1
|
Pisharody GR, Sahoo P, Shankar Rao DS, Ramakrishna Matte HSS, Sikdar D, Krishna Prasad S. IR regulation through preferential placement of h-BN nanosheets in a polymer network liquid crystal. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:554-565. [PMID: 37982355 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01467c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in devices which effectively shield near-infrared light with an additional feature of external field tunability, particularly for energy-saving applications. This article demonstrates an approach for fabricating a highly efficient near-infrared regulating device based on a polymer network liquid crystal reinforced with nanosheets of hexagonal-boron nitride (BN). The device achieves ∼84% IR scattering capability over a wavelength range of 800-2300 nm, and can also be regulated by an electric field. Interestingly, the observed high IR regulation is despite individual components of the composite being IR transparent, in stark contrast to earlier attempted incorporation of IR-absorbing/scattering particles. Detailed experimental characterization methods including FESEM corroborated with EDS and Raman spectroscopy suggest that the preferential positioning of the BN nanosheets, a consequence of the photo-polymerization process, is responsible for the observed feature. The IR reflectivity/back scattering that is doubled upon incorporation of the nanosheets results in an enhanced convective/radiative heat barrier capability, as evidenced by thermal imaging and significant (2 °C) reduction in ambient temperature upon one-Sun illumination. Numerical simulation results are also found to be in good agreement with the observed enhanced reflectance values for the BN-incorporated case. The presence of BN augments the mechanical rigidity of the system by a factor of 6.8 without compromising on the device operating voltage. The protocol employed is quite general and thus advantageous with far-reaching applications in passive cooling of buildings and structures, in thermal camouflaging, and in overall energy management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri R Pisharody
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Arkavathi, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli, Bengaluru 562162, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Priyabrata Sahoo
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Arkavathi, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli, Bengaluru 562162, India.
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India
| | - D S Shankar Rao
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Arkavathi, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli, Bengaluru 562162, India.
| | - H S S Ramakrishna Matte
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Arkavathi, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli, Bengaluru 562162, India.
| | - Debabrata Sikdar
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - S Krishna Prasad
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences, Arkavathi, Survey No. 7, Shivanapura, Dasanapura Hobli, Bengaluru 562162, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee KM, Marsh ZM, Crenshaw EP, Tohgha UN, Ambulo CP, Wolf SM, Carothers KJ, Limburg HN, McConney ME, Godman NP. Recent Advances in Electro-Optic Response of Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2248. [PMID: 36984126 PMCID: PMC10053326 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC) are molecules that can self-assemble into helicoidal superstructures exhibiting circularly polarized reflection. The facile self-assembly and resulting optical properties makes CLCs a promising technology for an array of industrial applications, including reflective displays, tunable mirror-less lasers, optical storage, tunable color filters, and smart windows. The helicoidal structure of CLC can be stabilized via in situ photopolymerization of liquid crystal monomers in a CLC mixture, resulting in polymer-stabilized CLCs (PSCLCs). PSCLCs exhibit a dynamic optical response that can be induced by external stimuli, including electric fields, heat, and light. In this review, we discuss the electro-optic response and potential mechanism of PSCLCs reported over the past decade. Multiple electro-optic responses in PSCLCs with negative or positive dielectric anisotropy have been identified, including bandwidth broadening, red and blue tuning, and switching the reflection notch when an electric field is applied. The reconfigurable optical response of PSCLCs with positive dielectric anisotropy is also discussed. That is, red tuning (or broadening) by applying a DC field and switching by applying an AC field were both observed for the first time in a PSCLC sample. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanism for the dynamic response in PSCLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Lee
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Zachary M. Marsh
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Ecklin P. Crenshaw
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Urice N. Tohgha
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Cedric P. Ambulo
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Steven M. Wolf
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Kyle J. Carothers
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Azimuth Corporation, Beavercreek, OH 45431, USA
| | - Hannah N. Limburg
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael E. McConney
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Godman
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rouhbakhsh Z, Huang JW, Ho TY, Chen CH. Liquid crystal-based chemical sensors and biosensors: From sensing mechanisms to the variety of analytical targets. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
4
|
Budpud K, Okeyoshi K, Okajima MK, Kaneko T. Cyanobacterial supra‐polysaccharide: Self‐similar hierarchy, diverse morphology, and application prospects of sacran fibers. Biopolymers 2022; 113:e23522. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kulisara Budpud
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Kosuke Okeyoshi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Maiko K. Okajima
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Nomi Ishikawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liquid crystal-based biosensors as lab-on-chip tools: Promising for future on-site detection test kits. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
6
|
Effect of Cell Thickness on the Electro-optic Response of Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030746. [PMID: 32041240 PMCID: PMC7040647 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that for polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs) with negative dielectric anisotropy, the position and bandwidth of the selective reflection notch can be controlled by a direct-current (DC) electric field. The field-induced deformation of the polymer network that stabilizes the devices is mediated by ionic charges trapped in or near the polymer. A unique and reversible electro-optic response is reported here for relatively thin films (≤5 μm). Increasing the DC field strength redshifts the reflection notch to longer wavelength until the reflection disappears at high DC fields. The extent of the tuning range is dependent on the cell thickness. The transition from the reflective to the clear state is due to the electrically controlled, chirped pitch across the small cell gap and not to the field-induced reorientation of the liquid crystal molecules themselves. The transition is reversible. By adjusting the DC field strength, various reflection wavelengths can be addressed from either a different reflective (colored) state at 0 V or a transparent state at a high DC field. Relatively fast responses (~50 ms rise times and ~200 ms fall times) are observed for these thin PSCLCs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xia C, Zhou D, Su Y, Zhou G, Yao L, Sun W, Liu Y. A liquid-crystal-based immunosensor for the detection of cardiac troponin I. Analyst 2020; 145:4569-4575. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00425a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is one of the most sensitive and specific markers of myocardial cell injury. In this study, a label-free biosensor that utilizes the birefringence property of liquid crystal (LC) for the detection of cTnI is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Xia
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics
- Ministry Education of China
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics
- Ministry Education of China
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yueming Su
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics
- Ministry Education of China
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Guangkai Zhou
- Department of head and neck surgery
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Lishuang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics
- Changchun Institute of Optics
- Fine Mechanics and Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130033
| | - Weimin Sun
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics
- Ministry Education of China
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics
- Ministry Education of China
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rumi M, Bunning TJ, White TJ. Polymer stabilization of cholesteric liquid crystals in the oblique helicoidal state. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:8883-8894. [PMID: 30206619 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01278d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrical control of the pitch has been reported in a variant of the cholesteric liquid crystal phase composed of chiral dopants and liquid crystal dimers with a bent conformation, such as CB7CB. For a finite range of applied electric field, the dimeric mesogens assume an oblique helicoidal structure, in which the helical axis is aligned along the electric field and the local director is tilted towards the helical axis (rather than being perpendicular to it). An electric field can directly regulate the periodicity (pitch), allowing reconfiguration of the optical response from a scattering or transparent state to a reflective state. Here, we employ po stabilization to retain the oblique helicoidal state absent an applied field. The polymer stabilized oblique helicoidal structures were investigated under various conditions and material compositions. With polymer stabilization, the magnitude of the selective reflection is found to be dependent on the strength of the applied field. Comparison of the electro-optical response of samples with and without a polymer network elucidates the relative role of boundary conditions, anchoring strength, and elastic energy on the stability of the oblique helicoidal state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariacristina Rumi
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sasaki Y, Ueda M, Le KV, Amano R, Sakane S, Fujii S, Araoka F, Orihara H. Polymer-Stabilized Micropixelated Liquid Crystals with Tunable Optical Properties Fabricated by Double Templating. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703054. [PMID: 28758707 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-organized nano- and microstructures of soft materials are attracting considerable attention because most of them are stimuli-responsive due to their soft nature. In this regard, topological defects in liquid crystals (LCs) are promising not only for self-assembling colloids and molecules but also for electro-optical applications such as optical vortex generation. However, there are currently few bottom-up methods for patterning a large number of defects periodically over a large area. It would be highly desirable to develop more effective techniques for high-throughput and low-cost fabrication. Here, a micropixelated LC structure consisting of a square array of topological defects is stabilized by photopolymerization. A polymer network is formed on the structure of a self-organized template of a nematic liquid crystal (NLC), and this in turn imprints other nonpolymerizable NLC molecules, which maintains their responses to electric field and temperature. Photocuring of specific local regions is used to create a designable template for the reproducible self-organization of defects. Moreover, a highly diluted polymer network (≈0.1 wt% monomer) exhibits instant on-off switching of the patterns. Beyond the mere stabilization of patterns, these results demonstrate that the incorporation of self-organized NLC patterns offers some unique and unconventional applications for anisotropic polymer networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sasaki
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Motoshi Ueda
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Khoa V Le
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Reo Amano
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shin Sakane
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shuji Fujii
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Fumito Araoka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Orihara
- Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim DY, Lee SA, Park M, Choi YJ, Kang SW, Jeong KU. Multi-responsible chameleon molecule with chiral naphthyl and azobenzene moieties. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:2924-2933. [PMID: 25742914 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00073d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A photochromic chiral molecule with azobenzene mesogens and a (R)-configuration naphthyl moiety (abbreviated as NCA2M) was specifically designed and synthesized for the demonstration of chameleon-like color changes responding to multitudinous external stimuli, such as temperature, light and electric field. The basic phase transition behaviors of NCA2M were first studied by the combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy (POM). Based on the structure-sensitive X-ray diffraction results obtained at different temperatures, it was comprehended that the NCA2M molecule exhibited the tilted version of highly ordered smectic crystal phase with 5.45 nm layer thickness. Chiral nematic (N*) liquid crystals (LC) with helical superstructures were formed by doping the NCA2M photochromic chiral molecule in an achiral nematic (N) LC medium. By controlling the helical pitch length of N*-LC with respect to temperature, light and electric field, the wavelength of selectively reflected light from the N* photonic crystal was finely tuned. The light-induced color change of N*-LC film was the most efficient method for covering the whole visible region from blue to green and to red, which allowed us to fabricate remote-controllable photo-responsive devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Okajima MK, Mishima R, Amornwachirabodee K, Mitsumata T, Okeyoshi K, Kaneko T. Anisotropic swelling in hydrogels formed by cooperatively aligned megamolecules. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18585h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cyanobacterial polysaccharide, sacran, which has a high molecular length over 30 μm, forms in-plane oriented film by casting. The film creates uniaxially-swelling hydrogels with a micrometer thickness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Okajima
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Nomi
- Japan
| | - R. Mishima
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Nomi
- Japan
| | - K. Amornwachirabodee
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Nomi
- Japan
- Program of Petrochemistry
| | - T. Mitsumata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Niigata University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - K. Okeyoshi
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Nomi
- Japan
| | - T. Kaneko
- School of Materials Science
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST)
- Nomi
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chien CC, Liu JH. Optical Behaviors of Flexible Photonic Films via the Developed Multiple UV-Exposed Fabrications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:1185-90. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chieh Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan 70101 Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan 70101 Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Agez G, Relaix S, Mitov M. Cholesteric liquid crystal gels with a graded mechanical stress. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:022513. [PMID: 25353495 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.022513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In cholesteric liquid-crystalline gels, the mechanical role of the polymer network over the structure of the whole gel has been ignored. We show that it is the stress gradient exerted by the network over the helical structure that drives the broadening of the optical band gap, as evidenced by the absence of a gradient in chiral species. Model calculations and finite-difference time-domain simulations show that the network acts as a spring with a stiffness gradient. The present results indicate a revision to the common understanding of the physical properties of liquid-crystalline gels is necessary when a concentration gradient in a polymer network is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzague Agez
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CEMES, CNRS, University Paul-Sabatier, 31055 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Sabrina Relaix
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CEMES, CNRS, University Paul-Sabatier, 31055 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Michel Mitov
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales, CEMES, CNRS, University Paul-Sabatier, 31055 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Lin Y, Sun J. Vinyl-terminated liquid-crystalline dendrimers based on dendritic polyols and their siloxane-based elastomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
16
|
Thi TH, Matsusaki M, Shi D, Kaneko T, Akashi M. Synthesis and properties of coumaric acid derivative homo-polymers. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 19:75-85. [DOI: 10.1163/156856208783227668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tran Hang Thi
- a Faculty of Technology of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Ministry of Industry, Tien Kien, Lam Thao, Phu Tho, Vietnam; Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- b Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dongjian Shi
- c Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- d Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Akashi
- e Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Applications of Liquid Crystalline Elastomers. LIQUID CRYSTAL ELASTOMERS: MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
18
|
Lee JH, Yoon TH. Surface gliding of the easy axis of a polymer-stabilized nematic liquid crystal and its dependence on the constituent monomers. Phys Rev E 2011; 84:051701. [PMID: 22181429 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.84.051701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We studied the easy axis gliding of a polymer-stabilized nematic liquid crystal. The easy axis of the liquid crystal was slowly reoriented in the presence of an electric field, and the gliding process was approximated to the triple exponential functions. The different dynamics is considered to be related to the morphology of the polymers formed on the surface and in the bulk. The initial orientation of the easy axis was recovered by the elastic restoring force of the polymers after removal of the electric field. The gliding angle and reorientation time were decreased with the longer constituent monomers, and this is considered to be due to the increased anchoring and reduced surface viscosity by the increased fraction of the polymers intersticed in a liquid crystal near the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Densely Cross-Linked Liquid Crystal Networks by Controlled Photopolymerization of Ordered Liquid Crystal Monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1201/b10525-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
|
20
|
Akagi K. Helical Polyacetylene: Asymmetric Polymerization in a Chiral Liquid-Crystal Field. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5354-401. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Akagi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Spillmann CM, Naciri J, Wahl KJ, Garner YH, Chen MS, Ratna BR. Role of surfactant in the stability of liquid crystal-based nanocolloids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:2419-2426. [PMID: 19154135 DOI: 10.1021/la802881u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We examine the dependence of liquid crystalline nanocolloid formation and stability on surfactant. Nanocolloids composed of polymerizable liquid crystal mesogens and cross-linking agents and capped with either ionic or nonionic surfactants are prepared via the miniemulsion technique. Colloids synthesized with anionic surfactant were stable and displayed 2D hexagonal packing when deposited via slow vertical pulling of the silicon substrate from an aqueous suspension. Liquid crystal nanocolloids stabilized with the nonionic, polar polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were stable in aqueous environments but coalesced upon drying to form relatively large, well-defined crystal-like structures with uniform birefringence. SEM images reveal that the coalesced structures have mesalike features. Polarized light, atomic force, and polarized Raman microscopy of these structures indicate that the liquid crystal molecules are arranged with their long molecular axis slightly tilted with respect to the surface normal. A mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the mesalike structures from the nanocolloids. These studies provide fundamental insight into the incorporation and stabilization of polymerizable liquid crystal molecules into nanovolumes and open up opportunities for the incorporation of functionality and anisotropy into isotropically shaped nanocolloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Spillmann
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kihara H, Tamaoki N. An H‐Bonded Main‐Chain Liquid‐Crystalline Polymer Obtained by In Situ Photochemical Conversion from an H‐Bonded LC Dimer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Gao J, Wang Y, Hou G, Liu G. Morphology and thermal properties of liquid crystalp-PAEB/n-propyl methacrylate copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Ferroelectric Lc-Elastomers. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470141724.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
25
|
Lub J, Omenat A, Ruiz-melo A, Artal MC. Synthesis and Photopolymerization of Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Vinyl Ethers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259708047090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lub
- a Philips Research Laboratories , Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5656 , AA Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - A. Omenat
- b Dpto. Química Orgánica-Quimica Fisica , Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragön. Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - A. Ruiz-melo
- b Dpto. Química Orgánica-Quimica Fisica , Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragön. Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - M. C. Artal
- b Dpto. Química Orgánica-Quimica Fisica , Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragön. Universidad de Zaragoza , 50009 , Zaragoza , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lub J, Broer DJ, Allan JF. The Synthesis and Polymerisation of a Liquid Crystalline Crosslinkable Thiol-Ene Molecule. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10587259908023768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lub
- a Philips Research Laboratories , Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5656 AA , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J. Broer
- a Philips Research Laboratories , Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5656 AA , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - John. F. Allan
- a Philips Research Laboratories , Prof. Holstlaan 4, 5656 AA , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kihara H, Tamaoki N. A Main-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Oligomer Prepared by in situ Photopolymerization of an LC Monomer Having Cinnamate Moieties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200600108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
28
|
Kato T, Nagahara T, Agari Y, Ochi M. High thermal conductivity of polymerizable liquid-crystal acrylic film having a twisted molecular orientation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
29
|
Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K. Funktionelle flüssigkristalline Aggregate: selbstorganisierte weiche Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
Gao J, Wang Y, Hou G. Morphology and thermal properties of liquid crystalp-PAEB/styrene copolymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
31
|
Kato T, Mizoshita N, Kishimoto K. Functional Liquid-Crystalline Assemblies: Self-Organized Soft Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:38-68. [PMID: 16353263 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, soft materials will become more important as functional materials because of their dynamic nature. Although soft materials are not as highly durable as hard materials, such as metals, ceramics, and engineering plastics, they can respond well to stimuli and the environment. The introduction of order into soft materials induces new dynamic functions. Liquid crystals are ordered soft materials consisting of self-organized molecules and can potentially be used as new functional materials for electron, ion, or molecular transporting, sensory, catalytic, optical, and bio-active materials. For this functionalization, unconventional materials design is required. Herein, we describe new approaches to the functionalization of liquid crystals and show how the design of liquid crystals formed by supramolecular assembly and nano-segregation leads to the formation of a variety of new self-organized functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kihara H, Miura T. Morphology of a hydrogen-bonded LC polymer prepared by photopolymerization-induced phase separation under an isotropic phase. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
33
|
Hartwig A, Mahato TK, Kaese T, Wöhrle D. Preparation and Properties of Cholesteric Network Polymers Based on Liquid Crystalline Epoxides. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
34
|
Synthesis and formation of anisotropic network from monomers diacrylates derivates of 4-hydroxybenzenethiol. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
35
|
Seo SH, Kim YW, Chang JY. Smectic Layered Polymer Networks Based on Side Chain Liquid Crystalline Polymers Having Thermally Reversible Urea Bonds. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047645u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyuk Seo
- Hyperstructured Organic Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Young-Woon Kim
- Hyperstructured Organic Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Ji Young Chang
- Hyperstructured Organic Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-744, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kato T, Nagahara T, Agari Y, Ochi M. Relation between thermal conductivity and molecular alignment direction of free-standing film aligned with rubbing method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Kihara H, Miura T, Kishi R, Kaito A. Morphological self-control of a phase-separated polymer during photopolymerization in a liquid-crystalline medium. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
38
|
Kaneko T, Matsusaki M, Hang TT, Akashi M. Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Derived from Natural Cinnamoyl Biomonomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
39
|
Kaneko T, Nagasawa H, Gong JP, Osada Y. Liquid Crystalline Hydrogels: Mesomorphic Behavior of Amphiphilic Polyacrylates Bearing Cholesterol Mesogen. Macromolecules 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ma035272b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kaneko
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagasawa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Osada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hu JS, Wang Y, Zhang BY, Li YH. Liquid Crystalline Thermosets I. Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Thermosets’ Precursor Polymers. Polym J 2003. [DOI: 10.1295/polymj.35.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
41
|
Kurihara S, Yoneyama D, Ogata T, Nonaka T. Preparation of liquid crystalline networks doped with azobenzene molecules and their photochemical grating formation behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
42
|
Millaruelo M, Oriol L, Piñol M, Sáez P, Serrano J. Polarised luminescent films containing fluorene cross-linkers obtained by in situ photo-polymerisation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
43
|
Ribera D, Mantecón A, Serra A. Liquid-crystalline thermosets from mesogenic dimeric epoxy resins by tertiary amine catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
44
|
Kihara H, Miura T, Kishi R. Morphological studies of LC polymer networks prepared by photopolymerization of (LC monomer/LC) blends. POLYMER 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Callau L, Mantecón A, Reina JA. Crosslinking of vinyl-terminated biphenyl and naphthalene side-chain liquid-crystalline poly(epichlorohydrin) derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
46
|
McCormick DT, Chavers R, Guymon CA. Investigation of Polymer Nanostructure Evolution during the Formation of Polymer/Smectic Liquid Crystal Composites. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma010571r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demetrius T. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - Romana Chavers
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yamaoka K, Kaneko T, Gong JP, Osada Y. Liquid Crystalline Gels. 3. Role of Hydrogen Bonding in the Formation and Stabilization of Mesophase Structures. Macromolecules 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001493v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Yamaoka
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kaneko
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Jian Ping Gong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Osada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kurihara S, Nakatake Y, Masumoto K, Nonaka T. Optical shutter driven photochemically from supermolecular polymer/liquid crystalline networks. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-1581(200008/12)11:8/12<434::aid-pat989>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
49
|
Kurihara S, Sakamoto A, Yoneyama D, Nonaka T. Photochemical Switching Behavior of Liquid Crystalline Polymer Networks Containing Azobenzene Molecules. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma990231u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kurihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takamasa Nonaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kurihara S, Sakamoto A, Nonaka T. Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Networks: Effect of Cross-Linking on the Stability of Macroscopic Molecular Orientation. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9819081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kurihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Akihisa Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takamasa Nonaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|