1
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Kuhlen M, Golas MM, Schaller T, Stadler N, Maier F, Witt O, Frühwald MC. Beyond germline genetic testing - heterozygous pathogenic variants in PMS2 in two children with Osteosarcoma and Ependymoma. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2023; 21:8. [PMID: 37308967 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-023-00254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lynch syndrome (LS) is not considered part of childhood cancer predisposition syndromes. CASE PRESENTATION Analysis of a pediatric osteosarcoma (OS) displayed hypermutation (16.8), alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), loss of PMS2 expression in tumor tissue (retained in non-neoplastic cells), PMS2 loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and high-degree of microsatellite instability (MSI) tested by PCR. A heterozygous duplication c.1076dup p.(Leu359Phefs*6) in exon 10 of NM_000535.6:PMS2 was detected by SNV analysis in peripheral blood, confirming diagnosis of LS in the patient. The tumor molecular features suggest LS-associated development of OS. In a second case, whole-genome sequencing identified a heterozygous SNV c.1 A > T p.? in exon 1 of PMS2 in tumor and germline material of a girl with ependymoma. Tumor analysis displayed evidence for ALT and low mutational burden (0.6), PMS2 expression was retained, MSI was low. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification identified no additional PMS2 variant and germline MSI testing did not reveal increased gMSI ratios in the patient´s lymphocytes. Thus, CMMRD was most closely excluded and our data do not suggest that ependymoma was related to LS in the child. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the LS cancer spectrum may include childhood cancer. The importance of LS in pediatric cancers necessitates prospective data collection. Comprehensive molecular workup of tumor samples is necessary to explore the causal role of germline genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kuhlen
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
- Swabian Children´s Cancer Center, University Medical Center Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Mariola Monika Golas
- Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Augsburg, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Tina Schaller
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Stadler
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Felicitas Maier
- Center for Human Genetics and Laboratory Medicine Martinsried, Germany, and Medical Practice for Genetic Counselling and Psychotherapy, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael C Frühwald
- Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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2
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Batchala PP, Eluvathingal Muttikkal TJ, Mukherjee S. Imaging of Tumor Syndromes. Radiol Clin North Am 2021; 59:471-500. [PMID: 33926690 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor predisposition syndromes represent a heterogeneous group of multiorgan disorders, with many having substantial central nervous system involvement. This article highlights the common and uncommon manifestations of these syndromic disorders, the underlying genetic pathways, and the imaging findings. Radiologists must be aware of the diagnostic criteria, optimal imaging techniques (both for diagnosis and surveillance), as well as the innumerable imaging manifestations of these syndromes. Multidisciplinary approach and teamwork are essential in managing these patients, with imaging having a central role as more of these patients get diagnosed earlier and survive longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem P Batchala
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Thomas J Eluvathingal Muttikkal
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Sugoto Mukherjee
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, 1215 Lee Street, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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3
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Zhang C, Ostrom QT, Hansen HM, Gonzalez-Maya J, Hu D, Ziv E, Morimoto L, de Smith AJ, Muskens IS, Kline CN, Vaksman Z, Hakonarson H, Diskin SJ, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Ramaswamy V, Ali-Osman F, Bondy ML, Taylor MD, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, Walsh KM. European genetic ancestry associated with risk of childhood ependymoma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:1637-1646. [PMID: 32607579 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymoma is a histologically defined central nervous system tumor most commonly occurring in childhood. Population-level incidence differences by race/ethnicity are observed, with individuals of European ancestry at highest risk. We aimed to determine whether extent of European genetic ancestry is associated with ependymoma risk in US populations. METHODS In a multi-ethnic study of Californian children (327 cases, 1970 controls), we estimated the proportions of European, African, and Native American ancestry among recently admixed Hispanic and African American subjects and estimated European admixture among non-Hispanic white subjects using genome-wide data. We tested whether genome-wide ancestry differences were associated with ependymoma risk and performed admixture mapping to identify associations with local ancestry. We also evaluated race/ethnicity-stratified ependymoma incidence data from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS). RESULTS CBTRUS data revealed that African American and Native American children have 33% and 36%, respectively, reduced incidence of ependymoma compared with non-Hispanic whites. In genetic analyses, a 20% increase in European ancestry was associated with a 1.31-fold higher odds of ependymoma among self-reported Hispanics and African Americans (95% CI: 1.08-1.59, Pmeta = 6.7 × 10-3). Additionally, eastern European ancestral substructure was associated with increased ependymoma risk in non-Hispanic whites (P = 0.030) and in Hispanics (P = 0.043). Admixture mapping revealed a peak at 20p13 associated with increased local European ancestry, and targeted fine-mapping identified a lead variant at rs6039499 near RSPO4 (odds ratio = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.45-2.73; P = 2.2 × 10-5) but which was not validated in an independent set of posterior fossa type A patients. CONCLUSIONS Interethnic differences in ependymoma risk are recapitulated in the genomic ancestry of ependymoma patients, implicating regions to target in future association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Quinn T Ostrom
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, Hinsdale, Illinois, USA
| | - Helen M Hansen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Julio Gonzalez-Maya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elad Ziv
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Libby Morimoto
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ivo S Muskens
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cassie N Kline
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zalman Vaksman
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sharon J Diskin
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol Kruchko
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vijay Ramaswamy
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francis Ali-Osman
- Department of Neurosurgery and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melissa L Bondy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Muskens IS, Zhang C, de Smith AJ, Biegel JA, Walsh KM, Wiemels JL. Germline genetic landscape of pediatric central nervous system tumors. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:1376-1388. [PMID: 31247102 PMCID: PMC6827836 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the second most common type of cancer among children. Depending on histopathology, anatomic location, and genomic factors, specific subgroups of brain tumors have some of the highest cancer-related mortality rates or result in considerable lifelong morbidity. Pediatric CNS tumors often occur in patients with genetic predisposition, at times revealing underlying cancer predisposition syndromes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have resulted in the identification of an increasing number of cancer predisposition genes. In this review, the literature on genetic predisposition to pediatric CNS tumors is evaluated with a discussion of potential future targets for NGS and clinical implications. Furthermore, we explore potential strategies for enhancing the understanding of genetic predisposition of pediatric CNS tumors, including evaluation of non-European populations, pan-genomic approaches, and large collaborative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S Muskens
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chenan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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5
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Nikova A, Ganchev D, Birbilis T. Possible Considerations for the Management of Turcot’s Syndrome? CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180731094420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Turcot’s syndrome (TS) is a rare disease with known incidence of about
1-2 cases per year. It is, however, linked to high mortality due to the brain cancer. And because of
this, we propose recommendations, aimed at preventing the mortality of the patients and to minimize
the risk of undiagnosed Turcot’s syndrome.
Methods:
The authors collected the worldwide published data on TS, from the year of its definition
till 2018, all of which was published on the search engines, such as Medline, Medknow, Cohraine
and Wiley.
Results:
We included 97 patients, 57 from which are females and 40 males with median age of 22
years. The most common type of cancer is medulloblastoma, followed by glioblastoma and astrocytoma.
We further divided the patients into two categories based on the first symptom of the disease
and we made an algorithm of approaching these patients.
Conclusion:
TS is a disease that affects mostly members of families with multiple genetic mutations
and types of cancers. And because of the unknown mechanisms of inheritance, it is useful to
establish guidelines for the approach of those patients, in order to minimize the high mortality
rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Nikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitar Ganchev
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Queen Giovanna, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Theodossios Birbilis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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6
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Scollon S, Anglin AK, Thomas M, Turner JT, Wolfe Schneider K. A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Tumors and Associated Cancer Predisposition Syndromes. J Genet Couns 2017; 26:387-434. [PMID: 28357779 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-017-0077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the role of inherited cancer predisposition syndromes in pediatric tumor diagnoses continues to develop as more information is learned through the application of genomic technology. Identifying patients and their relatives at an increased risk for developing cancer is an important step in the care of this patient population. The purpose of this review is to highlight various tumor types that arise in the pediatric population and the cancer predisposition syndromes associated with those tumors. The review serves as a guide for recognizing genes and conditions to consider when a pediatric cancer referral presents to the genetics clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Scollon
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St, FC 1200, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | | | | | - Joyce T Turner
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kami Wolfe Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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7
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Abstract
Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children, with ependymoma being the third most common and posing a significant clinical burden. Its mechanism of pathogenesis, reliable prognostic indicators, and effective treatments other than surgical resection have all remained elusive. Until recently, ependymoma research was hindered by the small number of tumors available for study, low resolution of cytogenetic techniques, and lack of cell lines and animal models. Ependymoma heterogeneity, which manifests as variations in tumor location, patient age, histological grade, and clinical behavior, together with the observation of a balanced genomic profile in up to 50% of cases, presents additional challenges in understanding the development and progression of this disease. Despite these difficulties, we have made significant headway in the past decade in identifying the genetic alterations and pathways involved in ependymoma tumorigenesis through collaborative efforts and the application of microarray-based genetic (copy number) and transcriptome profiling platforms. Genetic characterization of ependymoma unraveled distinct mRNA-defined subclasses and led to the identification of radial glial cells as its cell type of origin. This review summarizes our current knowledge in the molecular genetics of ependymoma and proposes future research directions necessary to further advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Lusis EA, Travers S, Jost SC, Perry A. Glioblastomas with giant cell and sarcomatous features in patients with Turcot syndrome type 1: a clinicopathological study of 3 cases. Neurosurgery 2011; 67:811-7; discussion 817. [PMID: 20657316 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000375513.12925.5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turcot syndrome (TS) is a rare genetic disorder of DNA mismatch repair predisposing to glioblastoma (GBM) in the type 1 variant. OBJECTIVE We report the clinicopathological and genetic features of 3 gliomas in TS type 1 patients. METHODS Three cases were reviewed from our clinical and pathology files at Washington University with the diagnosis of TS 1 and GBM over the past 14 years. All 3 had classic features of GBM, but also demonstrated bizarre multinucleated giant cells and remarkably high mitotic indices. Sarcomatous regions were found in 2. Despite these features, the patients had prolonged survival times of 44, 55, and >29 months (ie, currently alive). Demographic and clinical courses were abstracted from retrospective chart review. Histopathology was reviewed from all cases and reticulin histochemistry was added to identify possible foci of sarcomatous differentiation. RESULTS All 3 had classic features of GBM, and Ki-67 labeling indices ranged from 18 to 45%. All 3 also showed strong nuclear p53 positivity. Two cases were negative for the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation, and O-Methylguanine methyltransferase promoter methylation was seen in one. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was done using 1p/1q, 19p/19q, centromere 7/epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), and PTEN/DMBT1 probes. Focal EGFR amplification was seen in one case, although other common alterations of either primary GBMs or gliomas with prolonged survival (1p/19q codeletion) were lacking. CONCLUSION We conclude that 1) the giant cell variant of GBM is overrepresented in TS; 2) gliosarcomas may also be encountered; and 3) survival is often favorable, despite histological anaplasia and exuberant proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriks A Lusis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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9
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AJR teaching file: brain tumor in a patient with familial adenomatous polyposis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010; 195:S25-8. [PMID: 20729408 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.07.7128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Ependymomas represent a heterogeneous group of glial tumors whose biological behavior depends on various histological, molecular, and clinical variables. The scope of this chapter is to review the clinical and histo-logical features as well as the molecular genetics of ependymomas with special emphasis on their influence on tumor recurrence and prognosis. Furthermore, potential molecular targets for therapy are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 19, Münster, 48129, Germany.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Weinstein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA.
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12
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de Bont JM, Packer RJ, Michiels EM, den Boer ML, Pieters R. Biological background of pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma: a review from a translational research perspective. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:1040-60. [PMID: 18676356 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2008-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival rates of pediatric brain tumor patients have significantly improved over the years due to developments in diagnostic techniques, neurosurgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and supportive care. However, brain tumors are still an important cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Prognosis is still highly dependent on clinical characteristics, such as the age of the patient, tumor type, stage, and localization, but increased knowledge about the genetic and biological features of these tumors is being obtained and might be useful to further improve outcome for these patients. It has become clear that the deregulation of signaling pathways essential in brain development, for example, sonic hedgehog (SHH), Wnt, and Notch pathways, plays an important role in pathogenesis and biological behavior, especially for medulloblastomas. More recently, data have become available about the cells of origin of brain tumors and the possible existence of brain tumor stem cells. Newly developed array-based techniques for studying gene expression, protein expression, copy number aberrations, and epigenetic events have led to the identification of other potentially important biological abnormalities in pediatric medulloblastomas and ependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M de Bont
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Attard TM, Giglio P, Koppula S, Snyder C, Lynch HT. Brain tumors in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis: a cancer registry experience and pooled case report analysis. Cancer 2007; 109:761-6. [PMID: 17238184 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most individuals with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) harbor mutations in the APC gene on chromosome 5q21. They are at an increased risk of brain tumors, including cerebellar medulloblastoma, when compared with the general population (Brain Tumor Polyposis-BTP Type 2). Genotype-phenotype correlations between APC gene mutations and central nervous system (CNS) tumors have, thus far not been successful. Herein the authors have pooled their registry experience in BTP type 2 with the published reports. METHODS The authors analyzed their established hereditary CRC Registry for brain tumors in FAP pedigrees (56 families, 213 individuals), pooled their patients with BTP and known APC mutations with those reported thus far elsewhere, and compared the resulting mutation distribution of FAP-BTP with the mutation distribution for APC mutations in the US. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients from 24 families were accrued, the most common brain tumor in BTP was medulloblastoma (60%) predominantly in females (12:5) under the age of 20 (mean age 14.7 SD 9.2). Other histologic subtypes included astrocytoma and ependymoma. Analysis of the pooled APC mutation data by Chi-square test of association shows an odds ratio of 3.7 (P < .005) for all brain tumor subtypes and 13.1 (P < .001) for medulloblastoma in patients harboring segment 2 APC mutation (codons 679-1224) compared to nonsegment 2 mutation. CONCLUSIONS In patients with FAP and identifiable APC gene mutation, CNS tumors, especially medulloblastoma which developed in most cases during childhood, are more common in females with FAP and APC gene mutation in codons 686-1217. Further studies are necessary to determine if this observation and the natural history of medulloblastoma in children justifies novel, aggressive, targeted screening of at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Attard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA.
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14
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Onilude OE, Lusher ME, Lindsey JC, Pearson ADJ, Ellison DW, Clifford SC. APC and CTNNB1 mutations are rare in sporadic ependymomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 168:158-61. [PMID: 16843107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 02/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ependymoma is the second most common malignant brain tumor of childhood; however, its molecular basis is poorly understood. The formation of multiple ependymomas has been reported as an occasional feature of Turcot syndrome type 2 (TS2), a familial cancer syndrome caused by inherited mutations of the APC tumor suppressor gene, and characterised by the concurrence of a primary CNS tumor (predominantly medulloblastoma) and multiple colorectal adenomas. APC is a critical component of the Wnt/Wingless signaling pathway, which is disrupted in sporadic cancers (e.g., colorectal adenomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and medulloblastomas) by somatic mutations affecting multiple genes encoding alternative pathway components, including APC and CTNNB1 (encoding beta-catenin). To investigate any role for genetic disruption of the Wnt/Wingless pathway in sporadic ependymomas, we performed mutation analysis of APC and CTNNB1 in 77 primary tumors. Two synonymous APC polymorphisms (PRO1442PRO; THR1493THR) were identified, which were detected at equivalent rates in ependymomas and control nonneoplastic DNA samples (n =50); however, no further APC or CTNNB1 sequence variations were found. In summary, although inherited APC mutations may be associated with ependymoma development in certain TS2 cases, these data indicate that somatic mutations affecting APC and CTNNB1 do not play a major role in the pathogenesis of sporadic ependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olabisi E Onilude
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle, The Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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15
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Aquilina K, O'Brien DF, Farrell MA, Bolger C. Primary cerebellopontine angle craniopharyngioma in a patient with Gardner syndrome. J Neurosurg 2006; 105:330-3. [PMID: 17219843 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.105.2.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
✓The authors report on the case of a craniopharyngioma arising in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) in a patient with Gardner syndrome. Although familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is associated with intracranial neoplasms, the current case is only the third reported craniopharyngioma in a patient with Gardner syndrome. Two of these tumors, including that of the current case, originated in the CPA, an unusual location for craniopharyngiomas. The literature concerning FAP and its associations with intracranial neoplasia, as well as the pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas in the posterior fossa, is discussed.
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16
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Fogarty MP, Kessler JD, Wechsler-Reya RJ. Morphing into cancer: the role of developmental signaling pathways in brain tumor formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:458-75. [PMID: 16041741 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphogens play a critical role in most aspects of development, including expansion and patterning of the central nervous system. Activating germline mutations in components of the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways have provided evidence for the important roles morphogens play in the genesis of brain tumors such as cerebellar medulloblastoma. In addition, aberrant expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily members has been demonstrated to contribute to progression of malignant gliomas. This review summarizes our current knowledge about the roles of morphogens in central nervous system tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie P Fogarty
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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17
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Taylor MD, Mainprize TG, Rutka JT. Molecular insight into medulloblastoma and central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor biology from hereditary syndromes: a review. Neurosurgery 2000; 47:888-901. [PMID: 11014429 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200010000-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the study of uncommon familial syndromes, physicians and scientists have been able to illuminate the underlying mechanisms of some of the more common sporadic diseases; this is illustrated best by studies of familial retinoblastoma. A number of rare familial syndromes have been described in which affected individuals are at increased risk of developing medulloblastoma and/or supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors. The descriptions of many of these syndromes are based on patients observed by clinicians in their clinical practice. Determination of the underlying genetic defects in these patients with uncommon syndromes has led to identification of a number of genes subsequently found to be mutated in sporadic medulloblastomas (tumor suppressor genes). Associated genes in the same signaling pathways have also been found to be abnormal in sporadic medulloblastoma. Identification of patients with these rare syndromes is important, as they are often at increased risk for additional neoplasms, as are family members and future children. We review the published literature describing hereditary syndromes that have been associated with an increased incidence of medulloblastoma and/or central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumor. Review of the underlying molecular abnormalities in comparison to changes found in sporadic neoplasms suggests pathways important for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, and the Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada
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Hemminki K, Li X, Vaittinen P, Dong C. Cancers in the first-degree relatives of children with brain tumours. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:407-11. [PMID: 10917560 PMCID: PMC2374571 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database with 2060 childhood brain tumours diagnosed in the period 1958-1996 to analyse the risk of this tumour by parental cancers and in siblings of childhood brain tumour probands. Groups of patients were compared by calculating standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for brain tumours in offspring. 1.3% of brain tumour patients had a parent with nervous system cancer; SIRs were 2.4 and 1.88 for diagnostic ages < 5 and < 15 years, respectively. The data showed distinct patterns of familial risks for childhood brain tumours, the SIR was 10.26 for brain astrocytoma given a parent with meningioma. Parental colon cancer was associated with offspring ependymoma (SIR 3.70), and parental salivary gland cancers with offspring medulloblastoma (SIR 13.33, but two cases only). SIR for sibling nervous system cancer from childhood brain tumour probands was 3.55 up to age 61.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemminki
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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Tamiya T, Hamazaki S, Ono Y, Tokunaga K, Matsumoto K, Furuta T, Ohmoto T. Ganglioglioma in a patient with Turcot syndrome. Case report. J Neurosurg 2000; 92:170-5. [PMID: 10616098 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.92.1.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 33-year-old woman with Turcot syndrome harbored a brain tumor and colon cancer and had a familial history of this syndrome. On histological examination, the brain tumor was found to have large and diffusely scattered ganglion cells within a diffuse background of astrocytic cells in a fibrillary matrix. The tumor was diagnosed as a ganglioglioma. No germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene was detected using a protein truncation assay. These findings indicate that this patient had brain tumor-polyposis syndrome Type 1 of Turcot syndrome. This is the first report of a ganglioglioma related to Turcot syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tamiya
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Medical School, Japan.
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