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Hamzehnejadi M, Tavakoli MR, Homayouni F, Jahani Z, Rezaei M, Langarizadeh MA, Forootanfar H. Prostaglandins as a Topical Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Comprehensive Review. Sex Med Rev 2022; 10:764-781. [PMID: 37051966 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a substantial cause of dissatisfaction among many men. This discontentment has led to the emergence of various drug treatment options for this problem. OBJECTIVES Unfortunately, due to various interactions, contraindications, and side effects, systemic therapies such as phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil, etc.) are not welcomed in many patients. These problems have led researchers to look for other ways to reduce these complications. METHODS This article holistically reviews the efficacy of topical prostaglandins and their role in treating ED. We sought to provide a comprehensive overview of recent findings on the current topic by using the extensive literature search to identify the latest scientific reports on the topic. RESULTS In this regard, topical and transdermal treatments can be suitable alternatives. In diverse studies, prostaglandins, remarkably PGE1 (also known as alprostadil), have been suggested to be an acceptable candidate for topical treatment. CONCLUSION Numerous formulations of PGE1 have been used to treat patients so far. Still, in general, with the evolution of classical formulation methods toward modern techniques (such as using nanocarriers and skin permeability enhancers), the probability of treatment success also increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadsadegh Hamzehnejadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Homayouni
- Student Research Committee Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Jahani
- Student Research Committee Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Faculty of Medicine Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Langarizadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Forootanfar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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da Silva CN, Nunes KP, Dourado LFN, Vieira TO, Mariano XM, Cunha Junior ADS, de Lima ME. From the PnTx2-6 Toxin to the PnPP-19 Engineered Peptide: Therapeutic Potential in Erectile Dysfunction, Nociception, and Glaucoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:831823. [PMID: 35480885 PMCID: PMC9035689 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.831823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom of the “armed” spider Phoneutria nigriventer comprises several potent toxins. One of the most toxic components from this venom is the neurotoxin PnTx2-6 (LD50 = ∼ 0.7 μg/mouse, 48 residues, five disulfide bridges, MW = 5,289.31 Da), which slows down the inactivation of various Na+ channels. In mice and rats, this toxin causes priapism, an involuntary and painful erection, similar to what is observed in humans bitten by P. nigriventer. While not completely elucidated, it is clear that PnTx2-6 potentiates erectile function via NO/cGMP signaling, but it has many off-target effects. Seeking to obtain a simpler and less toxic molecule able to retain the pharmacological properties of this toxin, we designed and synthesized the peptide PnPP-19 (19 residues, MW = 2,485.6 Da), representing a discontinuous epitope of PnTx2-6. This synthetic peptide also potentiates erectile function via NO/cGMP, but it does not target Na+ channels, and therefore, it displays nontoxic properties in animals even at high doses. PnPP-19 effectively potentiates erectile function not only after subcutaneous or intravenous administration but also following topical application. Surprisingly, PnPP-19 showed central and peripheral antinociceptive activity involving the opioid and cannabinoid systems, suggesting applicability in nociception. Furthermore, considering that PnPP-19 increases NO availability in the corpus cavernosum, this peptide was also tested in a model of induced intraocular hypertension, characterized by low NO levels, and it showed promising results by decreasing the intraocular pressure which prevents retinal damage. Herein, we discuss how was engineered this smaller active non-toxic peptide with promising results in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, nociception, and glaucoma from the noxious PnTx2-6, as well as the pitfalls of this ongoing journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nunes da Silva
- Departmentamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Elena de Lima, ; Carolina Nunes da Silva, ; Kenia Pedrosa Nunes,
| | - Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Elena de Lima, ; Carolina Nunes da Silva, ; Kenia Pedrosa Nunes,
| | | | - Thayllon Oliveira Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Biomedicina Faculdade Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Xavier Maia Mariano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Biomedicina Faculdade Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Departmentamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Biomedicina Faculdade Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Elena de Lima, ; Carolina Nunes da Silva, ; Kenia Pedrosa Nunes,
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D-(+)-Galactose-induced aging: A novel experimental model of erectile dysfunction. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249487. [PMID: 33857158 PMCID: PMC8049229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the inability to achieve and/or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual relations, and aging is one of the main risk factors involved. The D-(+)-Galactose aging model is a consolidated methodology for studies of cardiovascular aging; however, its potential for use with ED remain unexplored. The present study proposed to characterize a new experimental model for ED, using the D-(+)-Galactose aging model. For the experiments, the animals were randomly divided into three groups receiving: vehicle (CTL), D-galactose 150 mg/kg (DGAL), and D-(+)-galactose 150 mg/Kg + sildenafil 1.5 mg/Kg (DGAL+SD1.5) being administered daily for a period of eight weeks. All of the experimental protocols were previously approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals at the Federal University of Paraíba n° 9706070319. During the treatment, we analyzed physical, molecular, and physiological aspects related to the aging process and implicated in the development of ED. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that D-(+)-Galactose-induced aging represents a suitable experimental model for ED assessment. This was evidenced by an observed hyper-contractility in corpora cavernosa, significant endothelial dysfunction, increased ROS levels, an increase in cavernous tissue senescence, and the loss of essential penile erectile components.
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Berkó S, Zsikó S, Deák G, Gácsi A, Kovács A, Budai-Szűcs M, Pajor L, Bajory Z, Csányi E. Papaverine hydrochloride containing nanostructured lyotropic liquid crystal formulation as a potential drug delivery system for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2923-2931. [PMID: 30254422 PMCID: PMC6140742 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s168218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Papaverine hydrochloride (PaHCl) is an old, well-known drug with spasmolytic activity but it has therapeutic effect in erectile dysfunction, too. As an intracavernous injection, it is not used in urologic clinics today because the side effects of the injection are pain, scarring or priapism. Our aim was to develop and test a topical semi-solid preparation containing PaHCl that would provide an alternative administration option by eliminating the undesirable side effects of the injection. Materials and methods Lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) systems were formulated as a semi-solid preparation with different concentrations of PaHCl. The characterization of the LLC structure was performed by polarization microscopy using a Leica image analyzer and rheological measurements. The drug diffusion and penetration tests were performed with in vitro synthetic membrane and an ex vivo human epidermis, using Franz diffusion cell to test the skin penetration of PaHCl. Human skin was investigated by Raman microscope to visualize the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in different skin layers. Results The results of diffusion and penetration showed reverse concentration dependency. The in vitro and ex vivo studies correlated with each other and the results of Raman microscopy. The LLC structure influenced the penetration results, the lower viscosity and lamellar structure increased penetration through the skin. Conclusion Based on our results, a PaHCl containing topically used LLC formulation may be a suitable and effective alternative to the injectable formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Stella Zsikó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Gábor Deák
- Department of Urology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácsi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
| | - László Pajor
- Department of Urology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Bajory
- Department of Urology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary,
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Nirmal J, Tyagi P, Chancellor MB, Kaufman J, Anthony M, Chancellor DD, Chen YT, Chuang YC. Development of Potential Orphan Drug Therapy of Intravesical Liposomal Tacrolimus for Hemorrhagic Cystitis Due to Increased Local Drug Exposure. J Urol 2013; 189:1553-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jayabalan Nirmal
- Department of Urology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Pradeep Tyagi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael B. Chancellor
- Department of Urology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | | | | | | | - Yen-Ta Chen
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yao-Chi Chuang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Nanomedicine is a new distinct scientific discipline that explores applications of nanoscale materials for various biomedical applications. Translational nanomedicine is undergoing rapid transition from development and evaluation in laboratory animals to clinical practices. In the future, it is anticipated that nanotechnology can provide urologists a new point of view to understand the mechanism of disease, tools for early diagnosis of the disease, and effective modality for treatment. This article summarizes some of the emerging applications of nanomedicine in urology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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LITERATURE ALERTS. J Microencapsul 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/026520499288997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Kandeel FR, Koussa VK, Swerdloff RS. Male sexual function and its disorders: physiology, pathophysiology, clinical investigation, and treatment. Endocr Rev 2001; 22:342-88. [PMID: 11399748 DOI: 10.1210/edrv.22.3.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is designed to help the reproductive endocrinologist integrate his or her professional activity with those of other disciplines including urology, radiology, neurology, and psychology in order to successfully manage all of the inseparable aspects of male sexual and reproductive functioning. Significant advances in the field of male sexual physiology and pathophysiology and new methods of investigation and treatment of male sexual disorders are outlined. The review synthesizes available data on the following: norms of sexual organs, aging and sexuality, role of central and peripheral neurochemicals in each stage of the sexual cycle, role of corporeal smooth muscles in the hemodynamic control of erection and detumescence, influence of psychological factors, drugs, and disease on all aspects of sexual functioning, and use of nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring, imaging investigations, and neurophysiologic studies in the diagnostic workup of males with sexual dysfunction. Clinical algorithms are presented where appropriate. Extensive discussions on newly developed strategies in psychological and behavioral counseling, drug therapy, tissue engineering, nonsurgical devices, and surgical treatments for all forms of sexual disorders are also provided. Lastly, the effect of sexual dysfunction and its treatment on quality of life in affected men is addressed, along with recommendations for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Kandeel
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda (Goldschmied) Diabetes and Genetic Research Center, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA. fkandeel.coh.org
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Foldvari M. Non-invasive administration of drugs through the skin: challenges in delivery system design. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 3:417-425. [PMID: 11116201 DOI: 10.1016/s1461-5347(00)00317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vehicles designed to enhance drug delivery through the skin must incorporate specific elements that improve the ability of the delivery system to overcome the barrier posed by the stratum corneum. This review discusses several chemical penetration enhancers that have been investigated as potential tools to increase drug flux. In addition, lipid-based delivery systems offer an attractive alternative to traditional drug vehicles. The relationship between liposome composition and drug permeation is discussed, in addition to the possible mechanism of action of lipid vesicle-mediated drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Foldvari
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, PharmaDerm Laboratories, Downey Road, SK S7N 5C9, Saskatoon, Canada
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Abstract
Needle-free delivery of vaccines should not only increase compliance, but should also prove to be a safer and less traumatic method of vaccine delivery. One of the potential ways to achieve needle-free delivery is with the use of lipid-based delivery systems. To demonstrate the utility of these systems, we have shown them to be effective with proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology, plasmid-based vaccines, as well as conventional vaccines. Furthermore, these lipid-based delivery systems were shown to be effective in inducing mucosal immunity if delivered to mucosal surfaces or systemic immunity if different transdermally. These approaches have the potential to revolutionize vaccine delivery in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Baca-Estrada
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3, Saskatoon, Canada.
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