1
|
Sobornova VV, Belov KV, Krestyaninov MA, Khodov IA. Influence of Solvent Polarity on the Conformer Ratio of Bicalutamide in Saturated Solutions: Insights from NOESY NMR Analysis and Quantum-Chemical Calculations. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8254. [PMID: 39125824 PMCID: PMC11311660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The study presents a thorough and detailed analysis of bicalutamide's structural and conformational properties. Quantum chemical calculations were employed to explore the conformational properties of the molecule, identifying significant energy differences between conformers. Analysis revealed that hydrogen bonds stabilise the conformers, with notable variations in torsion angles. Conformers were classified into 'closed' and 'open' types based on the relative orientation of the cyclic fragments. NOE spectroscopy in different solvents (CDCl3 and DMSO-d6) was used to study the conformational preferences of the molecule. NOESY experiments provided the predominance of 'closed' conformers in non-polar solvents and a significant presence of 'open' conformers in polar solvents. The proportions of open conformers were 22.7 ± 3.7% in CDCl3 and 59.8 ± 6.2% in DMSO-d6, while closed conformers accounted for 77.3 ± 3.7% and 40.2 ± 6.2%, respectively. This comprehensive study underscores the solvent environment's impact on its structural behaviour. The findings significantly contribute to a deeper understanding of conformational dynamics, stimulating further exploration in drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ilya A. Khodov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanovo 153045, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Beucher L, Dervilly-Pinel G, Cesbron N, Penot M, Gicquiau A, Monteau F, Le Bizec B. Specific characterization of non-steroidal selective androgen peceptor modulators using supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to ion-mobility mass spectrometry: application to the detection of enobosarm in bovine urine. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:179-187. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Beucher
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Nora Cesbron
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Mylène Penot
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Audrey Gicquiau
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université; Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA); Nantes F-44307 France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schiller V, Wichmann A, Kriehuber R, Schäfers C, Fischer R, Fenske M. Transcriptome alterations in zebrafish embryos after exposure to environmental estrogens and anti-androgens can reveal endocrine disruption. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:210-23. [PMID: 24051129 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals known as endocrine disruptors (EDs) is in many cases associated with an unpredictable hazard for wildlife and human health. The identification of endocrine disruptive properties of chemicals certain to enter the aquatic environment relies on toxicity tests with fish, assessing adverse effects on reproduction and sexual development. The demand for quick, reliable ED assays favored the use of fish embryos as alternative test organisms. We investigated the application of a transcriptomics-based assay for estrogenic and anti-androgenic chemicals with zebrafish embryos. Two reference compounds, 17α-ethinylestradiol and flutamide, were tested to evaluate the effects on development and the transcriptome after 48h-exposures. Comparison of the transcriptome response with other estrogenic and anti-androgenic compounds (genistein, bisphenol A, methylparaben, linuron, prochloraz, propanil) showed commonalities and differences in regulated pathways, enabling us to classify the estrogenic and anti-androgenic potencies. This demonstrates that different mechanism of ED can be assessed already in fish embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Schiller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anahara R, Toyama Y, Mori C. Review of the histological effects of the anti-androgen, flutamide, on mouse testis. Reprod Toxicol 2007; 25:139-43. [PMID: 18243649 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2007] [Revised: 11/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This is a mini-review summarizing recent findings on the effect of flutamide (FLUT), an anti-androgenic toxicant, on the mouse testis, particularly on the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) in the testis. FLUT induces a reduction in the weight of male reproductive tissues, such as the prostate, because it inhibits the formation of the androgen receptors and testosterone retention. The present review summarizes the abnormal histological changes produced in the mouse testis by FLUT. In addition, we outline the effect of FLUT on the expression of cortactin, an actin-binding protein, in the mouse testis. FLUT is often used as a positive control for the identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals having anti-androgenic activities; therefore, a detailed understanding of the adverse effects of FLUT is important for the analysis of the risks to spermatogenesis by anti-androgen-like endocrine disruptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Anahara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ryotokuji University, 5-8-1, Akemi, Urayasu, Chiba 279-8567, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anahara R, Yoshida M, Toyama Y, Maekawa M, Kai M, Ishino F, Toshimori K, Mori C. Estrogen agonists, 17beta-estradiol, bisphenol A, and diethylstilbestrol, decrease cortactin expression in the mouse testis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 69:101-7. [PMID: 16819149 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.69.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports have revealed that estrogen agonists or anti-androgenic chemicals induce abnormal spermiogenesis in rodents. In the seminiferous epithelium, the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) is an actin-based (cell-cell) junctional structure developing between the Sertoli cells and spermatids as is the basal ES also--although it is located between adjoining Sertoli cells. In the apical and basal ES are several adhesion complex proteins that control the spermatid developing process. Cortactin, an actin-binding protein, is one of the ES adhesion proteins, combining with several cell-cell adhesions associating proteins. In the present study, 17beta-estradiol (E2, 1.2 microg/kg), bisphenol A (BPA, 2.4 microg/kg), and diethylstilbestrol (DES, 2.5 microg/kg) were subcutaneously injected in ICR 12-week-old male mice. Mice testes were observed for the expression of cortactin protein after E2, BPA, and DES treatments by Western blot analysis, immunohistochemical analysis, and immunoelectron microscopic analysis. Observations showed that the immunoreactivity of the treated testes was significantly decreased. The immunohistochemical reactivity of cortactin in the apical ES was decreased in the treated testis. In immunoelectron microscopic observations, ultrastructural immunolocalizations of cortactin protein in the apical ES by both E2 and BPA were decreased, and the immuno-gold particles of apical and basal ES by DES were much less than the control. In the toxicological field, cortactin may be considered to be one of the indicator proteins of abnormal spermiogenesis which is affected by exogenous chemicals, such as endocrine disrupting chemicals. In summary, this study helps toward understanding the cortactin protein expression underlying the histological abnormalities of spermatogenesis induced by exogenous hormonal chemical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Anahara
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berger R, Lin DI, Nieto M, Sicinska E, Garraway LA, Adams H, Signoretti S, Hahn WC, Loda M. Androgen-dependent regulation of Her-2/neu in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:5723-8. [PMID: 16740710 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the progression of prostate cancer to a state of resistance to hormone ablation remain poorly understood. Here, we have investigated the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) and Her-2/neu in prostate cancer cells. Overexpression of Her-2/neu (c-ErbB2) activates the AR pathway and confers a survival and growth advantage to prostate cancer cells in an androgen-deficient milieu. In vitro, the absence of androgens or AR blockade induced Her-2/neu protein expression and phosphorylation. In contrast, upon readministration of androgens, Her-2/neu mRNA, protein, and phosphorylation levels decreased linearly with increasing concentrations of dihydrotestosterone as LNCaP cells reentered the cell cycle. In vivo, induction of Her-2/neu by castration in orthotopically injected LNCaP cells resulted in a progressive increase in prostate-specific antigen secretion into the mouse serum, indicating that Her-2/neu-mediated, AR-dependent transcription occurs following castration and results in tumor cell growth. Finally, selection of LNCaP cells stably transfected with short hairpin RNA specific for AR resulted in Her-2/neu overexpression. Similarly, knockdown of Her-2/neu led to induction of AR. However, when Her-2/neu and AR were simultaneously targeted, we observed cell death, whereas surviving cells retained low level expression of Her-2/neu. Thus, induction and activation of Her-2/neu occurs in an androgen-depleted environment or as a result of AR inactivation, promoting ablation-resistant survival of prostate cancer cells. These data provide the biochemical rationale to target Her-2/neu in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists
- Androgens/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dihydrotestosterone/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anahara R, Toyama Y, Maekawa M, Yoshida M, Kai M, Ishino F, Toshimori K, Mori C. Anti-estrogen ICI 182.780 and anti-androgen flutamide induce tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in the ectoplasmic specialization between the Sertoli cell and spermatids in the mouse testis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:276-80. [PMID: 16756952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed that the ectoplasmic specialization (ES) was deleted by the treatment of anti-estrogen, ICI 182.780 (ICI), and anti-androgen, flutamide (FLUT) in mouse testis. Also, expression of cortactin, an F-actin-binding protein, was decreased by the treatment of FLUT in mouse testis. Cortactin has been suggested to promote actin polymerizer at the ES in the testis, and also actin depolymerization is induced by tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin. The present study revealed that exogenous treatment of ICI and FLUT caused the deletion of the cortactin in the apical ES and the increase of tyrosine phosphorylated cortactin in mouse testis. These results suggest that the sex hormone antagonists', ICI and FLUT, induced actin depolymerization and tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in the mouse testis. Also, the present study may be a key to elucidate the adverse affect exogenous compounds that affect spermiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Anahara
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Anahara R, Toyama Y, Maekawa M, Kai M, Ishino F, Toshimori K, Mori C. Flutamide depresses expression of cortactin in the ectoplasmic specialization between the Sertoli cells and spermatids in the mouse testis. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1050-6. [PMID: 16481087 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2005] [Revised: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 12/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Flutamide (FLUT) has potent anti-androgenic activity and is used in the medical field and in a screening test to detect endocrinologically active compounds. Our previous study demonstrated that FLUT induced histological deformation of spermatids and ultrastructural defects of the apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) in the mouse testis. The apical ES is an actin-based junctional structure between the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Cortactin, an actin-binding protein, is found in the actin layer of ES. The protein level of cortactin was decreased in FLUT-treated testes as shown by Western blot analysis. The detailed analysis indicated that the protein level was drastically decreased in FLUT-treated seminiferous tubules of stages from VI to IX. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy showed that FLUT depressed cortactin expression in the apical ES. In addition, the effect of FLUT on cortactin localization appeared between 12 h and 8 days (about 180 h) after a one-day treatment. These results suggest that FLUT depressed the expression of cortactin in the apical ES with stage specificity. Therefore, the initial target of FLUT may be the cell-cell interactions between the Sertoli and germ cells. To our knowledge, this study is the first to document the decrease of cortactin expression in the abnormal apical ES following treatment with FLUT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Anahara
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zeng L, Kyprianou N. Apoptotic regulators in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN): value in prostate cancer detection and prevention. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2005; 8:7-13. [PMID: 15477876 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of prostate cancer holds tremendous promise for the effective therapy and impact on survival of prostate cancer patients. High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) is generally accepted as a lesion indicative of a late pathological event in the premalignant changes leading to full development of prostate cancer. This review seeks to identify specific molecular events that may be linked directly to the molecular transition from benign prostate epithelial cells to prostate carcinoma. HGPIN is pathologically detected in a limited group of men undergoing prostate cancer screening for an elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE). Loss of apoptotic control provides a molecular basis for the contribution of specific defective steps in the pathway towards development and progression of prostate cancer. Comparative dissection of the apoptosis status and expression profile of key apoptotic regulators among foci of highly proliferative benign prostatic epithelium, PIN and prostate adenocarcinoma from adjacent areas of the same gland revealed a novel insight into the dysfunctional apoptosis events contributing to prostate carcinogenesis. The sequential and notable loss of the three critical signaling components of the apoptotic action of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), in the prostate, that is, the transmembrane receptor II (TbetaRII), the key cell cycle inhibitor p27(Kip1), as well as the protagonist downstream effector of the TGF-beta signaling mechanism, Smad4, points to their potential value to 'faithfully' characterize HGPIN, as a premalignant prostate lesion. Recent evidence on the molecular changes in apoptosis regulators contributing to HGPIN and their role as molecular markers of disease onset, as well as candidates for therapeutic targeting/chemoprevention of prostate cancer in its early stages will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Zeng
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Reddy GK. Finasteride, a selective 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, in the prevention and treatment of human prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 2:206-8. [PMID: 15072601 DOI: 10.1016/s1540-0352(11)70045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Anahara R, Toyama Y, Mori C. Flutamide induces ultrastructural changes in spermatids and the ectoplasmic specialization between the Sertoli cell and spermatids in mouse testes. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18:589-96. [PMID: 15135853 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Flutamide (Flu) is an anti-androgenic compound that disrupts development of male androgen-dependent tissues. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of Flu on ICR mouse testes by electron microscopic observation. Newborn mice were subcutaneously injected with 0.00012, 0.0012, 0.012, 0.12, 1.2, 12 or 120 microg Flu/g body weight/shot on Days 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 (Day 1: day of birth). In addition, adult mice were injected with 0.0012, 0.012, 0.12 or 1.2 microg Flu/g body weight/day for 5 sequential days. Testes were processed for electron microscopy. In neonatal treatments, acrosomes and/or nuclei of the spermatids were deformed. In addition, the ectoplasmic specialization between the Sertoli cell and spermatids was partially or completely deleted. Stages of the seminiferous cycle were also disarranged in the neonatal treatments. There were no ultrastructural differences between the effects of neonatal and adult treatments, however, stage disarrangement was not observed in adult treatments. The percentages of abnormal spermatids were higher in neonatally treated mice than in mice treated as adults. Since similar observations were reported after treatment with beta-estradiol-3-benzoate (E2B), the presence of Flu may induce a "xenoestrogenic environment" in mouse testes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Anahara
- Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuoku, 260-8670, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bostwick DG, Qian J, Civantos F, Roehrborn CG, Montironi R. Does Finasteride Alter the Pathology of the Prostate and Cancer Grading? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 2:228-35. [PMID: 15072606 DOI: 10.3816/cgc.2004.n.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
All forms of androgen-deprivation therapy, including finasteride, induce distinctive histologic changes in benign and neoplastic prostatic epithelial cells, including cytoplasmic clearing, nuclear and nucleolar shrinkage, and chromatin condensation. Treated cancer has a significantly higher architectural (Gleason) grade, lower nuclear grade, and smaller nucleolar diameter than untreated controls, creating the potential for grading bias. Recognition of these changes may be difficult in needle biopsies and lymph node metastases with treated cancer because of the subtle infiltrative pattern and inconspicuous nucleoli. The effects of finasteride may be less pronounced than other forms of therapy with variable distribution throughout the prostate; further, there may be greater sensitivity of low and intermediate-grade cancer than high-grade cancer. The Gleason grading system for cancer should not be used after finasteride treatment as it is not validated in this setting and is likely to overestimate the biologic potential of high-grade cancer observed after therapy. Chemoprevention trials with agents such as finasteride that alter morphology should not rely on cancer grading as a secondary endpoint owing to grading bias.
Collapse
|