1
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Xin J, Lu X, Cao J, Wu W, Liu Q, Wang D, Zhou X, Ding D. Fluorinated Organic Polymers for Cancer Drug Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404645. [PMID: 38678386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of cancer therapy, the spotlight is on nanoscale pharmaceutical delivery systems, especially polymer-based nanoparticles, for their enhanced drug dissolution, extended presence in the bloodstream, and precision targeting achieved via surface engineering. Leveraging the amplified permeation and retention phenomenon, these systems concentrate therapeutic agents within tumor tissues. Nonetheless, the hurdles of systemic toxicity, biological barriers, and compatibility with living systems persist. Fluorinated polymers, distinguished by their chemical idiosyncrasies, are poised for extensive biomedical applications, notably in stabilizing drug metabolism, augmenting lipophilicity, and optimizing bioavailability. Material science heralds the advent of fluorinated polymers that, by integrating fluorine atoms, unveil a suite of drug delivery merits: the hydrophobic traits of fluorinated alkyl chains ward off lipid or protein disruption, the carbon-fluorine bond's stability extends the drug's lifecycle in the system, and a lower alkalinity coupled with a diminished ionic charge bolsters the drug's ability to traverse cellular membranes. This comprehensive review delves into the utilization of fluorinated polymers for oncological pharmacotherapy, elucidating their molecular architecture, synthetic pathways, and functional attributes, alongside an exploration of their empirical strengths and the quandaries they encounter in both experimental and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Xin
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xue Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen, Futian), and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, and First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Weihui Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen, Futian), and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Deping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, and First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology at Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, and First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen, Futian), and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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2
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Schork FJ. Monomer Equilibrium and Transport in Emulsion and Miniemulsion Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3249-3260. [PMID: 38776550 PMCID: PMC11170938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The dual concepts of monomer equilibrium and monomer transport in emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization are discussed in depth. The concepts must be considered together since, first, dispersed-phase polymerizations (in this case emulsion and miniemulsion polymerizations) are by their nature multiphase systems that function only due to interphase mass transfer; and second, because phase equilibrium determines the driving force for monomer transport in these (and all heterophase reaction) systems. Concepts of polymer particle swelling are reviewed, and the question first addressed by Paul Flory in the 1950s: Are emulsion polymerizations transport or reaction limited? is revisited in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Joseph Schork
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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3
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Schwaderer J, Drache M, Beuermann S. Temperature Dependence of the Number of Defect-Structures in Poly(vinylidene fluoride). Molecules 2024; 29:1551. [PMID: 38611830 PMCID: PMC11013231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is predominantly characterized by alternating CH2 and CF2 units in a polymer backbone, originating from the head-to-tail addition of monomers or regular propagation. Due, to a small extent, to inverse monomer addition, so-called defect structures occur which influence the macroscopic properties of PVDF significantly. The amount of defect structures in the material is determined by the polymerization conditions. Here, the temperature dependence of the fraction of defect structures in PVDF obtained from polymerizations between 45 and 90 °C is reported. We utilized 19F-NMR spectroscopy to determine the fraction of defect structures as a function of temperature. To derive kinetic data, the polymerization of VDF is considered a quasi-copolymerization described by the Terminal Model involving four different propagation reactions. Based on the experimentally determined temperature-dependent fractions of defect structures, the known overall propagation rate coefficient, and taking into account the self-healing behavior of the macroradical, the Arrhenius parameters of the individual propagation rate coefficients were determined using the Monte Carlo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabine Beuermann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (J.S.); (M.D.)
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4
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Lohmann V, Jones GR, Truong NP, Anastasaki A. The thermodynamics and kinetics of depolymerization: what makes vinyl monomer regeneration feasible? Chem Sci 2024; 15:832-853. [PMID: 38239674 PMCID: PMC10793647 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization is potentially a highly advantageous method of recycling plastic waste which could move the world closer towards a truly circular polymer economy. However, depolymerization remains challenging for many polymers with all-carbon backbones. Fundamental understanding and consideration of both the kinetics and thermodynamics are essential in order to develop effective new depolymerization systems that could overcome this problem, as the feasibility of monomer generation can be drastically altered by tuning the reaction conditions. This perspective explores the underlying thermodynamics and kinetics governing radical depolymerization of addition polymers by revisiting pioneering work started in the mid-20th century and demonstrates its connection to exciting recent advances which report depolymerization reaching near-quantitative monomer regeneration at much lower temperatures than seen previously. Recent catalytic approaches to monomer regeneration are also explored, highlighting that this nascent chemistry could potentially revolutionize depolymerization-based polymer recycling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lohmann
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Glen R Jones
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Nghia P Truong
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 399 Royal Parade Parkville VIC 3152 Australia
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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5
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Dei N, Ishihara K, Matsumoto A, Kojima C. Preparation and Characterization of Acrylic and Methacrylic Phospholipid-Mimetic Polymer Hydrogels and Their Applications in Optical Tissue Clearing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:241. [PMID: 38257040 PMCID: PMC10820725 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymers are mimetic to phospholipids, being widely used as biocompatible polymers. In our previous study, MPC polymer hydrogels proved more effective for optical tissue clearing compared to acrylamide (AAm) polymer hydrogels. In the present study, 2-acryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (APC) was synthesized and employed to create hydrogels for a comparative analysis with methacrylic MPC-based hydrogels. APC, an acrylic monomer, was copolymerized with AAm in a similar reactivity. In contrast, MPC, as a methacrylic monomer, demonstrated higher copolymerization reactivity than AAm, leading to a spontaneously delayed two-step polymerization behavior. This suggests that the polymer sequences and network structures became heterogeneous when both methacrylic and acrylic monomers, as well as crosslinkers, were present in the copolymerization system. The molecular weight of the APC polymers was considerably smaller than that of the MPC polymers due to the formation of mid-chain radicals and subsequent β-scission during polymerization. The swelling ratios in water and strain sweep profiles of hydrogels prepared using acrylic and methacrylic compounds differed from those of hydrogels prepared using only acrylic compounds. This implies that copolymerization reactivity influences the polymer network structures and crosslinking density in addition to the copolymer composition. APC-based hydrogels are effective for the optical clearing of tumor tissues and are applicable to both passive and electrophoretic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Dei
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan (A.M.)
| | - Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Division of Materials & Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan (A.M.)
| | - Chie Kojima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan (A.M.)
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6
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Chen K, Guo X, Chen M. Controlled Radical Copolymerization toward Well-Defined Fluoropolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310636. [PMID: 37581580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past 80 years, fluoropolymers have found broad applications in both industrial and academic settings, owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Copolymerizations of fluoroalkene feedstocks present an important avenue to obtain high-performance materials by merging intrinsic attributes of fluorocarbons and great versatility of comonomers. Recently, while massive investigations have disclosed the great potentials of precisely synthesized polymers, researchers have made considerable efforts to approach well-defined fluorinated copolymers. This minireview discusses challenges in controlled radical copolymerizations (CRCPs) of fluoroalkenes and provides a concise perspective on recent progress in CRCPs of fluoroalkenes (e.g., tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers) with non-fluorinated vinyl comonomers, which have enabled on-demand preparations of various main-chain fluoropolymers with predefined molar masses, low dispersities, as well as regulable chemical compositions and sequences. The synthetic advantages of CRCPs will promote controlled and facile access to customized fluoropolymers for high-tech applications such as batteries, coatings and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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7
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López-Domínguez P, Saldívar-Guerra E, Trevino ME, Zapata-González I. Precise Modeling of the Particle Size Distribution in Emulsion Polymerization: Numerical and Experimental Studies for Model Validation under Ab Initio Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4467. [PMID: 38006191 PMCID: PMC10674919 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The particle size distribution (PSD) in emulsion polymerization (EP) has been modeled in the past using either the pseudo bulk (PB) or the 0-1/0-1-2 approaches. There is some controversy on the proper type of model to be used to simulate the experimental PSDs, which are apparently broader than the theoretical ones. Additionally, the numerical technique employed to solve the model equations, involving hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) with moving and possibly steep fronts, has to be precise and robust, which is not a trivial matter. A deterministic kinetic model for the PSD evolution of ab initio EP of vinyl monomers was developed to investigate these issues. The model considers three phases, micellar nucleation, and particles that can contain n≥0 radicals. Finite volume (FV) and weighted-residual methods are used to solve the system of PDEs and compared; their limitations are also identified. The model was validated by comparing predictions with data of monomer conversion and PSD for the batch emulsion homopolymerization of styrene (Sty) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/potassium persulfate (KPS) at 60 °C, as well as the copolymerization of Sty-MMA (50/50; mol/mol) at 50 and 60 °C. It is concluded that the PB model has a structural problem when attempting to adequately represent PSDs with steep fronts, so its use is discouraged. On the other hand, there is no generalized evidence of the need to add a stochastic term to enhance the PSD prediction of EP deterministic models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Saldívar-Guerra
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Saltillo 25294, Mexico; (P.L.-D.); (M.E.T.); (I.Z.-G.)
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8
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Molino BZ, O'Connell C, Kageyama T, Yan L, Wu Y, Kawamura I, Maruo S, Fukuda J. Gelatin acrylamide with improved UV crosslinking and mechanical properties for 3D biofabrication. J Biosci Bioeng 2023:S1389-1723(23)00109-3. [PMID: 37121831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photocrosslinkable gelatin has attracted increasing interest in the field of biofabrication, with the most studied and widely used photocrosslinkable gelatin being gelatin methacrylate (GelMa). However, the 3D fabrication of GelMa has presented several limitations and challenges, primarily due to its slow crosslinking speed. It is generally known that acryl-based functional groups have faster reaction kinetics than methacryl-base groups. However, gelatin acrylamide (GelAc) has not been widely investigated, largely due to its increased complexity of synthesis relative to GelMA. In this study, we developed a novel synthesis method for GelAc. By varying the reaction ratio of reagents, GelAc with a degree of substitution from 20% to 95% was produced. The UV crosslinking properties of GelAc was studied, demonstrating significantly faster crosslinking kinetics than GelMa, especially at lower concentrations and low photoinitiator concentrations. The swelling ratio and mechanical properties of the crosslinked GelAc hydrogel were also characterized, and biocompatibility experiments conducted via both surface seeding and hydrogel encapsulation of cells, with good cell viability observed. The application of GelAc for 3D biofabrication was demonstrated by 3D printing. GelAc can be a useful material for the fabrication of 3D conduits for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhang Molino
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Cathal O'Connell
- School of Engineering, Discipline of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia; BioFab3D, Aikenhead Center for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 29 Regent St, Fitzroy VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Tatsuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Lei Yan
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yumeng Wu
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Izuru Kawamura
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shoji Maruo
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan.
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9
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López‐Domínguez P, Ríos‐López M, Rivera‐Peláez JE, Barragán‐Aroche JF, Vivaldo‐Lima E. Modelling of polymerization kinetics and molar mass development in the nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (
NMP
) of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide using the
PC‐SAFT
equation of state. CAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Porfirio López‐Domínguez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada Blvd. Enrique Reyna 140 Saltillo 25294 Mexico
| | - Marlene Ríos‐López
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
| | - Jesús Eduardo Rivera‐Peláez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
| | - José Fernando Barragán‐Aroche
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
| | - Eduardo Vivaldo‐Lima
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 Mexico
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10
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Sancaktar E. Using Excimer Laser for Manufacturing Stimuli Responsive Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:398. [PMID: 37103825 PMCID: PMC10146765 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A 248 nm KrF excimer laser can be used to manufacture temperature and pH-responsive polymer-based membranes for controlled transport applications. This is done by a two-step approach. In the first step, well-defined/shaped and orderly pores are created on commercially available polymer films by ablation by using an excimer laser. The same laser is used subsequently for energetic grafting and polymerization of a responsive hydrogel polymer inside the pores fabricated during the first step. Thus, these smart membranes allow controllable solute transport. In this paper, determination of appropriate laser parameters and grafting solution characteristics are illustrated to obtain the desired membrane performance. Fabrication of membranes with 600 nm to 25 μm pore sizes by using the laser through different metal mesh templates is discussed first. Laser fluence and the number of pulses need to be optimized to obtain the desired pore size. Mesh size and film thickness primarily control the pore sizes. Typically, pore size increases with increasing fluence and the number of pulses. Larger pores can be created by using higher fluence at a given laser energy. The vertical cross-section of the pores turns out to be inherently tapered due to the ablative action of the laser beam. The pores created by laser ablation can be grafted with PNIPAM hydrogel by using the same laser to perform a bottom-up grafting-from type pulsed laser polymerization (PLP) in order to achieve the desired transport function controlled by temperature. For this purpose, a set of laser frequencies and pulse numbers need to be determined to obtain the desired hydrogel grafting density and the extent of cross-linking, which ultimately provide controlled transport by smart gating. In other words, on-demand switchable solute release rates can be achieved by controlling the cross-linking level of the microporous PNIPAM network. The PLP process is extremely fast (few seconds) and provides higher water permeability above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the hydrogel. Experiments have shown high mechanical integrity for these pore-filled membranes, which can sustain pressures up to 0.31 MPa. The monomer (NIPAM) and cross-linker (mBAAm) concentrations in the grafting solution need to be optimized in order to control the network growth inside the support membrane pores. The cross-linker concentration typically has a stronger effect on the temperature responsiveness. The pulsed laser polymerization process described can be extended to different unsaturated monomers, which can be polymerized by the free radical process. For example, poly(acrylic acid) can be the grafted to provide pH responsiveness to membranes. As for the effects of thickness, a decreasing trend is observed in the permeability coefficient with increasing thickness. Furthermore, the film thickness has little or no effect on PLP kinetics. The experimental results have shown that membranes manufactured by excimer laser are excellent choices for applications where flow uniformity is the prime requirement, as they possess uniform pore sizes and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erol Sancaktar
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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11
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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12
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Free-Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients of Diethyl Itaconate and Di-n-Propyl Itaconate Obtained via PLP–SEC. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061345. [PMID: 36987126 PMCID: PMC10056010 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The propagation step is one of the key reactions in radical polymerization and knowledge about its kinetics is often vital for understanding and designing polymerization processes leading to new materials or optimizing technical processes. Arrhenius expressions for the propagation step in free-radical polymerization of diethyl itaconate (DEI) as well as di-n-propyl itaconate (DnPI) in bulk, for which propagation kinetics was yet unexplored, were thus determined via pulsed-laser polymerization in conjunction with size-exclusion chromatography (PLP-SEC) experiments in the temperature range of 20 to 70 °C. For DEI, the experimental data was complemented by quantum chemical calculation. The obtained Arrhenius parameters are A = 1.1 L·mol–1·s–1 and Ea = 17.5 kJ·mol−1 for DEI and A = 1.0 L·mol–1·s–1 and Ea = 17.5 kJ·mol−1 for DnPI.
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13
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Nevolianis T, Wolter N, Kaven LF, Krep L, Huang C, Mhamdi A, Mitsos A, Pich A, Leonhard K. Kinetic Modeling of a Poly( N-vinylcaprolactam- co-glycidyl methacrylate) Microgel Synthesis: A Hybrid In Silico and Experimental Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nevolianis
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Nadja Wolter
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Luise F. Kaven
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Krep
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Can Huang
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
| | - Adel Mhamdi
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
- JARA-SOFT, 52056Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., 52074Aachen, Germany
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, 52074Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai Leonhard
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062Aachen, Germany
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14
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Sawicki P, Łapienis G, Kadłubowski S, Ulański P, Rosiak JM. Determination of kinetic parameters of N-vinylpyrrolidone radical polymerization in water by Pulsed Electron Polymerization−Size Exclusion Chromatography (PEP−SEC). Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Buback M, Hutchinson RA, Lacík I. Radical polymerization kinetics of water-soluble monomers. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Simulation study on the co-polymerization of vinyl acetate between ethylene. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Shigenaga S, Shibata H, Tagami K, Kanbara T, Yajima T. Eosin Y-Catalyzed Visible-Light-Induced Hydroperfluoroalkylation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14923-14929. [PMID: 36200531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The eosin Y-catalyzed hydroperfluoroalkylation of electron-deficient alkenes is described herein. The reaction proceeded smoothly under visible light irradiation and selectively afforded a hydroperfluoroalkylated product. Various perfluoroalkyl bromides and electron-deficient olefins can be used in this reaction, and all chemicals required for this reaction are safe and readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satsuki Shigenaga
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Haruko Shibata
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Koto Tagami
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kanbara
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yajima
- Department of Chemistry, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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18
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Shi Y, Yu M, Liu J, Yan F, Luo ZH, Zhou YN. Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship Model for Predicting the Propagation Rate Coefficient in Free-Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Mengxian Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Fangyou Yan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Zheng-Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yin-Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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19
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Elancheliyan R, Del Monte G, Chauveau E, Sennato S, Zaccarelli E, Truzzolillo D. Role of Charge Content in the Two-Step Deswelling of Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Microgels. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajam Elancheliyan
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS−Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Del Monte
- National Research Council−Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Edouard Chauveau
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS−Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Simona Sennato
- National Research Council−Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zaccarelli
- National Research Council−Institute for Complex Systems (CNR-ISC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Truzzolillo
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS−Université de Montpellier, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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20
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Wilson O, Borrelli DJ, Magenau AJD. Simple and Rapid Adhesion of Commodity Polymer Substrates under Ambient Conditions Using Complexed Alkylboranes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28636-28645. [PMID: 35990443 PMCID: PMC9387130 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adhesives are ubiquitous in manufacturing spanning nearly all sectors from healthcare and photovoltaics to aerospace and electronics. Yet many commercial polymers remain challenging to adhere, necessitating either pretreatment, mechanical fastening, or adhesive processes that involve specialized equipment, high temperature/vacuum, and long cure times. Thus, rapid-cure adhesives for polymers that can set under ambient conditions using simple procedures are desirous because they offer cost savings, faster production, and greater design freedom to producers. Herein, we report a powerful adhesive platform that bonds a wide scope of commodity polymers via (hydrogen) atom transfer and free-radical (graft) polymerization initiated with a trialkylborane-ligand complex and isocyanate decomplexing agent. The developed adhesive formulation is air-stable, bulk, and operates in air at room temperature using a high-glass-transition temperature polyacrylate, i.e., poly(isobornyl acrylate). The alkylborane-initiated bonding process is rapid (∼30 min), requires minimal surface preparation (cleaning and mild roughening), and successfully bonds seven diverse substrates including polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, and polyvinylchloride. This contribution uniquely investigates the process-property relationships for the adhesive formulation, lap-shear performance, mechanism of failure, and a reactive additive for enhancing the adhesive's glass-transition temperature to ∼120 °C (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane or POSS) to widen its operation temperature. We envision that the reported alkylborane-initiated adhesion platform could hold promise in the automotive, aerospace, and marine sectors as means for rapid manufacturing and structural adhesion.
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21
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Zhang M, Chi S, Yu Y. DFT Investigation of Polyethylene- co-vinyl Acetate: Kinetics of Initiation and Propagation, Copolymer Composition, and Unit Sequence Distribution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Suocheng Chi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yingzhe Yu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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22
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Flejszar M, Ślusarczyk K, Chmielarz P, Wolski K, Isse AA, Gennaro A, Wytrwal-Sarna M, Oszajca M. Working electrode geometry effect: A new concept for fabrication of patterned polymer brushes via SI-seATRP at ambient conditions. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Precision Polymer Synthesis by Controlled Radical Polymerization: Fusing the progress from Polymer Chemistry and Reaction Engineering. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Martinez MR, Dworakowska S, Gorczyński A, Szczepaniak G, Bossa FDL, Matyjaszewski K. Kinetic comparison of isomeric oligo(ethylene oxide) (meth)acrylates: Aqueous polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate and methyl 2‐(oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether)acrylate macromonomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Biotechnology and Renewable Materials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Cracow University of Technology Cracow Poland
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
- Faculty of Chemistry Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Ferdinando De Luca Bossa
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
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25
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Kumar R, Sayala KD, Tang H, Tsarevsky NV. Hypervalent
Iodine‐Based
Initiators and Efficient Chain Transfer Agents for the Synthesis of Branched Polymers from Crosslinkers. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas Texas 75275
| | - Kapil Dev Sayala
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas Texas 75275
| | - Houliang Tang
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas Texas 75275
| | - Nicolay V. Tsarevsky
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas Texas 75275
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26
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Effect of side-group structure and temperature on chain transfer to polymer and branching in acrylate homopolymerizations. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-021-04935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe paper reports studies of the effects of ester side-group size and structure on chain transfer to polymer (CTP) and mol% branches (%br) in the final polymers from monomer-starved semi-batch emulsion homopolymerizations of a series of alkyl acrylates with different numbers of ester OR side-group carbon atoms (NsgC) in the range 1–10. Although the high instantaneous conversions and high gel contents in the final polymers show that intermolecular CTP is significant, the kinetics have been analysed principally in terms of intramolecular CTP (intraCTP) because this is expected to be numerically the dominant CTP process. For linear OR side groups, there is a small, continuous increase in %br (from ~ 3.4 to ~ 5.0 mol%) as NsgC increases from 1 to 8, which arises predominantly from the acrylate molar mass (Macrylate) reducing the molar monomer concentration and from the small increase in rate coefficient for propagation (kp) as NsgC increases; no discernible effects of NsgC on the rate coefficient for intraCTP ($${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$
k
trP
intra
) are evident. For isomeric butyl acrylates, there is no measurable effect of isomer structure on %br (4.3–4.4 mol%), indicating that butyl groups are too small for changes in side-group bulkiness to influence $${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$
k
trP
intra
and kp. A similar observation was made for n-hexyl acrylate (nHA) and 2-ethylbutyl acrylate (%br 4.7–4.8 mol%). However, cyclohexyl acrylate (cHA) gives a much higher %br (~ 7.2 mol%), which has been assigned to steric effects increasing $${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$
k
trP
intra
because kp values for nHA and cHA are very similar. For OR side-groups with NsgC of 8 and10, there is a strong effect of side-group non-linearity (2-ethylhexyl, iso-octyl and iso-decyl) increasing %br, with polymers from n-alkyl acrylates having much lower %br (~ 4.5–5.0 mol%) than those from the equivalent non-linear acrylates (~ 6.7–7.1 mol%); since the kp values are expected to be similar for these acrylates, it is evident that the much bulkier non-linear OR groups cause a significant increase in $${k}_{\mathrm{trP}}^{\mathrm{intra}}$$
k
trP
intra
compared to the linear equivalents. Tentative hypotheses for these steric effects have been postulated. Studies of the effect of temperature (0–80 °C) on CTP and %br for methyl acrylate solution homopolymerization (in which intraCTP should be completely dominant) show the expected reduction in %br as temperature reduces, such that CTP is negligible at 0 °C; Arrhenius analysis gives an activation energy of 40.7 kJ mol−1 for intraCTP, which is within the range of values reported for n-butyl acrylate.
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27
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Corbin DA, Miyake GM. Photoinduced Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (O-ATRP): Precision Polymer Synthesis Using Organic Photoredox Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1830-1874. [PMID: 34842426 PMCID: PMC9815475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of photoinduced organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) has received considerable attention since its introduction in 2014. Expanding on many of the advantages of traditional ATRP, O-ATRP allows well-defined polymers to be produced under mild reaction conditions using organic photoredox catalysts. As a result, O-ATRP has opened access to a range of sensitive applications where the use of a metal catalyst could be of concern, such as electronics, certain biological applications, and the polymerization of coordinating monomers. However, key limitations of this method remain and necessitate further investigation to continue the development of this field. As such, this review details the achievements made to-date as well as future research directions that will continue to expand the capabilities and application landscape of O-ATRP.
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28
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Nikitin AN, Habánková E, Lacik I, Hutchinson R. Chain-Length Dependence of Propagation Rate Coefficient for Methyl Acrylate Polymerization at 25 °C Investigated by PLP-SEC Method. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00225f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When applying the pulsed laser polymerization–size exclusion chromatography (PLP-SEC) method to determine the propagation rate coefficient (kp) for bulk methyl acrylate at 25 °C, the characteristic ratio L1/L2 of chain...
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29
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Zaborniak I, Chmielarz P. Comestible curcumin: From kitchen to polymer chemistry as a photocatalyst in metal-free ATRP of (meth)acrylates. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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30
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Feuerpfeil A, Drache M, Jantke LA, Melchin T, Rodríguez-Fernández J, Beuermann S. Modeling Semi-Batch Vinyl Acetate Polymerization Processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Feuerpfeil
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Marco Drache
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | | | - Timo Melchin
- Wacker Chemie AG, Johannes-Hess-Str. 24, 84489 Burghausen, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Beuermann
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Technical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Straße 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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31
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Jiménez N, Ruipérez F, González de San Román E, Asua JM, Ballard N. Fundamental Insights into Free-Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Catechols and Catechol-Functionalized Monomers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Jiménez
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fernando Ruipérez
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Estibaliz González de San Román
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José M. Asua
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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32
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Alwan Almijbilee MM, Wang Y, Peng M, Kong A, Zhang J, Li W. Ion-binding ameliorates the organic solvents nanofiltration performance of poly (butyl acrylamide-co-divinylbenzene) composites. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Nonque F, Benlahoues A, Audourenc J, Sahut A, Saint-Loup R, Woisel P, Potier J. Study on polymerization of bio-based isosorbide monomethacrylate for the formation of low-T and high-T sustainable polymers. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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Edeleva M, Van Steenberge PH, Sabbe MK, D’hooge DR. Connecting Gas-Phase Computational Chemistry to Condensed Phase Kinetic Modeling: The State-of-the-Art. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3027. [PMID: 34577928 PMCID: PMC8467432 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, quantum chemical calculations (QCC) have increased in accuracy, not only providing the ranking of chemical reactivities and energy barriers (e.g., for optimal selectivities) but also delivering more reliable equilibrium and (intrinsic/chemical) rate coefficients. This increased reliability of kinetic parameters is relevant to support the predictive character of kinetic modeling studies that are addressing actual concentration changes during chemical processes, taking into account competitive reactions and mixing heterogeneities. In the present contribution, guidelines are formulated on how to bridge the fields of computational chemistry and chemical kinetics. It is explained how condensed phase systems can be described based on conventional gas phase computational chemistry calculations. Case studies are included on polymerization kinetics, considering free and controlled radical polymerization, ionic polymerization, and polymer degradation. It is also illustrated how QCC can be directly linked to material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Paul H.M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
| | - Maarten K. Sabbe
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (P.H.M.V.S.); (M.K.S.)
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Technologiepark 70a, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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35
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Chaloupka T, Zubov A, Kosek J. Influence of Radical Distribution in a Polymer Particle during Emulsion Polymerization on Product Molecular Weight Distribution. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Chaloupka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Zubov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Kosek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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36
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Fleckenstein PJ, Alter C, Lazzari S, Vale HM. A General Approach for Modeling Acrylate and Methacrylate Solution Copolymerizations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Alter
- BASF Coatings Materials Research and Technology, Münster 48165, Germany
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37
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Ezenwajiaku IH, Hutchinson RA. Effect of Ionization on Aqueous Phase Radical Copolymerization of Acrylic Acid and Cationic Monomers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikenna H. Ezenwajiaku
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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38
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Deglmann P, Hungenberg KD, Vale HM. Dependence of Copolymer Composition in Radical Polymerization on Solution Properties: a Quantitative Thermodynamic Interpretation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Pirman T, Ocepek M, Likozar B. Radical Polymerization of Acrylates, Methacrylates, and Styrene: Biobased Approaches, Mechanism, Kinetics, Secondary Reactions, and Modeling. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Pirman
- Helios TBLUS d.o.o., Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - M. Ocepek
- Helios TBLUS d.o.o., Količevo 65, 1230 Domžale, Slovenia
| | - B. Likozar
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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40
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Buback M, Kattner H. Detailed analysis of radical polymerisation kinetics by pulsed-laser techniques*. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1939452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Buback
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Kattner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Gottingen, Germany
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41
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Kramer S, Cameron NR, Krajnc P. Porous Polymers from High Internal Phase Emulsions as Scaffolds for Biological Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111786. [PMID: 34071683 PMCID: PMC8198890 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), with densely packed droplets of internal phase and monomers dispersed in the continuous phase, are now an established medium for porous polymer preparation (polyHIPEs). The ability to influence the pore size and interconnectivity, together with the process scalability and a wide spectrum of possible chemistries are important advantages of polyHIPEs. In this review, the focus on the biomedical applications of polyHIPEs is emphasised, in particular the applications of polyHIPEs as scaffolds/supports for biological cell growth, proliferation and tissue (re)generation. An overview of the polyHIPE preparation methodology is given and possibilities of morphology tuning are outlined. In the continuation, polyHIPEs with different chemistries and their interaction with biological systems are described. A further focus is given to combined techniques and advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko Kramer
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, 22 Alliance Lane, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
| | - Peter Krajnc
- PolyOrgLab, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (N.R.C.); (P.K.)
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42
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Corbin DA, McCarthy BG, van de Lindt Z, Miyake GM. Radical Cations of Phenoxazine and Dihydrophenazine Photoredox Catalysts and Their Role as Deactivators in Organocatalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021; 54:4726-4738. [PMID: 34483367 PMCID: PMC8411649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radical cations of photoredox catalysts used in organocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (O-ATRP) have been synthesized and investigated to gain insight into deactivation in O-ATRP. The stability and reactivity of these compounds were studied in two solvents, N,N-dimethylacetamide and ethyl acetate, to identify possible side reactions in O-ATRP and to investigate the ability of these radical cations to deactivate alkyl radicals. A number of other factors that could influence deactivation in O-ATRP were also probed, such as ion pairing with the radical cations, radical cation oxidation potential, and halide oxidation potential. Ultimately, these studies enabled radical cations to be employed as reagents during O-ATRP to demonstrate improvements in polymerization control with increasing radical cation concentrations. In the polymerization of acrylates, this approach enabled superior molecular weight control, a decrease in polymer dispersity from 1.90 to 1.44, and an increase in initiator efficiency from 78 to 102%. This work highlights the importance of understanding the mechanism and side reactions of O-ATRP, as well as the importance of catalyst radical cations for successful O-ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Corbin
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Blaine G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Zach van de Lindt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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43
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Urbanová A, Ezenwajiaku IH, Nikitin AN, Sedlák M, Vale HM, Hutchinson RA, Lacík I. PLP-SEC Investigation of the Influence of Electrostatic Interactions on the Radical Propagation Rate Coefficients of Cationic Monomers TMAEMC and MAPTAC. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Urbanová
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ikenna H. Ezenwajiaku
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Anatoly. N. Nikitin
- Istitute on Laser and Information Technologies of Russian Academy of Sciences—Branch of Federal Scientific Research Center “Crystallography and Photonics”, Russian Academy of Sciences, Svyatoozerskaya 1, 140700 Shatura, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Marián Sedlák
- Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Robin A. Hutchinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Igor Lacík
- Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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44
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Marien YW, Edeleva M, Figueira FL, Arraez FJ, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Translating Simulated Chain Length and Molar Mass Distributions in Chain‐Growth Polymerization for Experimental Comparison and Mechanistic Insight. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | - Freddy L. Figueira
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | - Francisco J. Arraez
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Gent B‐9052 Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering Ghent University Technologiepark 70a Gent B‐9052 Belgium
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Joseph Schork
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta Georgia USA
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46
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Klement T, Kockmann N, Schwede C, Röder T. Kinetic Measurement of Acrylic Acid Polymerization at High Concentrations under Nearly Isothermal Conditions in a Pendula Slug Flow Reactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Klement
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
- Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 70, Dortmund, 44227, Germany
| | - Christian Schwede
- BASF SE, RCP/ME-B01, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, Mannheim, 68163, Germany
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47
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Wen P, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Lin J, Chen M, Lin X. Solvent-Free Synthesis of the Polymer Electrolyte via Photo-Controlled Radical Polymerization: Toward Ultrafast In-Built Fabrication of Solid-State Batteries under Visible Light. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:8426-8434. [PMID: 33570379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thin solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with good processability, improved room-temperature ionic conductivity, and better interfacial compatibility are urgently needed to develop solid-state batteries without safety and leakage issues. In-built electrolyte polymerization has emerged as a novel and effective platform to obtain such electrolytes. However, existing in-built methods usually involve heat, UV, γ irradiation, and so forth to initiate the polymerization and often require the addition of solvents to avoid the concentrated active propagating species, which inevitably afford solvent residues that persist in the electrolyte matrix, leading to complex SPE preparation processes, safety hazards, and side reactions with the electrodes. Herein, a simple solvent-free preparation of the poly(mPEGAA)-based electrolyte film was achieved via the photo-controlled radical polymerization under visible light irradiation via an in-built manner, which resulted in 99% monomer conversion within 5 min to obtain the polymer electrolytes with a controlled molecular weight distribution. Thanks to the mild and green conditions, a thin, solvent-free, and cross-linked SPE electrolyte film was obtained efficiently yet in a well-regulated manner, which gave rise to good interfacial compatibility and an improved room-temperature ionic conductivity of 1.5 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C. As-prepared solid-state LiFePO4|Li batteries based on the in-built thin SPE exhibited a high discharge areal capacity of 1.7 mA h cm-2 (164.6 mA h g-1) at an ambient temperature. Furthermore, the system displayed lithium dendrite suppression behavior and good long-term charge-discharge cycling in the Li symmetric battery for over 270 h, representing enhanced stability and capacities compared with ex-built systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xinrong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
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48
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Rouillon J, Arnoux C, Monnereau C. Determination of Photoinduced Radical Generation Quantum Efficiencies by Combining Chemical Actinometry and 19F NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2926-2932. [PMID: 33476133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a general and relatively straightforward protocol aimed at determining the absolute photoinduced radical generation efficiency via NMR monitoring. This approach relies on the use of a radical scavenger probe that combines a nitroxide moiety that specifically reacts with radicals and a trifluoromethyl group used as a 19F NMR signaling unit. Using an LED source, whose fluence is precisely determined by a chemical actinometry procedure also described herein, the method is used to determine the radical photogeneration quantum yields of three well-known polymerization initiators: azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), 4,4'-bis(N,N-diethylamino)benzophenone (BDEBP, a derivative of Michler's ethyl ketone), and 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide (MAPO). The overall good agreement with values previously reported in the literature proves the robustness of this new method. We then extended the study to the precise measurement of the quantum yield of free-radical photogeneration on a newly synthesized photoinitiator used for two-photon direct laser writing. This study highlights the potential of this methodology for the quantitative determination of photoinduced radical generation efficiency used in many fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Rouillon
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ. Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Arnoux
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ. Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- Laboratoire de Chimie, Univ. Lyon, ENS Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, UMR 5182, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
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49
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Ng G, Jung K, Li J, Wu C, Zhang L, Boyer C. Screening RAFT agents and photocatalysts to mediate PET-RAFT polymerization using a high throughput approach. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a high throughput approach for the screening of RAFT agents and photocatalysts to mediate photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervase Ng
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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50
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Edeleva M, Marien YW, Van Steenberge PHM, D'hooge DR. Impact of side reactions on molar mass distribution, unsaturation level and branching density in solution free radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate under well-defined lab-scale reactor conditions. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00151e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The paper describes the influence of side reactions in isothermal solution free-radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate accounting for chain-length dependent diffusional limitations on termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
| | | | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT)
- Ghent University
- 9052 Ghent
- Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE)
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