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Ashraf M, Kazmi SU, Tariq H, Munır A, Rehman R. Association of trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms CAG and GGC in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene with male infertility: a cross-sectional study. Turk J Med Sci 2022; 52:1793-1801. [PMID: 36945970 PMCID: PMC10390128 DOI: 10.55730/1300-0144.5525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Infertility is a global problem that brings about serious sexual and social consequences that strain the health sector and society. The expansion of CAG and GGC repeats in androgen receptor (AR) gene (Ensembl number ENSG00000169083) may lead to reduced fertility. Our objective was to determine the association of CAG and GGC repeats with altered sperm parameters in male infertile subjects. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 376 males were recruited, out of which group A (N = 208) and group B (N = 168) were comprised of subjects with normal and altered sperm parameters, respectively, from 18 to 60 years. The numbers of CAG and GGC repeats were determined by using PCR amplification and sequence analysis using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis (MEGA) software version 6.0. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 20 and the P-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The mean androgen receptor gene CAG repeats were significantly longer in males with altered sperm parameters as compared to male subjects with normal sperm parameters (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference found for GGC repeats for subjects with altered sperm parameters. DISCUSSION Longer CAG length corresponded to greater severity of spermatogenic defect and may lead to subfertility recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussarat Ashraf
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahana Urooj Kazmi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science, Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hemaila Tariq
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Munır
- Department of Urology, Medical College, Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Rehman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Chopra H, Bibi S, Goyal R, Gautam RK, Trivedi R, Upadhyay TK, Mujahid MH, Shah MA, Haris M, Khot KB, Gopan G, Singh I, Kim JK, Jose J, Abdel-Daim MM, Alhumaydhi FA, Emran TB, Kim B. Chemopreventive Potential of Dietary Nanonutraceuticals for Prostate Cancer: An Extensive Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:925379. [PMID: 35903701 PMCID: PMC9315356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than two hundred fifty different types of cancers, that are diagnosed around the world. Prostate cancer is one of the suspicious type of cancer spreading very fast around the world, it is reported that in 2018, 29430 patients died of prostate cancer in the United State of America (USA), and hence it is expected that one out of nine men diagnosed with this severe disease during their lives. Medical science has identified cancer at several stages and indicated genes mutations involved in the cancer cell progressions. Genetic implications have been studied extensively in cancer cell growth. So most efficacious drug for prostate cancer is highly required just like other severe diseases for men. So nutraceutical companies are playing major role to manage cancer disease by the recommendation of best natural products around the world, most of these natural products are isolated from plant and mushrooms because they contain several chemoprotective agents, which could reduce the chances of development of cancer and protect the cells for further progression. Some nutraceutical supplements might activate the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic effects by the mechanism of cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation procedures and changes in the redox states, but in other, it also elevate the levels of effectiveness of chemotherapeutic mechanism and in results, cancer cell becomes less reactive to chemotherapy. In this review, we have highlighted the prostate cancer and importance of nutraceuticals for the control and management of prostate cancer, and the significance of nutraceuticals to cancer patients during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Department of Biosciences, Shifa Tameer-e-milat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Rajat Goyal
- Maharishi Markandeshwar (MM) School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala, India
- Maharishi Markandeshwar (MM) College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, India
| | - Rupesh K. Gautam
- Maharishi Markandeshwar (MM) School of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Sadopur-Ambala, India
| | - Rashmi Trivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | - Tarun Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | - Mohd Hasan Mujahid
- Department of Biotechnology, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences and Animal Cell Culture and Immunobiochemistry Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara, India
| | | | - Muhammad Haris
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kartik Bhairu Khot
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Gopika Gopan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Jin Kyu Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jobin Jose
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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3
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Giwercman A, Sahlin KB, Pla Parada I, Pawlowski K, Fehninger C, Lundberg Giwercman Y, Leijonhufvud I, Appelqvist R, Marko-Varga G, Sanchez A, Malm J. Novel protein markers of androgen activity in humans: proteomic study of plasma from young chemically castrated men. eLife 2022; 11:74638. [PMID: 35230239 PMCID: PMC8993215 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reliable biomarkers of androgen activity in humans are lacking. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify new protein markers of biological androgen activity and test their predictive value in relation to low vs. normal testosterone values and some androgen deficiency linked pathologies. Methods Blood samples from 30 healthy GnRH-antagonist treated males were collected at three time points: a) before GnRH antagonist administration; b) 3 weeks later, just before testosterone undecanoate injection, and c) after additional 2 weeks. Subsequently they were analysed by mass spectrometry to identify potential protein biomarkers of testosterone activity. Levels of proteins most significantly associated with testosterone fluctuations were further tested in a cohort of 75 hypo- and eugonadal males suffering from infertility. Associations between levels of those markers and cardio-metabolic parameters, bone mineral density as well as androgen receptor CAG repeat lengths, were explored. Results Using ROC analysis, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4HPPD), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 (IGFBP6) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDOB), as well as a Multi Marker Algorithm, based on levels of 4HPPD and IGFBP6, were shown to be best predictors of low (< 8 nmol/L) vs. normal (> 12 nmol/L) testosterone. They were also more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes than testosterone levels. Levels of ALDOB and 4HPPD levels also showed association with AR CAG-repeat lengths. Conclusions We identified potential new protein biomarkers of testosterone action. Further investigations to elucidate their clinical potential are warranted. Funding The work was supported by ReproUnion 2.0 (grant no 20201846), which is funded by the Interreg V EU program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Barbara Sahlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Krzysztof Pawlowski
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Carl Fehninger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Roger Appelqvist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Aniel Sanchez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Malm
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
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4
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Paladhi P, Dutta S, Pal S, Bose G, Ghosh P, Chattopadhyay R, Chakravarty B, Saha I, Ghosh S. Novel Mutations of TSPY1 Gene Associate Spermatogenic Failure Among Men. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:1241-1261. [PMID: 35041134 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Etiology of male infertility is intriguing owing to complex genetic regulation of human spermatogenesis and ethnic variations in genetic architecture of human populations. The present study characterizes the role of Y chromosome specific spermatogenic regulator testis-specific protein Y-encoded 1 (TSPY1) gene mutation in spermatogenic failure. This case-control study includes 163 cases of spermatogenic failure and 175 age-matched fertile men as controls. We found five novel base substitutions, namely, MT162695, MN879413, MN889982, MN889983, MN719943, two deletions MN734578 and MN734579, three novel insertions MN719941, MN719942 and MN719944 through Sanger's dideoxy sequencing of TSPY1 gene reading frame. All these mutations exhibited strong association with male infertility. In silico analyses suggest prospective disruption in splice sites and alteration in different isoforms of TSPY1 transcripts and amino acid sequence in TSPY1 protein. The study provides novel evidence in favour of implication of TSPY1 gene in male fertility. The outcome sheds light to get insight into the issue of idiopathic male infertility in Bengali population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranab Paladhi
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Saurav Dutta
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Samudra Pal
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Gunja Bose
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine (IRM), HB-36/A/3 1st Cross Rd Bidhannagar, Sector III, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700106, India
| | - Papiya Ghosh
- Department of Zoology, Bijoy Krishna Girls' College (Affiliated to University of Calcutta), Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Ratna Chattopadhyay
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine (IRM), HB-36/A/3 1st Cross Rd Bidhannagar, Sector III, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700106, India
| | - Baidyanath Chakravarty
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine (IRM), HB-36/A/3 1st Cross Rd Bidhannagar, Sector III, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700106, India
| | - Indranil Saha
- Genome - The Fertility Centre, 61-E, Sarat Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700025, India
| | - Sujay Ghosh
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
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Abstract
Male factor infertility is a common problem. Evidence is emerging regarding the spectrum of systemic disease and illness harbored by infertile men who otherwise appear healthy. In this review, we present evidence that infertile men have poor overall health and increased morbidity and mortality, increased rates of both genitourinary and non-genitourinary malignancy, and greater risks of systemic disease. The review also highlights numerous genetic conditions associated with male infertility as well as emerging translational evidence of genitourinary birth defects and their impact on male infertility. Finally, parallels to the overall health of infertile women are presented. This review highlights the importance of a comprehensive health evaluation of men who present for an infertility assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Punjani
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation Institute of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- James Buchanan Brady Foundation Institute of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; .,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Center for Reproductive Genomics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Tan S, Porter T, Bucks RS, Weinborn M, Milicic L, Brown A, Rainey-Smith SR, Taddei K, Ames D, Masters CL, Maruff P, Savage G, Rowe CC, Villemagne VL, Brown B, Sohrabi HR, Laws SM, Martins RN. Androgen receptor CAG repeat length as a moderator of the relationship between free testosterone levels and cognition. Horm Behav 2021; 131:104966. [PMID: 33714752 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related decrease in testosterone levels is a potential risk factor for cognitive decline in older men. However, observational studies and clinical trials have reported inconsistent results on the effects of testosterone on individual cognitive domains. Null findings may be attributed to factors that studies have yet to consider. In particular, individual variations in polyglutamine (CAG) length in the androgen receptor (AR) gene could alter androgenic activity in brain regions associated with cognitive processes including memory and executive functions. However, the role of AR CAG repeat length as a moderator of the relationship between testosterone levels and cognition has not been investigated. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between baseline calculated free testosterone (cFT) levels, change in cFT levels over 18 months and CAG repeat length on cognitive performance in memory, executive function, language, attention and processing speed domains. These relationships were examined in 304 cognitively normal older male participants of the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) Study of Ageing. In the attention and processing speed domain, a short CAG repeat length appears to exacerbate the effects of low baseline cFT levels that are also lower than expected at follow-up. These results highlight that individual variations in AR CAG repeat length should be considered in future studies and clinical trials that examine the complex relationship between testosterone and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherilyn Tan
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Romola S Bucks
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Weinborn
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lidija Milicic
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ailsa Brown
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Rainey-Smith
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Taddei
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Ames
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; University of Melbourne Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; National Ageing Research Institute (NARI), Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Maruff
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; CogState Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg Savage
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Brown
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SHEE), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hamid R Sohrabi
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SHEE), Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Simon M Laws
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Australian Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Ralph and Patricia Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Hornig NC, Holterhus PM. Molecular basis of androgen insensitivity syndromes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111146. [PMID: 33385475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome show a female genital phenotype despite 46, XY gonosomes and the presence of androgen producing testes. This clinical observation indicates the resistance of the body and its cells to androgens like testosterone. At the molecular level, this hormone resistance is caused by hemizygous loss of function mutations in the X-chromosomal androgen receptor (AR) gene. Partial forms of androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) show different degrees of virilisation largely depending on the remaining activity of the AR. Nevertheless, the phenotypic outcome can be variable even in presence of the same mutation and in the same kindred indicating the presence of further influencing factors. Importantly, the majority of clinically diagnosed PAIS individuals do not bear a mutation in their AR gene. A recent assay using the androgen regulated gene apolipoprotein D as biomarker is able to detect androgen insensitivity on the cellular level even in absence of an AR gene mutation. Using this assay a class of AIS without an AR-gene mutation was defined as AIS type II and suggests that unidentified cofactors of the AR are responsible for the PAIS phenotype. Here we outline the scientific progress made from the first clinical definition of AIS over biochemical and molecular characterizations to the concept of AIS type II. This review is based on publications in the PubMed database of the National Institutes of Health using the search terms androgen insensitivity syndrome and androgen receptor mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Hornig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Genetic Variation in the Androgen Receptor Modifies the Association Between Testosterone and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men. J Sex Med 2020; 17:2351-2361. [PMID: 33011098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low vitality is a common symptom of testosterone deficiency; however, clinical trial results remain inconclusive regarding the responsiveness of this symptom to hormone replacement. AIM The aim of the present study was to determine if the relationship between circulating testosterone levels and vitality would be moderated by the CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, which influences the receptor's sensitivity to testosterone. METHODS We examined 676 men in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging when they were, on average, 55.4 years old (SD = 2.5). Salivary testosterone levels were measured by using 3 samples collected at waking on 3 nonconsecutive days. The average testosterone level was classified as low, normal, or high based on 1-SD cutoffs. Analyses were conducted using multilevel, mixed linear models, which accounted for the nonindependence of the twin data, and adjusted for the effects of age, ethnicity, BMI, chronic health conditions, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. OUTCOMES Vitality was measured using the 36-item Short Form (SF-36) vitality subscale. RESULTS We observed a significant interaction between salivary testosterone and the AR-CAG repeat length. When the repeat length was short, men with low testosterone had significantly lower vitality. As the AR-CAG repeat length increased, the magnitude of the testosterone effect decreased. CLINICAL TRANSLATION The observed interaction between testosterone and variation in the AR gene suggests that men with more sensitive ARs, as indicated by a shorter AR-CAG repeat, are more likely to experience symptoms of age-related testosterone deficiency. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Strengths of the present study include our use of a large community-based sample, the use of multiple testosterone measurements, and the availability of a comprehensive set of covariates that may impact the association of interest. Limitations include the homogeneous nature of the sample with respect to ethnicity, the brevity of the 36-item Short Form vitality subscale, and our inability to establish change in testosterone levels because of the cross-sectional nature of data. CONCLUSIONS The association between testosterone and vitality appears to be clinically meaningful and is in part dependent on variation in the AR gene. Panizzon MS, Bree K, Hsieh T-C, et al. Genetic Variation in the Androgen Receptor Modifies the Association Between Testosterone and Vitality in Middle-Aged Men. J Sex Med 2020;17:2351-2361.
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9
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Al Zoubi MS, Bataineh H, Rashed M, Al-Trad B, Aljabali AAA, Al-Zoubi RM, Al Hamad M, Issam AbuAlArjah M, Batiha O, Al-Batayneh KM. CAG Repeats in the androgen receptor gene is associated with oligozoospermia and teratozoospermia in infertile men in Jordan. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13728. [PMID: 32583490 DOI: 10.1111/and.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CAG trinucleotide repeats are coded for the polyglutamine tract in the N-terminal of the androgen receptor (AR) gene which varies in normal individuals from 6 to 36 residues. In this study, we inspected the impact of the CAG repeats on the spermatogenic defects by measuring the size of AR-CAG repeats length in a cohort of 260infertile and 169 fertile Jordanian men. The infertile group included three subgroups of a zoospermic, oligozoospermic and teratozoospermia men. The CAG allele size was determined by direct sequencing. The results showed a significant association between the length of the AR-CAG repeats and men's infertility (p = .001). In particular, the current cohort demonstrated a significant association between the AR-CAG length polymorphism and oligozoospermia (p < .001) and teratozoospermia (p < .001) but not azoospermia. According to distributions of allele frequency, the risk of oligozoospermia was 5.5-fold greater than normal when alleles frequency > 20 repeats, while the risk of teratozoospermia was > 10.6 folds greater than normal when allele frequency > 22 repeats. In conclusion, our results underscored that the long repeats of the AR-CAG polymorphism within the normal range might be associated with abnormal spermatogenesis such as teratozoospermia and oligozoospermia and contributing to infertility in Jordanian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hamzah Bataineh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mitri Rashed
- King Hussein Medical Centre, Royal Medical Services, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bahaa Al-Trad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Raed M Al-Zoubi
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al Hamad
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Issam AbuAlArjah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Osamah Batiha
- Department of applied biological sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Khalid M Al-Batayneh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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10
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Roles of Progesterone, Testosterone and Their Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Myelination and Remyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093163. [PMID: 32365806 PMCID: PMC7246940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone and testosterone, beyond their roles as sex hormones, are neuroactive steroids, playing crucial regulatory functions within the nervous system. Among these, neuroprotection and myelin regeneration are important ones. The present review aims to discuss the stimulatory effects of progesterone and testosterone on the process of myelination and remyelination. These effects have been demonstrated in vitro (i.e., organotypic cultures) and in vivo (cuprizone- or lysolecithin-induced demyelination and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)). Both steroids stimulate myelin formation and regeneration by acting through their respective intracellular receptors: progesterone receptors (PR) and androgen receptors (AR). Activation of these receptors results in multiple events involving direct transcription and translation, regulating general homeostasis, cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and myelination. It also ameliorates immune response as seen in the EAE model, resulting in a significant decrease in inflammation leading to a fast recovery. Although natural progesterone and testosterone have a therapeutic potential, their synthetic derivatives—the 19-norprogesterone (nestorone) and 7α-methyl-nortestosterone (MENT), already used as hormonal contraception or in postmenopausal hormone replacement therapies, may offer enhanced benefits for myelin repair. We summarize here a recent advancement in the field of myelin biology, to treat demyelinating disorders using the natural as well as synthetic analogs of progesterone and testosterone.
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Owens SJ, Weickert TW, Purves-Tyson TD, Ji E, White C, Galletly C, Liu D, O'Donnell M, Shannon Weickert C. Sex-Specific Associations of Androgen Receptor CAG Trinucleotide Repeat Length and of Raloxifene Treatment with Testosterone Levels and Perceived Stress in Schizophrenia. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 5:28-41. [PMID: 31019916 DOI: 10.1159/000495062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lower testosterone levels are associated with greater negative symptoms in men with schizophrenia. Testosterone signals via androgen receptor (AR). A functional variant in the AR gene (CAG trinucleotide repeat polymorphism) is associated with circulating testosterone and mood-related symptoms in healthy people. Raloxifene increases testosterone in healthy males and reduces symptom severity and improves cognition in schizophrenia; however, whether raloxifene increases testosterone in men with schizophrenia is unknown. We assessed the interaction of a functional AR gene variant and adjunctive raloxifene on peripheral testosterone and symptom severity in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia (59 males and 38 females) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of adjunctive raloxifene (120 mg/day). Healthy adults (46 males and 41 females) were used for baseline comparison. Baseline circulating testosterone was decreased in male patients compared to male controls and positively correlated with CAG repeat length in male controls and female patients. Male patients with short, compared to long, CAG repeat length had higher stress scores. Raloxifene treatment increased testosterone in male patients, but was unrelated to AR CAG repeat length, suggesting that raloxifene's effects may not depend on AR activity. Sex-specific alterations of the relationship between AR CAG repeat length and testosterone suggest that altered AR activity may impact perceived stress in men with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Owens
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas W Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tertia D Purves-Tyson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellen Ji
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher White
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dennis Liu
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maryanne O'Donnell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Mobasseri N, Babaei F, Karimian M, Nikzad H. Androgen receptor ( AR)-CAG trinucleotide repeat length and idiopathic male infertility: a case-control trial and a meta-analysis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:1167-1179. [PMID: 30713477 PMCID: PMC6341423 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CAG trinucleotide repeats in androgen receptor (AR) gene encode a polyglutamine tract in AR N-terminal transactivation domain. Studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of CAG repeat length on male infertility, which have yielded contradictory results. This study aimed to explore the number of AR-CAG repeats in 150 fertile controls and 150 idiopathic infertile men, divided into four azoospermia, oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia subgroups. In addition, a meta-analysis was conducted based on previous studies to assess the association of the mentioned variation with male infertility in recent years. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting followed by an electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel was used for AR-CAG genotype detecting. Moreover, a systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases to collect eligible studies for meta-analysis purpose. According to the results, a significant association was observed between increased length of AR-CAG polymorphism and male infertility (p< 0.0001). Furthermore, there were similar significant associations in the azoospermia (p= 0.048), asthenozoospermia (p= 0.013) and teratozoospermia (p= 0.002) subgroups. In addition, meta-analysis on forty studies showed a significant association between AR-CAG polymorphism in the overall analysis (SMD= 0.199, 95 % CI= 0.112-0.287, p<0.001) and the Caucasian subgroup (SMD= 0.151, 95 % CI= 0.040-0.263, p= 0.008). Our results elucidated that long stretches of CAG repeat might lead to AR dysfunction, contributing to male infertility especially in the Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mobasseri
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Babaei
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Nikzad
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Wang Y, Wei Y, Tang X, Liu B, Shen L, Long C, Lin T, He D, Wu S, Wei G. Association between androgen receptor polymorphic CAG and GGC repeat lengths and cryptorchidism: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. J Pediatr Urol 2018; 14:432.e1-432.e9. [PMID: 29914823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have revealed the relationship between androgen receptor (AR) CAG and/or GGC polymorphisms and risk of cryptorchidism, yet the results have been elusive and controversial. AIM To determine whether AR polymorphic CAG and/or GGC repeats are related to cryptorchidism. STUDY DESIGN The relevant studies were obtained from PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang. The pooled odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of associations. Subgroup analyses were performed based on ethnicity and source of controls. Moreover, Begg's funnel plots and Egger's linear regression test were conducted to determine publication bias. RESULTS Eight case-control studies containing 321 patients and 784 normal controls were included. There was a significant association between longer CAG repeats and cryptorchidism risk (weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.62; 95% CIs 0.06, 1.18; P = 0.031). Moreover, there was a significant association between the longer GGC repeats and cryptorchidism risk (WMD = 0.87; 95% CIs 0.04, 1.74; P = 0.040). There was significant association between the longer CAG repeats and bilateral cryptorchidism (WMD = 0.88; 95% CIs -0.18, 1.94; P = 0.011), while there was no significant association between the longer CAG repeats and unilateral cryptorchidism (WMD = -0.09; 95% CIs -0.50, 0.31; P = 0.554). There were significant associations between the longer GGC repeats and unilateral cryptorchidism (WMD = 0.88; 95% CIs -0.30, 2.05; P = 0.005) and bilateral cryptorchidism (WMD = 1.35; 95% CIs -0.52, 3.21; P = 0.000). Stratifying analysis revealed an association between longer CAG/GGC repeats and cryptorchidism in Caucasian populations from Europe (WMD = 0.73; 95% CIs 0.00, 1.46; P = 0.017), while there was no association with Asian populations. DISCUSSION This meta-analysis found that CAG/GGC repeats in the AR gene were longer in cryptorchidism patients compared to controls. Both the longer CAG repeats and GGC repeats in the AR gene were associated with cryptorchidism risk. The longer CAG repeats were associated with bilateral cryptorchidism, whereas the longer GGC repeats were associated with unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism. Stratifying analysis revealed an association between longer CAG/GGC repeats and cryptorchidism in Caucasian populations from Europe, while there was no association between longer CAG/GGC repeats and cryptorchidism in Asian populations. CONCLUSION The CAG/GGC repeats in the AR gene were longer in cryptorchidism than in controls. Longer CAG repeats may play a role in determining bilateral cryptorchidism, and longer GGC repeats may play a role in determining unilateral and bilateral cryptorchidism. These observations were more applicable to Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children's Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, China
| | - Y Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children's Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, China
| | - X Tang
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children's Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, China
| | - B Liu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China
| | - L Shen
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, China
| | - C Long
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics Chongqing, China
| | - T Lin
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China
| | - D He
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China
| | - S Wu
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children's Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China.
| | - G Wei
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Children's Urogenital Development and Tissue Engineering, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China
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Kim JW, Bae YD, Ahn ST, Kim JW, Kim JJ, Moon DG. Androgen Receptor CAG Repeat Length as a Risk Factor of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in a Korean Male Population. Sex Med 2018; 6:203-209. [PMID: 29706560 PMCID: PMC6085405 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Testosterone action is mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), whose sensitivity is influenced by the AR CAG repeat polymorphism. However, the relation between late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) and AR CAG repeat length is unclear and studies of Asian populations are limited. Aim To investigate the relation between AR CAG repeat length and LOH in Korean men. Methods 263 Korean men (mean age = 63.43 ± 10.9 years) were enrolled from 2014 to 2015. LOH diagnosis was based on a serum testosterone level lower than 3.5 ng/mL and positive androgen deficiency according to the Aging Males’ Symptom Scale (AMS). Total testosterone levels and answers to the LOH-related questionnaire were analyzed. Outcomes The relation between AR CAG repeat length and LOH was determined. Results Mean CAG repeat length was 22.1 ± 4.6 and mean serum testosterone levels were 2.6 ± 0.7 and 6.0 ± 2.0 ng/mL in men with and without LOH, respectively. Men with LOH showed significantly longer AR CAG repeat lengths than men without LOH (26.1 vs 21.6, P < .001). Longer CAG repeat lengths were correlated with higher AMS total scores (r = 0.454, P = .001) and AMS psychotic, somatic, and sexual sub-scores (r = 0.276, 0.246, and 0.571, P = .006, .007, .001, respectively) and significantly lower 5-item International Index of Erectile Function scores (r = −0.261, P = .001). Multivariate analysis showed that patient age and CAG repeat length were independently associated with LOH (odds ratio = 1.05 and 1.29, P = .041 and <.001, respectively). Clinical Implications A longer CAG repeat length is associated with LOH symptoms and LOH. Strengths and Limitations Associations between CAG repeats and LOH were verified in Korean patients. Moreover, a longer CAG repeat length was shown to be an independent risk factor for LOH. Limitations included the small number of LOH patients studied and that other sex hormone-associated factors were not measured. Conclusions AR CAG repeat length was associated with LOH prevalence and clinical symptoms in this Korean male population. Thus, it is important to measure CAG repeat length for patients with LOH symptoms with normal testosterone levels. Kim JW, Bae YD, Ahn ST, et al. Androgen Receptor CAG Repeat Length as a Risk Factor of Late-Onset Hypogonadism in a Korean Male Population. Sex Med 2018;6:203–209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Wook Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Dae Bae
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Tae Ahn
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Wook Kim
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Jong Kim
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Du Geon Moon
- Department of Urology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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Integrating molecular genetics and evolutionary psychology: Sexual jealousy and the androgen receptor (AR) gene. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cauci S, Chiriacò G, Cecchin E, Toffoli G, Xodo S, Stinco G, Trombetta C. Androgen Receptor (AR) Gene (CAG)n and (GGN)n Length Polymorphisms and Symptoms in Young Males With Long-Lasting Adverse Effects After Finasteride Use Against Androgenic Alopecia. Sex Med 2016; 5:e61-e71. [PMID: 28024997 PMCID: PMC5302381 DOI: 10.1016/j.esxm.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long-term adverse symptoms of men who used oral finasteride against androgenic alopecia have been recently described as post-finasteride syndrome (PFS). Aim To determine whether (CAG)n-rs4045402 and (GGN)n-rs3138869 polymorphisms in the androgen receptor (AR) gene are implicated in PFS. Methods AR polymorphisms were studied according to PFS symptoms in 66 white participants (31.8% Italian, 28.8% American, and 39.4% other). Main Outcome Measures Symptoms were investigated by an ad hoc 100-item questionnaire and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale and Aging Male Symptom Scale (AMS). (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeats were categorized as short ([CAG]9–19, [GGN]<23), medium ([CAG]20–24, [GGN]23), or long ([CAG]25–37, [GGN]>23). Results Median age was 32 years, duration of finasteride use was 360 days, and time from finasteride discontinuation was 1,053 days. We observed several frequency differences in symptoms according to (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeat numbers. Three AMS items were worse for medium (GGN)23 than for long (GGN)>23 carriers and one item was worse for short (GGN)<23 carriers. The AMS item for decrease in sexual desire or libido was worse for short (CAG)9–19 carriers than for medium (CAG)20–24 carriers. Through the ad hoc questionnaire, significant findings in (CAG)n and/or (GGN)n repeats were obtained for penile discomfort, loss of scrotal sensitivity, scrotal discomfort, less pubic hair, loss of perceived perineal fullness, increased sperm density, involuntary muscle spasms, loss of muscle tone, increased weight (>2 kg), increased skin dryness, and onset of symptoms after finasteride use. Conclusion This study showed that short and/or long (CAG)n and (GGN)n repeats had different frequencies according to symptoms reported by patients with PFS, likely reflecting the vast array of genes modulated by the AR. This study showed a U-curvilinear profile of (CAG)n repeats for skin dryness symptoms, where the two extremes exhibited a worse condition than medium repeats. Further studies are necessary to investigate the PFS pathophysiology using a precision medicine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Cauci
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Chiriacò
- Urological Hospital Department, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erika Cecchin
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Italy
| | - Serena Xodo
- Hospital Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Stinco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Udine, Dermatology Clinic, University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Trombetta
- Urological Hospital Department, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Xiao F, Lan A, Lin Z, Song J, Zhang Y, Li J, Gu K, Lv B, Zhao D, Zeng S, Zhang R, Zhao W, Pan Z, Deng X, Yang X. Impact of CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene on male infertility - a meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 2016; 33:39-49. [PMID: 27157932 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CAG repeats are polymorphic nucleotide repeats present in the androgen receptor gene. Many studies have estimated the association between CAG repeat length and male infertility, but the conclusions are controversial. Previous meta-analyses have come to different conclusions; however, new studies have been published. An updated meta-analysis was conducted. PubMed, CBM, CNKI and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for studies published from 1 January 2000 to 1 October 2015. Case-control studies on the association between CAG repeat length and male infertility using appropriate methodology were included. Forty studies were selected, including 3858 cases and 3161 controls. Results showed statistically significantly longer CAG repeat length among cases compared with controls (SMD = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.02-0.26). Shorter repeat length was associated with a lower risk of male infertility compared with a longer repeat length in the overall analysis (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66-0.95). Moreover, CAG repeat length was associated with male infertility in Caucasian populations, but not Asian or Egyptian populations. Subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference in German populations, but CAG repeat length was associated with male infertility in China and the USA. There were no significant differences between cases and controls in azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Aihua Lan
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhidi Lin
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianfei Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuening Zhang
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiatong Li
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kailong Gu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Baihao Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Siping Zeng
- Urology Medical Research Center, Department of Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ruoheng Zhang
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- First Clinical Academy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhengyan Pan
- First Clinical Academy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaozhen Deng
- First Clinical Academy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Pan B, Li R, Chen Y, Tang Q, Wu W, Chen L, Lu C, Pan F, Ding H, Xia Y, Hu L, Chen D, Sha J, Wang X. Genetic Association Between Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Repeat Length Polymorphism and Male Infertility: A Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2878. [PMID: 26962784 PMCID: PMC4998865 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between polymorphism of androgen receptor gene CAG (AR-CAG) and male infertility in several studies was controversial. Based on studies on association between AR-CAG repeat length and male infertility in recent years, an updated meta-analysis is needed. We aimed to evaluate the association between AR-CAG repeat length and male infertility in advantage of the data in all published reports.We searched for reports published before August 2015 using PubMed, CNKI, VIP, and WanFang. Data on sample size, mean, and standard deviation (SD) of AR-CAG repeat length were extracted independently by 3 investigators.Forty-four reports were selected based on criteria. The overall infertile patients and azoospermic patients were found to have longer AR-CAG repeat length (standard mean difference (SMD) = 0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10-0.28, P < 0.01; SMD = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.10-0.61, P < 0.01). AR-CAG repeat length was longer in infertile men in Asian, Caucasian, and mixed races (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.08-0.43, P <0.01; SMD = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02-0.25, P <0.05; SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-0.63, P <0.01). The overall study shows that increased AR-CAG repeat length was associated with male infertility. The subgroup study on races shows that increased AR-CAG repeat length was associated with male infertility in Asian, Caucasian, and mixed races. Increased AR-CAG repeat length was also associated with azoospermia.This meta-analysis supports that increased androgen receptor CAG length is capable of causing male infertility susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihui Pan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (BP, RL, YC, WW, CL, YX, XW), Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education (BP, RL, YC, WW, CL, YX, XW), Nanjing Medical University; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (QT, HD), Department of Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (WW, LH, DC), Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics (LC), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (FP), Department of Andrology, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University; and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine (JS), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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A Pharmacogenetic Survey of Androgen Receptor (CAG)N and (GGN)N Polymorphisms in Patients Experiencing Long Term Side Effects after Finasteride Discontinuation. Int J Biol Markers 2014; 29:e310-6. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Finasteride is a steroid 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, approved for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and benign prostate hyperplasia. In some patients the treatment is associated with adverse side effects that could become persistent after therapy discontinuation, resulting in the so-called post-finasteride syndrome (PFS). A pharmacogenetic component in the response to finasteride treatment was previously demonstrated. Two polymorphisms (CAG) rs4045402 and (GGN) rs3138869 in the gene encoding for the androgen receptor (AR) have been hypothesized to play a role in finasteride sensitivity. We aimed to compare the rs4045402 and rs3138869 polymorphisms prevalence in a group of 69 selected subjects (AGA+PFS) that used finasteride to treat alopecia and developed persistent side effects, with that in a group of 91 untreated subjects with AGA (AGA), and a group of 76 untreated subjects without AGA (NO-AGA). The rs4045402 and rs3138869 polymorphisms extreme-lengths alleles were more frequent among AGA+PFS (odds ratio, 5.88; 95% CI, 1.87-18.52) and AGA subjects (odds ratio, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.13-11.21) than among NO-AGA subjects, probably reflecting the genetic predisposing factors for AGA development. In conclusion, we described a predictive effect of the less common repeats’ length CAG-rs4045402 and GGN-rs3138869 on AGA development. Prospective trials are required to confirm our findings also in other ethnicities, and to highlight possible further pharmacogenetic predictive markers of susceptibility to adverse effects.
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Direct detection of the AR-E211 G > A gene polymorphism from blood and tissue samples without DNA isolation. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:223-7. [PMID: 24634161 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of prostate cancer (CaP) involves alterations in a gene structure of the androgen receptor (AR). The single nucleotide polymorphism AR-E211 G > A localized in exon 1 of the AR gene (G1733A) was detected using direct polymerase chain reaction and restriction digestion (PCR-RFLP) method on blood and tissue samples without prior DNA isolation. We used blood samples of patients with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or CaP. From monitored group of CaP patients were selected specimen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks with morphology of BPH and CaP. The main objective of our study was to develop a method based the direct PCR-RFLP analysis from blood and tissue without prior DNA isolation for faster genotyping analysis of a large number of samples. We found no statistically significant differences in allelic % of the AR-E211 G > A polymorphism between BPH and CaP patients (p ≤ 0.8462). Genotyping of the AR-E211 G > A variant in blood was not identical with tumor tissue genotyping analysis. Significant agreement between blood and tissue AR-E211 G > A polymorphism only in non-tumor tissue focus was confirmed. Although we analyzed a limited number of the tissue samples, we suppose that a presence of the minor allele A may be associated with cancer transformation-induced changes of the modified AR gene.
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Chang C, Yeh S, Lee SO, Chang TM. Androgen receptor (AR) pathophysiological roles in androgen-related diseases in skin, bone/muscle, metabolic syndrome and neuron/immune systems: lessons learned from mice lacking AR in specific cells. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2013; 11:e001. [PMID: 24653668 PMCID: PMC3960937 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.11001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is expressed ubiquitously and plays a variety of roles in a vast number of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies of AR knockout (ARKO) mouse models, particularly the cell type- or tissue-specific ARKO models, have uncovered many AR cell type- or tissue-specific pathophysiological roles in mice, which otherwise would not be delineated from conventional castration and androgen insensitivity syndrome studies. Thus, the AR in various specific cell types plays pivotal roles in production and maturation of immune cells, bone mineralization, and muscle growth. In metabolism, the ARs in brain, particularly in the hypothalamus, and the liver appear to participate in regulation of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. The AR also plays key roles in cutaneous wound healing and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. This article will discuss the results obtained from the total, cell type-, or tissue-specific ARKO models. The understanding of AR cell type- or tissue-specific physiological and pathophysiological roles using these in
vivo mouse models will provide useful information in uncovering AR roles in humans and eventually help us to develop better therapies via targeting the AR or its downstream signaling molecules to combat androgen/AR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawnshang Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
| | - Soo Ok Lee
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
| | - Ta-Min Chang
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and the Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA (CC, SY, SOL, T-MC) and Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (CC)
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Sato Y, Jinam T, Iwamoto T, Yamauchi A, Imoto I, Inoue I, Tajima A. Replication Study and Meta-Analysis of Human Nonobstructive Azoospermia in Japanese Populations1. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:87. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.106377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Simmons ZL, Roney JR. Variation in CAG repeat length of the androgen receptor gene predicts variables associated with intrasexual competitiveness in human males. Horm Behav 2011; 60:306-12. [PMID: 21722642 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An expanding body of research suggests that circulating androgens regulate the allocation of energy between mating and survival effort in human males, with higher androgen levels promoting greater investment in mating effort. Because variations in the number of CAG codon repeats in the human androgen receptor (AR) gene appear to modulate the phenotypic effects of androgens - with shorter repeat lengths associated with greater androgenic effects per unit androgen - polymorphisms in this gene may predict trait-like individual differences in the degree to which men are calibrated toward greater mating effort. Consistent with this, men in the present study with shorter CAG repeat lengths exhibited greater upper body strength and scored higher on self-report measures of dominance and prestige, all of which are argued to be indices of mating effort. Repeat length failed to predict sociosexual orientation (i.e. pursuit of short-term mating relationships), however, suggesting that the traits correlated with this polymorphism may be primarily associated with intrasexual competitiveness in the service of long-term mating effort. None of these measures of mating effort was related to baseline testosterone concentrations (either as main effects or as interactions with CAG repeat length), implying that long-term androgen exposure associated with AR gene polymorphisms may account for more variance in some androgen-dependent traits than does current testosterone concentration. These findings provide further evidence for the importance of the CAG repeat polymorphism in the AR gene in explaining a broad range of individual differences in human males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Simmons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA.
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24
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Nicholson TM, Ricke WA. Androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: past, present and future. Differentiation 2011; 82:184-99. [PMID: 21620560 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common clinical problems in urology. While the precise molecular etiology remains unclear, sex steroids have been implicated in the development and maintenance of BPH. Sufficient data exists linking androgens and androgen receptor pathways to BPH and use of androgen reducing compounds, such as 5α-reductase inhibitors which block the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, are a component of the standard of care for men with LUTS attributed to an enlarged prostate. However, BPH is a multifactorial disease and not all men respond well to currently available treatments, suggesting factors other than androgens are involved. Testosterone, the primary circulating androgen in men, can also be metabolized via CYP19/aromatase into the potent estrogen, estradiol-17β. The prostate is an estrogen target tissue and estrogens directly and indirectly affect growth and differentiation of prostate. The precise role of endogenous and exogenous estrogens in directly affecting prostate growth and differentiation in the context of BPH is an understudied area. Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been shown to promote or inhibit prostate proliferation signifying potential roles in BPH. Recent research has demonstrated that estrogen receptor signaling pathways may be important in the development and maintenance of BPH and LUTS; however, new models are needed to genetically dissect estrogen regulated molecular mechanisms involved in BPH. More work is needed to identify estrogens and associated signaling pathways in BPH in order to target BPH with dietary and therapeutic SERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan M Nicholson
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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25
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Mosaad YM, Shahin D, Elkholy AAM, Mosbah A, Badawy W. CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene and male infertility in Egyptian patients. Andrologia 2011; 44:26-33. [PMID: 21486420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2010.01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The CAG repeat and its association with infertility has been debatable. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the distribution of CAG repeat expansion in Egyptian patients and to investigate its association with male infertility. Forty-five infertile men were eligible for the study in addition to 20 aged-matched fertile males as control. Semen analysis, scrotal sonography, assay of serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), and determination of the CAG repeat number within exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene were carried out. Statistically significant difference was found between infertile and control groups regarding sperm count, sperm motility, serum FSH level and CAG repeats (P < 0.05); statistically insignificant difference for the CAG repeats (P = 1.0) was found between oligozoospermic and asthenospermic groups; negative correlation was found between CAG repeat length and sperm count, and a positive correlation was found between CAG repeat length and serum FSH (P < 0.05). Our results validate the concept that long stretches of CAG repeat may be associated with lower AR function with derangement of sperm production, and this may contribute to male infertility in Egyptian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Mosaad
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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26
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Dupuis L, Echaniz-Laguna A. Skeletal muscle in motor neuron diseases: therapeutic target and delivery route for potential treatments. Curr Drug Targets 2010; 11:1250-61. [PMID: 20840067 PMCID: PMC4834127 DOI: 10.2174/1389450111007011250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lower motor neuron (LMN) degeneration occurs in several diseases that affect patients from neonates to elderly and can either be genetically transmitted or occur sporadically. Among diseases involving LMN degeneration, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease, SBMA) are pure genetic diseases linked to loss of the SMN gene (SMA) or expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor gene (SBMA) while amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can either be of genetic origin or occur sporadically. In this review, our aim is to put forward the hypothesis that muscle fiber atrophy and weakness might not be a simple collateral damage of LMN degeneration, but instead that muscle fibers may be the site of crucial pathogenic events in these diseases. In SMA, the SMN gene was shown to be required for muscle structure and strength as well as for neuromuscular junction formation, and a subset of SMA patients develop myopathic pathology. In SBMA, the occurrence of myopathic histopathology in patients and animal models, along with neuromuscular phenotype of animal models expressing the androgen receptor in muscle only has lead to the proposal that SBMA may indeed be a muscle disease. Lastly, in ALS, at least part of the phenotype might be explained by pathogenic events occuring in skeletal muscle. Apart from its potential pathogenic role, skeletal muscle pathophysiological events might be a target for treatments and/or be a preferential route for targeting motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Dupuis
- Inserm, U692, Strasbourg, F-67085 France.
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27
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Roney JR, Simmons ZL, Lukaszewski AW. Androgen receptor gene sequence and basal cortisol concentrations predict men's hormonal responses to potential mates. Proc Biol Sci 2009; 277:57-63. [PMID: 19793749 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to potential mates triggers rapid elevations of testosterone and glucocorticoid concentrations in males of many non-human species, and preliminary studies support similar effects in human males. The human studies have all reported large individual differences in these responses, however, and the present study tested whether specific biological variables may help explain these differences. Replicating past research, the present study found that men's salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations increased after a brief conversation with a young woman, but did not change (or slightly decreased) after a conversation with a young man. In addition, smaller numbers of CAG repeats in men's androgen receptor gene, and lower baseline cortisol concentrations, each predicted larger testosterone responses to the interactions with women. The CAG repeat finding demonstrates that a specific genetic polymorphism predicts physiological responses to social interactions that may in turn have important downstream consequences on men's mating behaviour. The effects of cortisol are consistent with past demonstrations of glucocorticoid inhibition of testosterone production and show that such inhibition also affects testosterone responses to social stimuli. In sum, the present study both confirms men's hormonal reactions to potential mates and identifies novel biological variables that predict individual differences in these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roney
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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28
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Claessens F, Denayer S, Van Tilborgh N, Kerkhofs S, Helsen C, Haelens A. Diverse roles of androgen receptor (AR) domains in AR-mediated signaling. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2008; 6:e008. [PMID: 18612376 PMCID: PMC2443950 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.06008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Androgens control male sexual development and maintenance of the adult male phenotype. They have very divergent effects on their target organs like the reproductive organs, muscle, bone, brain and skin. This is explained in part by the fact that different cell types respond differently to androgen stimulus, even when all these responses are mediated by the same intracellular androgen receptor. To understand these tissue- and cell-specific readouts of androgens, we have to learn the many different steps in the transcription activation mechanisms of the androgen receptor (NR3C4). Like all nuclear receptors, the steroid receptors have a central DNA-binding domain connected to a ligand-binding domain by a hinge region. In addition, all steroid receptors have a relatively large amino-terminal domain. Despite the overall structural homology with other nuclear receptors, the androgen receptor has several specific characteristics which will be discussed here. This receptor can bind two types of androgen response elements (AREs): one type being similar to the classical GRE/PRE-type elements, the other type being the more divergent and more selective AREs. The hormone-binding domain has low intrinsic transactivation properties, a feature that correlates with the low affinity of this domain for the canonical LxxLL-bearing coactivators. For the androgen receptor, transcriptional activation involves the alternative recruitment of coactivators to different regions in the amino-terminal domain, as well as the hinge region. Finally, a very strong ligand-induced interaction between the amino-terminal domain and the ligand-binding domain of the androgen receptor seems to be involved in many aspects of its function as a transcription factor. This review describes the current knowledge on the structure-function relationships within the domains of the androgen receptor and tries to integrate the involvement of different domains, subdomains and motifs in the functioning of this receptor as a transcription factor with tissue- and cell-specific readouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Campus Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Davis-Dao CA, Tuazon ED, Sokol RZ, Cortessis VK. Male infertility and variation in CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4319-26. [PMID: 17684052 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Many studies have investigated the association between male infertility and trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, but no comprehensive meta-analysis of all published studies has been conducted. OBJECTIVE Our goals were to summarize published data on associations between AR CAG and GGC repeat lengths and male infertility and investigate sources of variation between study results. DATA SOURCES We searched for reports published before October 2006 using Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science. STUDY SELECTION All selected studies included the following: a case group with infertility as measured by semen parameters, a control group of known or presumed fertile men, and measurement of CAG and/or GGC repeat lengths among cases and controls. Thirty-nine reports were selected based on these criteria, and 33 were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION One investigator extracted data on sample size, mean and sd of trinucleotide repeat length, and study characteristics. DATA SYNTHESIS Estimates of the standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval) were 0.19 (0.09-0.29) for the 33 studies and 0.31 (0.14-0.47) for a subset of 13 studies that used more stringent case and control selection criteria. Thus, in both groups, cases had statistically significantly longer CAG repeat length than controls. Publication date appeared to be a significant source of variation between studies. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis provides support for an association between increased androgen receptor CAG length and idiopathic male infertility, suggesting that even subtle disruptions in the androgen axis may compromise male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Davis-Dao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, MC-9175, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Albertelli MA, Scheller A, Brogley M, Robins DM. Replacing the mouse androgen receptor with human alleles demonstrates glutamine tract length-dependent effects on physiology and tumorigenesis in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:1248-60. [PMID: 16601069 DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism in the length of the N-terminal glutamine (Q) tract in the human androgen receptor (AR) has been implicated in affecting aspects of male health ranging from fertility to cancer. Extreme expansion of the tract underlies Kennedy disease, and in vitro the AR Q tract length correlates inversely with transactivation capacity. However, whether normal variation influences physiology or the etiology of disease has been controversial. To assess directly the functional significance of Q tract variation, we converted the mouse AR to the human sequence by germline gene targeting, introducing alleles with 12, 21, or 48 glutamines. These three "humanized" AR (h/mAR) mouse lines were grossly normal in growth, behavior, fertility, and reproductive tract morphology. Phenotypic analysis revealed traits that varied subtly with Q tract length, including body fat amount and, more notably, seminal vesicle weight. Upon molecular analysis, tissue-specific differences in AR levels and target gene expression were detected between mouse lines. In the prostate, probasin, Nkx3.1, and clusterin mRNAs trended in directions predicted for inverse correlation of Q tract length with AR activation. Remarkably, when crossed with transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, striking genotype-dependent differences in prostate cancer initiation and progression were revealed. This link between Q tract length and prostate cancer, likely due to differential activation of AR targets, corroborates human epidemiological studies. This h/mAR allelic series in a homogeneous mouse genetic background allows examination of numerous physiological traits for Q tract influences and provides an animal model to test novel drugs targeted specifically to human AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Albertelli
- Department of Human Genetics, 4909 Buhl Bldg, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0618, USA
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Cohen-Bendahan CCC, van de Beek C, Berenbaum SA. Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2005; 29:353-84. [PMID: 15811504 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is now good evidence that human sex-typed behavior is influenced by sex hormones that are present during prenatal development, confirming studies in other mammalian species. Most of the evidence comes from clinical populations, in which prenatal hormone exposure is atypical for a person's sex, but there is increasing evidence from the normal population for the importance of prenatal hormones. In this paper, we briefly review the evidence, focusing attention on the methods used to study behavioral effects of prenatal hormones. We discuss the promises and pitfalls of various types of studies, including those using clinical populations (concentrating on those most commonly studied, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, ablatio penis, and cloacal exstrophy), direct measures of hormones in the general population (assayed through umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and maternal serum during pregnancy), and indirect measures of hormones in the general population (inferred from intrauterine position and biomarkers such as otoacoustic emissions, finger length ratios, and dermatoglyphic asymmetries). We conclude with suggestions for interpreting and conducting studies of the behavioral effects of prenatal hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina C C Cohen-Bendahan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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Abstract
There is a male factor involved in up to half of all infertile couples. Potential etiologies in male factor infertility are many and require thorough evaluation for their accurate identification. A complete medical history in conjunction with a focused examination can allow for an appropriate choice of laboratory and imaging studies. The semen analysis is a crucial first step, but by no means is it sufficient to determine a specific etiology or dictate therapy. A systematic approach is necessary to help guide the work-up and rule out less likely causes. The etiologies discussed within this article are tremendously broad, and the prognosis for any given couple depends, in large part, on the etiology. Without a firm understanding of the genetics, anatomy, physiology, and complex interplay of the male reproductive system, the evaluation becomes an inefficient exercise that often fails to define the precise etiology. Couples with male factor infertility need a systematic approach with the efficiency of ultimate treatment determined largely by the physician's ability to identify the specific cause of the man's reproductive failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Brugh
- Department of Urology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 400 West Brambleton Avenue, Suite 100, Norfolk, VA 23510, USA
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33
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Wang Q, Udayakumar TS, Vasaitis TS, Brodie AM, Fondell JD. Mechanistic relationship between androgen receptor polyglutamine tract truncation and androgen-dependent transcriptional hyperactivity in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:17319-28. [PMID: 14966121 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400970200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathways mediate critical events in normal and neoplastic prostate growth. Shortening of the polymorphic N-terminal polyglutamine (poly(Q)) tract of the AR gene leads to transcriptional hyperactivity and has been correlated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. The underlying mechanisms for these effects are poorly understood. We show here that androgen-dependent cellular proliferation and transcription in prostate cancer cells is inversely correlated to the length of the AR poly(Q) region. We further show that AR proteins containing a shortened poly(Q) region functionally respond to lower concentrations of androgens than wild type AR. Whereas DNA binding activity is relatively unaffected by AR poly(Q) variation, we found that ligand binding affinity and the ligand-induced NH(2)- to COOH-terminal intramolecular interaction is enhanced when the poly(Q) region is shortened. Importantly, we show that AR proteins containing a shortened poly(Q) region associate in vivo with higher levels of specific p160 coactivators and components of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex as compared with the wild type AR. Collectively, our findings suggest that the AR transcriptional hyperactivity associated with shortened poly(Q) length stems from altered ligand-induced conformational changes that enhance coactivator recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianben Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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34
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Abstract
There is a male factor involved in up to half of all infertile couples. Potential causes of male factor infertility are many and require thorough evaluation for their accurate elucidation. A complete medical history in conjunction with a focused examination can allow for an appropriate choice of laboratory and imaging studies. The semen analysis is a crucial first step, but it is by no means sufficient to determine cause or dictate therapy. A systematic approach is necessary to help guide the evaluation and exclude less likely causes. The causes discussed within this article are broad, and the prognosis for any given couple depends, in large part, on the cause of the infertility. Without a firm understanding of the genetics, anatomy, physiology, and their interactions necessary to permit full functioning of the male reproductive system, the evaluation becomes an inefficient exercise that often fails to elucidate the precise cause of infertility. Treatment success relies not just on a clinical diagnosis but on a determination of the cause of the male factor infertility. Therefore, couples with a component of male factor infertility need a systematic evaluation directed at the male partner to maximize their reproductive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Brugh
- Division of Male Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin, Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Callewaert L, Christiaens V, Haelens A, Verrijdt G, Verhoeven G, Claessens F. Implications of a polyglutamine tract in the function of the human androgen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:46-52. [PMID: 12788064 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor and belongs to the nuclear receptor family. The AR gene contains a long polymorphic CAG repeat, coding for a polyglutamine tract. In the full size AR, the deletion of the polyglutamine tract results in an increase in the transactivation through canonical AREs. However, this effect is clearly dependent on the response elements, since it is not observed on selective elements. In our assays, a deletion of the repeat positively affected the interactions of the ligand-binding domain with the amino-terminal domain as well as the recruitment of the p160 coactivator SRC-1e to the amino-terminal domain of the AR. This is reflected by an enhanced coactivation of the AR by SRC-1e.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Callewaert
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Gasthuisberg O/N, University of Leuven, O/N, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Louvain, Belgium
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36
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Lehmann DJ, Butler HT, Warden DR, Combrinck M, King E, Nicoll JAR, Budge MM, de Jager CA, Hogervorst E, Esiri MM, Ragoussis J, Smith AD. Association of the androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism with Alzheimer's disease in men. Neurosci Lett 2003; 340:87-90. [PMID: 12668243 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the CAG repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) in an Oxford cohort of 150 cases (101 men) of definite or probable Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 190 elderly controls (140 men). We found that short alleles (< or = 20 CAG repeats) were associated with AD (adjusted odds ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence intervals: 1.2-5.0) in men, but not in women. This association appeared stronger in early-onset AD (< 65 years). We conclude that this AR polymorphism is of potential relevance to the risk of AD in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK.
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37
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Abstract
Many aspects of male fertility are influenced by genetics. Over 150 genes have been shown to be associated with infertility in mouse models, although translation of these findings to human male infertility has been slow. Nevertheless, it is likely that a significant number of these gene deletions may be associated with human infertility. There is much that we do not understand about the molecular basis of human male infertility; patients should be advised of this caveat. Genetic disorders in humans can lead to impaired spermatogenesis, defective sperm function, and defects in delivery of sperm. It is critical for the urologist who evaluates and treats infertile couples to have a working knowledge of these disorders. An understanding of the genetic basis of male infertility allows for the appropriate counseling of patients about treatment options and risks to their potential offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Brugh
- Division of Male Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6560 Fannin Suite 2100, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Greater than 10% of couples are unable to achieve pregnancy. In at least 30% to 50% of these infertility cases a male factor abnormality is involved. Genetic defects are believed to be the cause of a significant percent of these abnormalities. In fact, defects causing infertility, such as chromosomal disorders and congenital hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis syndromes, have long been recognized. With the development of gene targeting technologies in animal models many genes required for male fertility in animals are known, contributing to our understanding of the etiology of this important health problem. We present not only recognized genetic disorders associated with male infertility, but also its emerging and previously unrecognized genetic etiologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is organized to enable the reader to recognize promptly the major types of genetic defects associated with male infertility, their clinical characteristics and appropriate therapeutic approaches. Due to the explosion of current knowledge in this field and to length restrictions the discussion of genetic defects is concise, referencing predominantly review articles relevant to the topic. RESULTS Assisted reproductive technologies for overcoming sterility resulting from unrecognized etiologies may have important potential consequences for infertile couples and their offspring. CONCLUSIONS Familiarity with the genes associated with male infertility is essential for the urologist to better understand, diagnose and treat the male factor couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosa Maduro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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