the most ubiquitously expressed gene of the three PRS genes, are compatible with life. Mutations described thus far in PRPS1 are all missense mutations that result in PRS-I superactivity or in variable levels of decreased activity, resulting in X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5 (CMTX5), Arts syndrome, and X-linked nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness (DFN2). Patients with PRS-I superactivity primarily present with uric acid overproduction, mental retardation, ataxia, hypotonia, and hearing impairment. Postlingual progressive hearing loss is found as an isolated feature in DFN2 patients. Patients with CMTX5 and Arts syndrome have peripheral neuropathy, including hearing impairment and optic atrophy. However, patients with Arts syndrome are more severely affected because they also have central neuropathy and an impaired immune system. The neurological phenotype in all four PRPS1-related disorders seems to result primarily from reduced levels of GTP and possibly other purine nucleotides including ATP, suggesting that these disorders belong to the same disease spectrum. Preliminary results of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) supplementation in two Arts syndrome patients show improvement of their condition, indicating that SAM supplementation in the diet could alleviate some of the symptoms of patients with PRPS1 spectrum diseases by replenishing purine nucleotides (J.C., unpublished data).
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31
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Valproic acid- and lithium-sensitivity in prs mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:1115-20. [PMID: 19754463 DOI: 10.1042/bst0371115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prs [PRPP (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate) synthetase] catalyses the transfer of pyrophosphate from ATP to ribose 5-phosphate, thereby activating the pentose sugar for incorporation into purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome contains five genes, PRS1-PRS5, whose products display characteristic PRPP and bivalent-cation-binding sites of Prs polypeptides. Deletion of one or more of the five PRS genes has far-reaching and unexpected consequences, e.g. impaired cell integrity, temperature-sensitivity and sensitivity to VPA (valproic acid) and LiCl. CTP pools in prs1Delta and prs3Delta are reduced to 12 and 31% of the wild-type respectively, resulting in an imbalance in phospholipid metabolism which may have an impact on the intracellular inositol pool which is affected by the administration of either VPA or LiCl. Overexpression of CTP synthetase in prs1Delta prs3Delta strains partially reverses the VPA-sensitive phenotype. Yeast two-hybrid screening revealed that Prs3 and the yeast orthologue of GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), Rim11, a serine/threonine kinase involved in several signalling pathways, interact with each other. Furthermore, Prs5, an essential partner of Prs3, which also interacts with GSK3 contains three neighbouring phosphorylation sites, typical of GSK3 activation. These studies on yeast PRPP synthetases bring together and expand the current theories for the mood-stabilizing effects of VPA and LiCl in bipolar disorder.
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32
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Wang W, Fridman A, Blackledge W, Connelly S, Wilson IA, Pilz RB, Boss GR. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt cassette regulates purine nucleotide synthesis. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:3521-8. [PMID: 19068483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806707200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway is highly conserved throughout evolution and regulates cell size and survival and cell cycle progression. It regulates the latter by stimulating procession through G(1) and the G(1)/S phase transition. Entry into S phase requires an abundant supply of purine nucleotides, but the effect of the PI3K/Akt pathway on purine synthesis has not been studied. We now show that the PI3K/Akt cassette regulates both de novo and salvage purine nucleotide synthesis in insulin-responsive mouse mesenchymal cells. We found that serum and insulin stimulated de novo purine synthesis in serum-starved cells largely through PI3K/Akt signaling, and pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of PI3K/Akt reduced de novo synthesis by 75% in logarithmically growing cells. PI3K/Akt regulated early steps of de novo synthesis by modulating phosphoribosylpyrophosphate production by the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and late steps by modulating activity of the bifunctional enzyme aminoimidazole-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase IMP cyclohydrolase, an enzyme not previously known to be regulated. The effects of PI3K/Akt on purine nucleotide salvage were likely through regulating phosphoribosylpyrophosphate availability. These studies define a new mechanism whereby the PI3K/Akt cassette functions as a master regulator of cellular metabolism and a key player in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Mannava S, Grachtchouk V, Wheeler LJ, Im M, Zhuang D, Slavina EG, Mathews CK, Shewach DS, Nikiforov MA. Direct role of nucleotide metabolism in C-MYC-dependent proliferation of melanoma cells. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:2392-400. [PMID: 18677108 DOI: 10.4161/cc.6390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify C-MYC targets rate-limiting for proliferation of malignant melanoma, we stably inhibited C-MYC in several human metastatic melanoma lines via lentivirus-based shRNAs approximately to the levels detected in normal melanocytes. C-MYC depletion did not significantly affect levels of E2F1 protein reported to regulate expression of many S-phase specific genes, but resulted in the repression of several genes encoding enzymes rate-limiting for dNTP metabolism. These included thymidylate synthase (TS), inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 2 (PRPS2). C-MYC depletion also resulted in reduction in the amounts of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) and inhibition of proliferation. shRNA-mediated suppression of TS, IMPDH2 or PRPS2 resulted in the decrease of dNTP pools and retardation of the cell cycle progression of melanoma cells in a manner similar to that of C-MYC-depletion in those cells. Reciprocally, concurrent overexpression of cDNAs for TS, IMPDH2 and PRPS2 delayed proliferative arrest caused by inhibition of C-MYC in melanoma cells. Overexpression of C-MYC in normal melanocytes enhanced expression of the above enzymes and increased individual dNTP pools. Analysis of in vivo C-MYC interactions with TS, IMPDH2 and PRPS2 genes confirmed that they are direct C-MYC targets. Moreover, all three proteins express at higher levels in cells from several metastatic melanoma lines compared to normal melanocytes. Our data establish a novel functional link between C-MYC and dNTP metabolism and identify its role in proliferation of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Mannava
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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de Brouwer APM, Williams KL, Duley JA, van Kuilenburg ABP, Nabuurs SB, Egmont-Petersen M, Lugtenberg D, Zoetekouw L, Banning MJG, Roeffen M, Hamel BCJ, Weaving L, Ouvrier RA, Donald JA, Wevers RA, Christodoulou J, van Bokhoven H. Arts syndrome is caused by loss-of-function mutations in PRPS1. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 81:507-18. [PMID: 17701896 PMCID: PMC1950830 DOI: 10.1086/520706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arts syndrome is an X-linked disorder characterized by mental retardation, early-onset hypotonia, ataxia, delayed motor development, hearing impairment, and optic atrophy. Linkage analysis in a Dutch family and an Australian family suggested that the candidate gene maps to Xq22.1-q24. Oligonucleotide microarray expression profiling of fibroblasts from two probands of the Dutch family revealed reduced expression levels of the phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 gene (PRPS1). Subsequent sequencing of PRPS1 led to the identification of two different missense mutations, c.455T-->C (p.L152P) in the Dutch family and c.398A-->C (p.Q133P) in the Australian family. Both mutations result in a loss of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1 activity, as was shown in silico by molecular modeling and was shown in vitro by phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase activity assays in erythrocytes and fibroblasts from patients. This is in contrast to the gain-of-function mutations in PRPS1 that were identified previously in PRPS-related gout. The loss-of-function mutations of PRPS1 likely result in impaired purine biosynthesis, which is supported by the undetectable hypoxanthine in urine and the reduced uric acid levels in serum from patients. To replenish low levels of purines, treatment with S-adenosylmethionine theoretically could have therapeutic efficacy, and a clinical trial involving the two affected Australian brothers is currently underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan P M de Brouwer
- Departments of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Recent advances in structure and function of cytosolic IMP-GMP specific 5'-nucleotidase II (cN-II). Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:669-75. [PMID: 18404470 PMCID: PMC2096664 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic 5′nucleotidase II (cN-II) catalyses both the hydrolysis of a number of nucleoside monophosphates (e.g., IMP + H2O→inosine + Pi), and the phosphate transfer from a nucleoside monophosphate donor to the 5′position of a nucleoside acceptor (e.g., IMP + guanosine →inosine + GMP). The enzyme protein functions through the formation of a covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate, followed by the phosphate transfer either to water (phosphatase activity) or to a nucleoside (phosphotransferase activity). It has been proposed that cN-II regulates the intracellular concentration of IMP and GMP and the production of uric acid. The enzyme might also have a potential therapeutic importance, since it can phosphorylate some anti-tumoral and antiviral nucleoside analogues that are not substrates of known kinases. In this review we summarise our recent studies on the structure, regulation and function of cN-II. Via a site-directed mutagenesis approach, we have identified the amino acids involved in the catalytic mechanism and proposed a structural model of the active site. A series of in vitro studies suggests that cN-II might contribute to the regulation of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) level, through the so-called oxypurine cycle, and in the production of intracellular adenosine, formed by ATP degradation.
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Terkeltaub R, Bushinsky DA, Becker MA. Recent developments in our understanding of the renal basis of hyperuricemia and the development of novel antihyperuricemic therapeutics. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 16820043 PMCID: PMC3226109 DOI: 10.1186/ar1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dietary, genetic, or disease-related excesses in urate production may contribute to hyperuricemia, impaired renal excretion of uric acid is the dominant cause of hyperuricemia in the majority of patients with gout. The aims of this review are to highlight exciting and clinically pertinent advances in our understanding of how uric acid is reabsorbed by the kidney under the regulation of urate transporter (URAT)1 and other recently identified urate transporters; to discuss urate-lowering agents in clinical development; and to summarize the limitations of currently available antihyperuricemic drugs. The use of uricosuric drugs to treat hyperuricemia in patients with gout is limited by prior urolothiasis or renal dysfunction. For this reason, our discussion focuses on the development of the novel xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat and modified recombinant uricase preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Terkeltaub
- San Diego VAMC Rheumatology Section, and University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Hove-Jensen B, McGuire JN. Surface exposed amino acid differences between mesophilic and thermophilic phosphoribosyl diphosphate synthase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 271:4526-33. [PMID: 15560793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl 1-diphosphate synthase from the thermophile Bacillus caldolyticus is 81% identical to the amino acid sequence of 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl 1-diphosphate synthase from the mesophile Bacillus subtilis. Nevertheless the enzyme from the two organisms possesses very different thermal properties. The B. caldolyticus enzyme has optimal activity at 60-65 degrees C and a half-life of 26 min at 65 degrees C, compared to values of 46 degrees C and 60 s at 65 degrees C, respectively, for the B. subtilis enzyme. Chemical cross-linking shows that both enzymes are hexamers. Vmax is determined as 440 micromol.min(-1).mg protein(-1) and Km values for ATP and ribose 5-phosphate are determined as 310 and 530 microM, respectively, for the B. caldolyticus enzyme. The enzyme requires 50 mM Pi as well as free Mg2+ for maximal activity. Manganese ion substitutes for Mg2+, but only at 30% of the activity obtained with Mg2+. ADP and GDP inhibit the B. caldolyticus enzyme in a cooperative fashion with Hill coefficients of 2.9 for ADP and 2.6 for GDP. Ki values are determined as 113 and 490 microm for ADP and GDP, respectively. At low concentrations ADP inhibition is linearly competitive with respect to ATP. A predicted structure of the B. caldolyticus enzyme based on homology modelling with the structure of B. subtilis 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribosyl 1-diphosphate synthase shows 92% of the amino acid differences to be on solvent exposed surfaces in the hexameric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Hove-Jensen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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García-Pavía P, Torres RJ, Rivero M, Ahmed M, García-Puig J, Becker MA. Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase overactivity as a cause of uric acid overproduction in a young woman. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2036-41. [PMID: 12847698 DOI: 10.1002/art.11058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overactivity of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) is an X chromosome-linked disorder of purine metabolism that is characterized by gout with uric acid overproduction and, in some families, neurodevelopmental impairment. We present the case of a 24-year-old Spanish woman with renal colic and hyperuricemia, which first manifested at age 11 years. Results of enzymatic and genetic studies supported the view that accelerated purine nucleotide and uric acid production in this woman resulted from defective allosteric regulation of PRS activity, which is, in turn, a consequence of a mutation in one of the patient's PRPS1 genes: an A-to-T substitution at nucleotide 578, encoding leucine for histidine at amino acid residue 192 of the mature PRS1 isoform. A previous example of disordered regulation of PRS1 activity in a family with a different substitution at the same amino acid residue strengthens this proposed mechanism. This is the first reported instance of PRS overactivity in which the propositus and sole affected family member is a woman.
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Fisher DI, Safrany ST, Strike P, McLennan AG, Cartwright JL. Nudix hydrolases that degrade dinucleoside and diphosphoinositol polyphosphates also have 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) pyrophosphatase activity that generates the glycolytic activator ribose 1,5-bisphosphate. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:47313-7. [PMID: 12370170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209795200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 17 Nudix hydrolases were tested for their ability to hydrolyze 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP). All 11 enzymes that were active toward dinucleoside polyphosphates with 4 or more phosphate groups as substrates were also able to hydrolyze PRPP, whereas the 6 that could not and that have coenzyme A, NDP-sugars, or pyridine nucleotides as preferred substrates did not degrade PRPP. The products of hydrolysis were ribose 1,5-bisphosphate and P(i). Active PRPP pyrophosphatases included the diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase (DIPP) subfamily of Nudix hydrolases, which also degrade the non-nucleotide diphosphoinositol polyphosphates. K(m) and k(cat) values for PRPP hydrolysis for the Deinococcus radiodurans DR2356 (di)nucleoside polyphosphate hydrolase, the human diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, and human DIPP-1 (diadenosine hexaphosphate and diphosphoinositol polyphosphate hydrolase) were 1 mm and 1.5 s(-1), 0.13 mm and 0.057 s(-1), and 0.38 mm and 1.0 s(-1), respectively. Active site mutants of the Caenorhabditis elegans diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase had no activity, confirming that the same active site is responsible for nucleotide and PRPP hydrolysis. Comparison of the specificity constants for nucleotide, diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, and PRPP hydrolysis suggests that PRPP is a significant substrate for the D. radiodurans DR2356 enzyme and for the DIPP subfamily. In the latter case, generation of the glycolytic activator ribose 1,5-bisphosphate may be a new function for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Fisher
- Cell Regulation and Signalling Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
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