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Di X, Jin X, Ai J, Xiang L, Gao X, Xiao K, Li H, Luo D, Wang K. YAP/Smad3 promotes pathological extracellular matrix microenviroment-induced bladder smooth muscle proliferation in bladder fibrosis progression. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e169. [PMID: 36176734 PMCID: PMC9477793 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a chronic inflammation process with excess extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition that cannot be reversed. Patients suffer from bladder dysfunction caused by bladder fibrosis. Moreover, the interactive mechanisms between ECM and bladder fibrosis are still obscure. Hence, we assessed the pivotal effect of Yes-associated protein (YAP) on the proliferation of bladder smooth muscle in fibrosis process. We identified that stiff ECM increased the expression and translocation of YAP in the nucleus of human bladder smooth muscle cell (hBdSMC). Sequencings and proteomics revealed that YAP bound to Smad3 and promoted the proliferation of hBdSMC via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in stiff ECM. Moreover, CUT and TAG sequencing and dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that Smad3 inhibited the transcription of JUN. The YAP inhibitor CA3 was used in a partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) rat model. The results showed that CA3 attenuated bladder smooth muscle proliferation. Collectively, YAP binding with Smad3 in the nucleus inhibited the transcription of JUN, and promoted the proliferation of bladder smooth muscle through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. The current study identified a novel mechanism of mechanical force induced bladder fibrosis that provided insights in YAP-associated organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐Peng Di
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jian‐Zhong Ai
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Li‐Yuan Xiang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xiao‐Shuai Gao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Kai‐Wen Xiao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - De‐Yi Luo
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Kun‐Jie Wang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology (Laboratory of Reconstructive Urology)West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
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Ryan PC, Ryan ÉJ, Keenan RA, Haroon UM, Broe MP, Forde JC, Galvin D, Lennon GM, Murphy M, Quinlan DM, Mulvin DW. Admission of patients with acute urinary retention leads to a definitive management decision. Ir J Med Sci 2020; 189:999-1003. [PMID: 31858451 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-019-02164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute urinary retention (AUR) is a common urologic emergency. However, its management is not standardized due to lack of clinical guidelines. AIMS We retrospectively reviewed the treatment of all male patients admitted to our institution with AUR over 12 months. METHODS Data was obtained from the HIPE (Hospital Inpatient Enquiry) data system, each patient's electronic discharge summary and from patient medical records. RESULTS There were 130 AUR admissions during the period. About 74 admissions were due to benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Of these, 45.9% (n = 34) passed their trial without catheter (TWOC). The remainder (n = 40) failed their TWOC necessitating recatheterization and consideration for transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) or re-TWOC. An indwelling urinary catheter (IDC) was inserted for 27.5% (n = 11) of patients with a failed TWOC secondary to comorbidities. This group had a mean age of 78 years (range 68-96 years). Of those who failed their TWOC, 32.5% (n = 13) had a TURP on index admission. Of the remaining 16 patients with failed TWOC, 75% (n = 12) were discharged with an IDC and readmitted for an elective TURP with a median waiting time of 55 days (range 17-138 days). 18.75% (n = 3) passed a re-TWOC and thus offset the need to have any surgical intervention and 6.25% (n = 1) proceeded to a radical retropubic prostatectomy for biopsy proven prostate adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION Admission of patients with acute urinary retention leads to a definitive management decision and reduced prolonged catheterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Christopher Ryan
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Éanna J Ryan
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Robert A Keenan
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Usman M Haroon
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark P Broe
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - James C Forde
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Galvin
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gerry M Lennon
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David M Quinlan
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David W Mulvin
- Department of Urology, St. Vincent's University Hospital (SVUH), Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Lee YJ, Lee JW, Park J, Seo SI, Chung JI, Yoo TK, Son H. Nationwide incidence and treatment pattern of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Korea. Investig Clin Urol 2016; 57:424-430. [PMID: 27847916 PMCID: PMC5109794 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2016.57.6.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in Korea and treatment patterns for 3 years after the diagnosis in a nationwide database. MATERIALS AND METHODS We created a cohort of patients diagnosed of BPH between 2007 and 2011 from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment database, a nationwide database of reimbursement. The diagnosis of BPH was defined as having the diagnosis of BPH (N40.0 in International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) as a primary or secondary diagnosis ≥2 times in 2008. The incidence of BPH in 2008 was calculated. Treatment patterns were determined in 3 months interval and traced for 3 years. The incidence and timing of surgery were also determined. For patients taking medications preoperatively, medication-free rate was calculated. RESULTS The incidence of BPH was 2,105 per 100,000 men (mean age, 59.7±11.4 years), and increased with age. Surgery was performed for 7,955 patients (2.1%), half of the surgery being performed within the first 6 months. Transurethral resection of the prostate was the most commonly performed surgery. The proportion of treatment increased with age until the 7th decade of life. The patients taking medication for >1 year after the initial diagnosis was 21.4%. On average, 82% of patients became medication-free at postoperative 1 year. For patients taking preoperative anticholinergics, 1 year medication-free rate was 73.3%. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of BPH increased with age. Surgery was performed in 2.1% of patients. More than 4/5 patients discontinued medication after surgery, while patients taking preoperative anticholinergics were less likely to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ju Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Lee
- Department of Urology, Dongguk University Ilsan Medical Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Urology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Il Seo
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Il Chung
- Department of Urology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Tag Keun Yoo
- Department of Urology, Eulji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwancheol Son
- Department of Urology, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Toren P, Margel D, Kulkarni G, Finelli A, Zlotta A, Fleshner N. Effect of dutasteride on clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in asymptomatic men with enlarged prostate: a post hoc analysis of the REDUCE study. BMJ 2013; 346:f2109. [PMID: 23587564 PMCID: PMC3626257 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.f2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of dutasteride in preventing clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia in asymptomatic men with larger prostates. DESIGN Post hoc analysis of four year, double blind Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) study PARTICIPANTS 1617 men randomised to dutasteride or placebo with a prostate size >40 mL and baseline International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) <8. Subjects who took medications for benign prostatic hyperplasia were excluded at study entry. INTERVENTIONS Placebo or dutasteride 0.5 mg daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of risk of clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia at four years (defined as a ≥ 4 point worsening on IPSS, acute urinary retention, urinary tract infection, or surgery related to benign prostatic hyperplasia). RESULTS 825 participants took placebo, 792 took dutasteride. A total of 464 (29%) experienced clinical progression benign prostatic hyperplasia, 297(36%) taking placebo, 167 (21%) taking dutasteride (P<0.001). The relative risk reduction was 41% and the absolute risk reduction 15%, with a number needed to treat (NNT) of 7. Among men who had acute urinary retention and surgery related to benign prostatic hyperplasia, the absolute risk reduction for dutasteride was 6.0% and 3.8%, respectively. On multivariable regression analysis adjusting for covariates, dutasteride significantly reduced clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia with an odds ratio of 0.47 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.59, P<0.001). Analysis of time to first event yielded a hazard ratio of 0.673 (P<0.001) for those taking dutasteride. Sexual adverse events were most common and similar to prior reports. LIMITATIONS Further prospective studies may be warranted to demonstrate generalisability of these results. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to explore the benefit of treating asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic men with an enlarged prostate. Dutasteride significantly decreased the incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia clinical progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Toren
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, 3-130, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Differential adoption of laser prostatectomy for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2013; 81:1177-82. [PMID: 23522295 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether socioeconomic environment affects the adoption of new laser technology for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS Using all payer data, we identified all discharges for laser prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) performed in Florida (2001-2009). We determined whether or not each of 114 healthcare markets (Hospital Service Areas) offered laser prostatectomy or TURP and assessed the market-level socioeconomic environment using a previously described ZIP code-based summary score. We used generalized estimating equations to examine the association of socioeconomic environment with offering laser prostatectomy or TURP, adjusting for additional market characteristics. RESULTS Better socioeconomic environment was associated with offering laser prostatectomy (odds ratio 1.21 for each 1 point increase in summary score, 95% confidence interval 1.08-1.35, P <.001). Adoption of laser prostatectomy over time was more rapid in markets with superior socioeconomic environment (P <.001 for interaction of socioeconomic summary score with year), such that by study midpoint, 82% of advantaged vs 54% of disadvantaged markets had adopted this new technology. In contrast, socioeconomic environment had only minimal effects on whether or not a market offered TURP. CONCLUSION We found delayed access to new laser technology in more disadvantaged socioeconomic environments, which may translate into disparities in certain outcomes after transurethral surgery for BPH.
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Lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: who are the high-risk patients and what are the best treatment options? Curr Opin Urol 2011; 21:42-8. [DOI: 10.1097/mou.0b013e32834100b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate in aging men, can cause bothersome urinary symptoms (intermittency, weak stream, straining, urgency, frequency, incomplete emptying). Finasteride, a five-alpha reductase inhibitor (5ARI), blocks the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, reduces prostate size, and is commonly used to treat symptoms associated with BPH. OBJECTIVES To compare the clinical effectiveness and harms of finasteride versus placebo and active controls in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). SEARCH STRATEGY We searched The Cochrane Library (which includes CDSR (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews), DARE (Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects), HTA (Heath Technology Assessments), and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and which includes EMBASE and MEDLINE), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information) and Google Scholar for randomized, controlled trials (RCTs). We also handsearched systematic reviews, references, and clinical-practice guidelines. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials in the English language with placebo and/or active arms with a duration of at least 6 months. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS JT extracted the data, which included patient characteristics, outcomes, and harms. Our primary outcome was change in a validated, urinary symptom-scale score, such as the AUA/IPSS. A clinically meaningful change was defined as 4 points. We also categorized outcomes by trial lengths of ≤ 1 year (short term) and > 1 year (long term). MAIN RESULTS Finasteride consistently improved urinary symptom scores more than placebo in trials of > 1 year duration, and significantly lowered the risk of BPH progression (acute urinary retention, risk of surgical intervention, ≥ 4 point increase in the AUASI/IPSS). In comparison to alpha-blocker monotherapy, finasteride was less effective than either doxazosin or terazosin, but equally effective compared to tamsulosin. Both doxazosin and terazosin were significantly more likely than finasteride to improve peak urine flow and nocturia, versus finasteride. Versus tamsulosin, peak urine flow and QoL improved equally well versus finasteride. However, finasteride was associated with a lower risk of surgical intervention compared to doxazosin, but not to terazosin, while finasteride and doxazosin were no different for risk of acute urinary retention. Two small trials reported no difference in urinary symptom scores between finasteride and tamsulosin. Finasteride + doxazosin and doxazosin monotherapy improved urinary symptoms equally well (≥ 4 point improvement).For finasteride, there was an increased risk of ejaculation disorder, impotence, and lowered libido, versus placebo. Versus doxazosin, finasteride had a lower risk of asthenia, dizziness, and postural hypotension, and versus terazosin, finasteride had a significant, lower risk of asthenia, dizziness, and postural hypotension. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Finasteride improves long-term urinary symptoms versus placebo, but is less effective than doxazosin. Long-term combination therapy with alpha blockers (doxazosin, terazosin) improves symptoms significantly better than finasteride monotherapy. Finasteride + doxazosin improves symptoms equally - and clinically - to doxazosin alone. In comparison to doxazosin, finasteride + doxazosin appears to improve urinary symptoms only in men with medium (25 to < 40 mL) or large prostates (≥ 40 mL), but not in men with small prostates (25 mL).Comparing short to long-term therapy, finasteride does not improve symptoms significantly better than placebo at the short term, but in the long term it does, although the magnitude of differences was very small (from < 1.0 point to 2.2 points). Doxazosin improves symptoms better than finasteride both short and long term, with the magnitude of differences ∼2.0 points and 1.0 point, respectively. Finasteride + doxazosin improves scores versus finasteride alone at both short and long term, with mean differences ∼2.0 points for both time points. Finasteride + doxazosin versus doxazosin improves scores equally for short and long term.Drug-related adverse effects for finasteride are rare; nevertheless, men taking finasteride are at increased risk for impotence, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, and ejaculation disorder, versus placebo. Versus doxazosin, which has higher rates of dizziness, postural hypotension, and asthenia, men taking finasteride are at increased risk for impotence, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, and ejaculation disorder. Finasteride significantly reduces asthenia, postural hypotension, and dizziness versus terazosin. Finasteride significantly lowers the risk of asthenia, dizziness, ejaculation disorder, and postural hypotension, versus finasteride + terazosin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Howard A Fink
- Minneapolis VA Medical CenterGeriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Box 11GOne Veterans DriveMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA55417
| | - Roderick MacDonald
- Minneapolis VA Medical CenterGeneral Internal Medicine (111‐0)One Veterans DriveMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA55417
| | - Indy Rutks
- Minneapolis VA Medical CenterGeneral Internal Medicine (111‐0)One Veterans DriveMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA55417
| | - Timothy J Wilt
- Minneapolis VA Medical CenterGeneral Internal Medicine (111‐0)One Veterans DriveMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA55417
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Martín-Merino E, García-Rodríguez LA, Massó-González EL, Roehrborn CG. Do Oral Antimuscarinic Drugs Carry an Increased Risk of Acute Urinary Retention? J Urol 2009; 182:1442-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Claus G. Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
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Kramer BS, Hagerty KL, Justman S, Somerfield MR, Albertsen PC, Blot WJ, Carter HB, Costantino JP, Epstein JI, Godley PA, Harris RP, Wilt TJ, Wittes J, Zon R, Schellhammer P. Use of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors for Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention: American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Urological Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline. J Urol 2009; 181:1642-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barnett S. Kramer
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Karen L. Hagerty
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stewart Justman
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark R. Somerfield
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Peter C. Albertsen
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - William J. Blot
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - H. Ballentine Carter
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Joseph P. Costantino
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jonathan I. Epstein
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Paul A. Godley
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Russell P. Harris
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Timothy J. Wilt
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Janet Wittes
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Robin Zon
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Paul Schellhammer
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; University of Montana Liberal Studies, Missoula, MT; University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT; International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, Pittsburgh, PA; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
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Kramer BS, Hagerty KL, Justman S, Somerfield MR, Albertsen PC, Blot WJ, Ballentine Carter H, Costantino JP, Epstein JI, Godley PA, Harris RP, Wilt TJ, Wittes J, Zon R, Schellhammer P. Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention: American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Urological Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:1502-16. [PMID: 19252137 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.16.9599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an evidence-based guideline on the use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs) for prostate cancer chemoprevention. METHODS The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Health Services Committee (HSC), ASCO Cancer Prevention Committee, and the American Urological Association Practice Guidelines Committee jointly convened a Panel of experts, who used the results from a systematic review of the literature to develop evidence-based recommendations on the use of 5-ARIs for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Results The systematic review completed for this guideline identified 15 randomized clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria, nine of which reported prostate cancer period prevalence. CONCLUSION Asymptomatic men with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <or= 3.0 ng/mL who are regularly screened with PSA or are anticipating undergoing annual PSA screening for early detection of prostate cancer may benefit from a discussion of both the benefits of 5-ARIs for 7 years for the prevention of prostate cancer and the potential risks (including the possibility of high-grade prostate cancer). Men who are taking 5-ARIs for benign conditions such as lower urinary tract [obstructive] symptoms (LUTS) may benefit from a similar discussion, understanding that the improvement of LUTS relief should be weighed with the potential risks of high-grade prostate cancer from 5-ARIs (although the majority of the Panel members judged the latter risk to be unlikely). A reduction of approximately 50% in PSA by 12 months is expected in men taking a 5-ARI; however, because these changes in PSA may vary across men, and within individual men over time, the Panel cannot recommend a specific cut point to trigger a biopsy for men taking a 5-ARI. No specific cut point or change in PSA has been prospectively validated in men taking a 5-ARI.
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Scofield S, Kaplan SA. Voiding dysfunction in men: pathophysiology and risk factors. Int J Impot Res 2008; 20 Suppl 3:S2-10. [DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2008.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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The utility of serum prostatic-specific antigen in the management of men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int J Impot Res 2008; 20 Suppl 3:S19-26. [PMID: 19002120 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2008.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tareen B, Godoy G, Laze J, Lepor H. Does Open Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Decrease the Risk of Acute Urinary Retention? Urology 2008; 72:821-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kaplan SA, Wein AJ, Staskin DR, Roehrborn CG, Steers WD. Urinary Retention and Post-Void Residual Urine in Men: Separating Truth From Tradition. J Urol 2008; 180:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A. Kaplan
- Department of Urology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Alan J. Wein
- Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David R. Staskin
- Section of Voiding Dysfunction, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
- Department of Urology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Claus G. Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - William D. Steers
- Department of Urology, University of Virginia Medical School, Charlottesville, Virginia
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15
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Patel AK, Chapple CR. Medical management of lower urinary tract symptoms in men: current treatment and future approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:211-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Tiwari A. Advances in the development of hormonal modulators for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1425-39. [PMID: 17714028 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.9.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a leading disorder of the ageing male population and is characterized by a progressive enlargement of the prostate, resulting in the obstruction of the proximal urethra and hence the disturbance in normal urinary flow and further quality of life of the patients. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop a therapeutic modality to combat the overgrowth of the prostate with improvements in both the urinary flow rate and the quality of life of the patients. At present, alpha-blockers, which act on the dynamic component of the disease to regulate the increased adrenergic tone of the lower urinary tract smooth muscles, and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which control the overgrowth of the prostate and hence static component by regulating the levels of androgens, are the mainstay of therapies for the treatment of BPH and associated lower urinary tract symptoms. However, each target class has its own limitations in terms of compromised efficacy or tolerability. Therefore, it is pertinent to have an effective and safe therapeutic modality for the further improvement of life of the geriatric male population. Hormone modulators, which regulate the overgrowth of the prostate, represent one of the important categories that have been explored and that is still undergoing certain investigations towards the development of a therapeutic entity for the treatment of BPH. The key lies in achieving the differentiation in terms of improved tolerability with comparable or better efficacy over the existing class of drugs. Gonadotropin receptor modulators and vitamin D receptor agonists may represent promising druggable targets in this therapeutic area, due to the availability of proof of principles and concepts in preclinical animal models and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Tiwari
- Drug Discovery Unit, Jubilant Biosys Ltd, #96, 2nd Stage, Industrial Suburb, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore, Karnatka, India.
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17
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Marks LS, Roehrborn CG, Andriole GL. Prevention of benign prostatic hyperplasia disease. J Urol 2006; 176:1299-306. [PMID: 16952616 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We reviewed the evidence that benign prostatic hyperplasia is a progressive condition and men at risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia disease can be identified, treated and protected to a meaningful extent regardless of symptom status. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MEDLINE database was searched in 4 areas of interest relating to benign prostatic hyperplasia, including 1) progression of clinical manifestations with age, especially in regard to baseline symptom status, 2) the incidence of complications due to disease progression, 3) the use of predictive factors that may help identify men at risk for disease progression and 4) the prevention of benign prostatic hyperplasia disease with medical therapy. RESULTS Tissue changes in the prostate (benign prostatic hyperplasia) are inevitable consequences of aging. However, benign prostatic hyperplasia disease, which we define as a life altering urinary condition requiring medical intervention, is predictable and preventable. Benign prostatic hyperplasia disease progression is associated with increasing prostate volume, decreasing urinary flow, symptomatic deterioration often to the point of major life-style interference and serious complications, eg acute urinary retention and the need for surgery. The risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia disease progression was found to be directly related to prostate volume and its surrogate marker, serum prostate specific antigen, after prostate cancer is excluded. Other factors, eg baseline symptoms and the flow rate, were found to be less relevant compared with prostate specific antigen greater than 1.5 ng/ml for predicting benign prostatic hyperplasia disease morbidity. CONCLUSIONS Men at risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia disease can be identified using prostate specific antigen greater than 1.5 ng/ml as a surrogate marker of prostate volume. In men at risk with prostate specific antigen greater than 1.5 ng/ml 5alpha-reductase inhibitors have potential value for benign prostatic hyperplasia disease prevention regardless of symptom status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard S Marks
- Urological Sciences Research Foundation and Department of Urology, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90232, USA.
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18
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Abstract
This article provides information on how to treat patients with lower urinary tract symptoms that are suggestive of bladder outflow obstruction, secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Patel
- Urology Research, J Floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF
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19
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Abstract
A histologic change in the prostate, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a normal part of aging. However, BPH disease, defined here as a life-altering urinary condition caused by BPH requiring prompt medical intervention, is a serious medical disorder associated with major complications, surgical intervention, and severe lifestyle interference. BPH disease is preventable. The rationale for BPH disease prevention rests on four pillars of evidence: (1) BPH disease generally is a progressive disorder; (2) complications and severe lifestyle interference from BPH disease are common and serious; (3) men at greatest risk of BPH disease can be identified using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level higher than 1.5 ng/mL as a surrogate marker for an enlarged prostate; and (4) 5alpha-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) reduce the primary androgen responsible for prostate growth (dihydrotestosterone), shrink the prostate, and arrest the disease process regardless of symptom status. Thus, we now can identify men with an enlarged prostate at risk for BPH disease who may be candidates for preventive therapy with 5ARIs, regardless of urinary symptoms or bother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard S Marks
- Department of Urology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Urological Sciences Research Foundation, 3831 Hughes Avenue, Culver City, CA 90232, USA.
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20
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Harkaway RC, Issa MM. Medical and minimally invasive therapies for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 9:204-14. [PMID: 16755276 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has changed with a substantial decrease in the use of transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) and a simultaneous increase in the use of medical therapy and minimally invasive surgical therapy (MIST). The goal of management of this chronic progressive condition is not only to provide relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) but also to reduce the lifetime risk of adverse outcomes. Recent clinical evidence has demonstrated a clear role for medical therapy, particularly with 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) either alone or in combination with alpha-blockers, to reduce the risk of acute urinary retention and need for surgery and provide symptom relief. Clinical data on MISTs also indicate a more pronounced short-term effect; however, the long-term durability of these therapies remains uncertain. Minimally invasive surgical therapies confer treatment benefits in a single 1-h treatment session under local anesthesia. Recovery times and adverse events are improved compared with TURP, but issues such as hematuria, prolonged catheterization, urinary tract infection and retreatment remain commonly reported issues. Today, urologists are faced with the challenge of identifying the most appropriate treatment option for the long-term management of BPH. The initial choice for any given patient will depend on his presenting circumstances and the influence of treatment risks on these circumstances. Providing patients with informed treatment decisions is a key element of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Harkaway
- Residency Training Urology, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) represents a significant burden in ageing men due to frequently associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which may impair their quality of life. Some men will have progressive disease, mainly characterized by symptom deterioration of > or = 4 points on the International Prostate Symptom Score, but also by the occurrence of acute urinary retention (AUR) and BPH-related surgery. Identifying those at risk of unfavourable outcomes is important to optimize their management. Community-based longitudinal studies provide excellent data on the natural history of BPH. Baseline variables such as age, severe LUTS, low peak flow rate, high postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), enlarged prostate and high serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, have been identified as risk factors for AUR and BPH-related surgery in such studies. Placebo arms of controlled studies have more limited value for assessing the natural history, due to strong selection criteria which generate a regression to the mean artefact and narrow the applicability to the general population. Nevertheless, in these controlled studies, baseline serum PSA level and to a lesser extent prostate size consistently predicted the risk of AUR and BPH-related surgery. Conversely, quantitative variables such as baseline symptom severity and peak flow rate behaved paradoxically, probably as a consequence of strict inclusion criteria, resulting regression to the mean, and 'ceiling' effects. Results from the Medical Therapy of Prostatic Symptoms study and the Alfuzosin Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study also suggest that using the PVR in clinical practice needs to be reconsidered as a predictor of BPH progression. Further research is needed to clarify the role of chronic inflammation in the process of BPH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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22
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Mochtar CA, Kiemeney LALM, van Riemsdijk MM, Laguna MP, Debruyne FMJ, de la Rosette JJMCH. Post-Void Residual Urine Volume is Not a Good Predictor of the Need for Invasive Therapy Among Patients With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Urol 2006; 175:213-6. [PMID: 16406914 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the value of baseline PVR as predictor of the need for invasive therapy during long-term followup of patients with clinical BPH treated initially with alpha1-blockers or WW. MATERIALS AND METHODS The records of a cohort of 942 patients with BPH treated with alpha(1)-blockers or WW were reviewed. Baseline I-PSS scores, PSA, prostate volume, uroflowmetry, pressure flow parameters and followup data were collected prospectively. Correlations between PVR and other baseline parameters were calculated. The 5-year cumulative risks of invasive therapy were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. After stratification of PVR by various cutoff levels (50, 100 and 300 ml), rate ratios between large and small PVRs were calculated using proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS PVR has weak (-0.2<R <0.2) correlations with other baseline parameters. With increasing PVR cutoff levels, the 5-year cumulative risk of invasive therapy for the large PVR subgroup, increases from 45% to 64% and from 15% to 21% in the alpha1-blockers and WW group, respectively. Large PVR yields a significant 2-fold up to a 4-fold increased risk of invasive therapy compared to small PVR in both treatment groups. In multivariate models these significant risk differences largely disappear, although a statistically not significant higher risk remains for the large PVR (greater than 300 ml) patients. CONCLUSIONS In general, baseline PVR has little prognostic value for the risk of BPH related invasive therapy in patients on alpha1-blocker and WW. Only patients with large PVR have a 2-fold increased risk of invasive therapy compared to patients with smaller PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mochtar
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Mochtar CA, Kiemeney LALM, Laguna MP, van Riemsdijk MM, Barnett GS, Debruyne FMJ, de la Rosette JJMCH. Prognostic role of prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume for the risk of invasive therapy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia initially managed with alpha1-blockers and watchful waiting. Urology 2005; 65:300-5. [PMID: 15708042 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognostic role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and prostate volume (PV) for the need for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-related invasive therapy among patients initially treated with an alpha1-blocker or watchful waiting (WW) in real-life clinical practice. METHODS Data were collected from 2264 consecutive patients with clinical BPH. Patients initially treated with an alpha1-blocker or WW were included in this study. They were stratified by baseline PSA level (less than 1.5, 1.5 to less than 3.0, 3.0 to 10.0 ng/mL) and PV (less than 30 and 30 to 200 cm3), and analyzed for the time to BPH-related invasive therapy. RESULTS Of the 2264 patients, 389 treated with alpha1-blockers and 553 who chose WW were included. Across the PSA and PV strata, the alpha1-blocker group had worse symptoms, peak flow, postvoid residual urine volumes, and obstruction than did the WW group. Increasing PSA levels produced an increase in the 5-year cumulative risk of invasive treatment: 20%, 34%, and 44% in the alpha1-blocker and 8%, 9%, and 15% in the WW group for a PSA level of less than 1.5, 1.5 to less than 3.0, and 3.0 to 10.0 ng/mL, respectively. The hazard ratio for the highest compared with the lowest PSA strata was 2.8 for alpha1-blocker and 2.7 for WW patients. An increasing PV increased the 5-year cumulative risk from 21% to 35% in the alpha1-blocker group and 8% to 11% in the WW group. The hazard ratio for the large versus small prostates in the alpha1-blocker group was 1.8 and in the WW group was 1.0. CONCLUSIONS A higher PSA level and larger PV resulted in a greater risk of BPH-related invasive therapy that was more pronounced in the alpha1-blocker than in the WW patients. However, symptom severity, flow parameters, and obstruction grade may have contributed to the difference in risk between the two treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mochtar
- Department of Urology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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24
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Abstract
5alpha-Reductase inhibitors and alpha(1)-receptor blockers are established options for symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Achieving maximum efficacy is contingent on correct dosage and requires careful patient selection in view of the substance class employed. All applicable preparations exert only a low-grade effect on prostatic obstruction. This condition should be excluded by appropriate urological examination before treatment is initiated. If the patient's distress is minor, refraining from drug therapy can be considered. Symptomatic patients with small prostate volume are suited for monotherapy with alpha(1)-receptor blockers and symptomatic patients with large prostate volume profit from combination therapy. When 5alpha-reductase inhibitors are used, BPH patients should be made aware of the findings from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
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25
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Kim ED. The use of baseline clinical measures to predict those at risk for progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Curr Urol Rep 2004; 5:267-73. [PMID: 15260926 DOI: 10.1007/s11934-004-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although histologic changes of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) begin in men when they are in their thirties, symptomatic BPH characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) typically do not develop for several decades. Progression of BPH may lead to significant voiding symptoms, acute urinary retention, and the need for prostate surgery. However, developing LUTS is not inevitable for men with histologic evidence of BPH. The ability to predict those men who are at risk for BPH progression is increasingly important because of recent evidence provided by the Medical Therapy of Prostate Symptoms study. This landmark study demonstrated that 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, alone or in combination with selective alpha-blockers, can delay or prevent the progression of BPH. In addition, the most important and consistent predictive factors for BPH progression are baseline prostate-specific antigen and prostate volume. Integration of these clinical parameters into clinical practice is influencing the decision regarding which men should observe or initiate treatment. This article highlights recent studies regarding the use of baseline clinical parameters on predicting BPH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward D Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Tennessee Medical Center, 1928 Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA.
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26
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Cullen J, Schwartz MD, Lawrence WF, Selby JV, Mandelblatt JS. Short-term impact of cancer prevention and screening activities on quality of life. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:943-52. [PMID: 14990651 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2004.05.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There are few data on the short-term effects of participating in cancer prevention activities, undergoing genetic risk assessment, or having routine screening. The objective of this article is to systematically review existing research on short-term effects of prevention, genetic counseling and testing, and screening activities on quality of life. METHODS We conducted a MEDLINE search for original research studies that were published between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 2002, and conducted in North America or Western Europe. Data were abstracted and summarized using a standardized format. RESULTS We reviewed 210 publications. Most studies focused on psychological states (anxiety, depression), symptoms, or general health status. One hundred thirty-one studies used 51 previously validated noncancer instruments. Many researchers (12.6%) also added cancer-specific measures, such as perceived cancer risk or symptom indices. Only one study measured satisfaction or quality of provider-client communication. While one report examined lost workdays, no other economic consequences of short-term outcomes were evaluated. Among seven studies that assessed short-term outcomes preferences, only four specifically used time trade-off or linear rating scale methods. No study used standard gamble or willingness-to-pay methods. The overwhelming majority of research indicated that short-term effects were transient. Only two studies linked short-term effects to long-term cancer-related health behaviors such as repeat screening. CONCLUSION There is considerable heterogeneity in short-term outcome measurement. Clinicians need to be aware of potential for short-term, transient adverse effects. The impact of short-term experiences should to be linked to long-term health status and use of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cullen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, 2233 Wisconsin Ave NW, Suite 440, Washington, DC, USA.
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27
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Roehrborn CG. The potential of serum prostate-specific antigen as a predictor of clinical response in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU Int 2004; 93 Suppl 1:21-6. [PMID: 15009082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2003.04636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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28
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Emberton M, Andriole GL, de la Rosette J, Djavan B, Hoefner K, Vela Navarrete R, Nordling J, Roehrborn C, Schulman C, Teillac P, Tubaro A, Nickel JC. Benign prostatic hyperplasia: a progressive disease of aging men. Urology 2003; 61:267-73. [PMID: 12597928 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)02371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Emberton
- Institute of Urology and Nephrology, University College, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Edwards JE, Moore RA. Finasteride in the treatment of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review of randomised trials. BMC Urol 2002; 2:14. [PMID: 12477383 PMCID: PMC140032 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2002] [Accepted: 12/12/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia affects older men. This systematic review determined efficacy and adverse effects of finasteride. REVIEW METHODS PubMed, the Cochrane Library, reference lists of reports, and reviews were searched for randomised, double-blind trials of finasteride in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Outcomes included symptom score, urinary flow rate, prostate volume, discontinuation, and adverse effects. Relative risk and NNT or NNH were calculated for dichotomous data. Sensitivity analyses assessed influences of baseline symptom severity, initial prostate volume, a dominating trial, and previous interventions. RESULTS Three trials had active controls and 19 had placebo. In placebo-controlled trials, 8820 patients received finasteride 5 mg and 5909 placebo over 3-48 months. Over 48 months finasteride produced greater improvements in total symptom score, maximum urinary flow rate, and prostate volume. Significantly more sexual dysfunction, impotence, ejaculation disorder and decreased libido occurred with finasteride at 12 months; the NNH for any sexual dysfunction at 12 months was 14. Significantly fewer men treated with finasteride experienced acute retention or had surgery at 24 or 48 months than with placebo; at 12 months the NNT was 49 (31 to 112) to avoid one acute urinary retention and 31 (21 to 61) to avoid one surgery. Sensitivity analyses showed benefit with finasteride 5 mg to be constant irrespective of the initial prostate volume. CONCLUSIONS Information from many patients in studies of high quality showed beneficial effects of finasteride in terms of symptoms, flow rate and prostate volume. More utility would result if patient centred outcomes were reported in dichotomous form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Edwards
- Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, The Churchill, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - R Andrew Moore
- Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, The Churchill, Headington, Oxford, UK
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Barry
- General Medicine Unit, Medical Practices Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2698, USA.
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31
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Kaplan SA, Holtgrewe HL, Bruskewitz R, Saltzman B, Mobley D, Narayan P, Lund RH, Weiner S, Wells G, Cook TJ, Meehan A, Waldstreicher J. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of finasteride in older versus younger men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2001; 57:1073-7. [PMID: 11377309 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(01)00985-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy and safety of finasteride 5 mg in older (65 years old or older) versus younger (45 to younger than 65 years old) men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS The Proscar Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study (PLESS) was a 4-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of finasteride 5 mg in 3040 men 45 to 78 years old with symptomatic BPH, enlarged prostates, and no evidence of prostate cancer. The endpoints included urinary symptoms, prostate volume, occurrence of acute urinary retention and/or BPH-related surgery, and safety. RESULTS In both age cohorts, finasteride treatment led to a 51% reduction (P <0.001) in the relative risk for acute urinary retention and/or BPH-related surgery, a significant (P <0.001) and durable improvement in symptom score, and a significant (P <0.001) and sustained reduction in prostate volume. Within each age cohort, no significant differences were found between the placebo and finasteride-treated patients in the incidence of cardiovascular adverse events. Significant differences were evident between the placebo and finasteride groups in the incidence of the typical, known, drug-related adverse events, but no specific differences were associated with age. No drug interactions of clinical importance were observed in the finasteride-treated patients. CONCLUSIONS The present analysis from PLESS demonstrates that in both older (65 years old or older) and younger men with symptomatic BPH and enlarged prostates, finasteride is highly effective in improving symptoms and reducing prostate volume in many men and in reducing the risk of acute urinary retention and BPH-related surgery. In addition, the safety profile of finasteride in both older and younger men is similar and no drug interactions of clinical importance were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kaplan
- Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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