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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Reid GE, Arif A, Adams E. Systemic Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Infection One Year After Intravesical Immunotherapy Mimicking Sarcoidosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e31697. [PMID: 36561593 PMCID: PMC9767275 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A patient presented with pancytopenia and hypercalcemia after intravesical immunotherapy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for bladder cancer. Bone marrow biopsy performed six months later revealed noncaseating granulomas with negative stains for AFB. He was diagnosed with sarcoidosis and treated with prednisone. Hypercalcemia resolved, but mild pancytopenia persisted. One year later, he developed sepsis. Blood cultures six weeks later grew Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, ultimately identified as Mycobacterium bovis. Despite triple antibiotic therapy, the patient progressively declined and expired.
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Roumiguié M, Kamat AM, Bivalacqua TJ, Lerner SP, Kassouf W, Böhle A, Brausi M, Buckley R, Persad R, Colombel M, Lamm D, Palou-Redorta J, Soloway M, Brothers K, Steinberg G, Lotan Y, Sylvester R, Alfred Witjes J, Black PC. International Bladder Cancer Group Consensus Statement on Clinical Trial Design for Patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-exposed High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2022; 82:34-46. [PMID: 34955291 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A large proportion of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) fall in the gap between bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-naïve and BCG-unresponsive disease. As multiple therapeutic agents move into this gray area, there is a critical need to define the disease state and establish recommendations for optimal trial design. OBJECTIVE To develop a consensus on optimal trial design for patients with BCG-exposed NMIBC, defined as high-grade recurrence after BCG treatment that does not meet the criteria for BCG-unresponsive disease. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We conducted a literature review using the Cochrane Library, Medline, and Embase and a review of clinical trials in ClinicalTrials.gov as a basis to generate consensus recommendations for clinical trial design in BCG-exposed NMIBC. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS BCG-exposed NMIBC encompasses BCG resistance (presence of high-grade Ta or carcinoma in situ [CIS] at 3-mo evaluation after induction BCG) and delayed relapse. Randomized controlled trials are required to compare experimental therapies to a control arm receiving additional BCG, although ongoing BCG shortages may impact our ability to follow an optimal trial design. A placebo should be used in combination with BCG if the treatment arm includes BCG plus a study drug. Trials will either need to separate patients with and without CIS into two cohorts, or stratify by the presence of CIS at the time of randomization. If two cohorts are used, the primary endpoint for CIS patients should be complete response within a predetermined time. The primary endpoint in a cohort with Ta/T1 only, or if a single combined cohort is used, should be the duration of event-free survival. Suggested efficacy thresholds and corresponding sample sizes are provided. CONCLUSIONS The International Bladder Cancer Group has developed recommendations regarding definitions, endpoints, and clinical trial design for BCG-exposed NMIBC to encourage uniformity among studies in this disease state. PATIENT SUMMARY Our consensus provides a precise definition of the disease state for bladder cancer not invading the bladder muscle and exposed to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment. Clear guidance for conducting optimal clinical trials in this disease setting was established and we believe that this will promote further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Roumiguié
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Urology, Toulouse Cancer Institute and Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Seth P Lerner
- Scott Department of Urology, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wassim Kassouf
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andreas Böhle
- Departments of Urology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; HELIOS Agnes-Karll-Krankenhaus, Bad Schwartau, Germany
| | | | - Roger Buckley
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raj Persad
- Department of Urology, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol Hospitals Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc Colombel
- Claude Bernard University, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
| | - Donald Lamm
- University of Arizona and BCG Oncology, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Juan Palou-Redorta
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Soloway
- Division of Urology, Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Hospital, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - Ken Brothers
- Patient Advocate, National Cancer Institute Bladder Cancer Task Force, Snowbasin, UT, USA
| | - Gary Steinberg
- Department of Urology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Richard Sylvester
- European Association of Urology Guidelines Office, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Steinberg RL, Packiam VT, Thomas LJ, Brooks N, Vitale A, Mott SL, Crump T, Wang J, DeWolf WC, Lamm DL, Kates M, Hyndman ME, Kamat AM, Bivalacqua TJ, Nepple KG, O'Donnell MA. Intravesical sequential gemcitabine and docetaxel versus bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) plus interferon in patients with recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer following a single induction course of BCG. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:9.e1-9.e7. [PMID: 34092482 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Repeat BCG induction remains an option for select non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients who fail initial therapy. Alternative salvage intravesical regimens such as Gemcitabine and Docetaxel (Gem/Doce) have been investigated. We aimed to compare the efficacy BCG plus interferon a-2b (BCG/IFN) and Gem/Doce in patients with recurrent NMIBC after a single prior BCG course. METHODS The National Phase II BCG/IFN trial database and multi-institutional Gem/Doce database were queried for patients with recurrent NMIBC after one prior BCG induction course, excluding those with BCG unresponsive disease. Stabilized inverse probability treatment weighted survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared. Propensity scores were derived from a logistic regression model. The primary outcome was recurrence free survival (RFS); secondary outcomes were high-grade (HG) RFS and risk factors for treatment failure. RESULTS We identified 197 BCG/IFN and 93 Gem/Doce patients who met study criteria. Patients receiving Gem/Doce were older and more likely to have HG disease, CIS, and persistent disease following induction BCG (all P < 0.01). After propensity score-based weighting, the adjusted 1- and 2-year RFS was 61% and 53% after BCG/IFN versus 68% and 46% after Gem/Doce (P = 0.95). Adjusted 1- and 2-year HG-RFS was 60% and 51% after BCG/IFN versus 63% and 42% after Gem/Doce (P = 0.68). Multivariable Cox regression revealed that Gem/Doce treatment was not associated with an increased risk of failure (HR = 0.97, P = 0.89) as compared to BCG/IFN. CONCLUSION Patients with recurrent NMIBC after a single induction BCG failure and not deemed BCG unresponsive had similar oncologic outcomes with Gem/Doce and BCG/IFN in a post-hoc analysis. Additional prospective studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lewis J Thomas
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Andrew Vitale
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Sarah L Mott
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Trafford Crump
- Department of Urology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Donald L Lamm
- University of Arizona School of Medicine, Phoenix, Az; BCG Oncology, Phoenix, Az
| | - Max Kates
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - M Eric Hyndman
- Department of Urology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Kenneth G Nepple
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Michael A O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
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Daniels MJ, Barry E, Schoenberg M, Lamm DL, Bivalacqua TJ, Sankin A, Kates M. Contemporary oncologic outcomes of second induction course BCG in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:5.e9-5.e16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Arends TJH, Alfred Witjes J. Apaziquone for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Where Are We Now? Urol Clin North Am 2019; 47:73-82. [PMID: 31757302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apaziquone is an interesting drug for intravesical use in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer; however, more research is needed to prove its actual benefit. Although the apaziquone trials demonstrate the potential of this new drug, the singular phase 3 trials did not reach their primary endpoint. To date, no new trials are recruiting, so the development of apaziquone seems to have stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J H Arends
- Department of Urology, Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Weg door Jonkerbos 100, 6532 SZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Alfred Witjes
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Groote plein zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Tse J, Singla N, Ghandour R, Lotan Y, Margulis V. Current advances in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:757-770. [PMID: 31412742 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1655730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The current first line therapy for high grade (HG) non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Patients who recur or progress despite BCG are recommended to undergo radical cystectomy or participate in clinical trials. There is an urgent need for alternative therapies in the BCG-unresponsive NMIBC realm. Areas covered: We queried clinicaltrials.gov and pubmed.gov for current and recently completed early clinical trials pertaining to investigational agents used for the treatment of BCG-unresponsive NMIBC. These included intravesical chemotherapy, immunotherapy, vaccines, gene therapy, viruses, and agents used with novel drug delivery methods. In this article, we discuss the treatment guidelines for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and therapeutic approaches under investigation in clinical trials. Expert opinion: The FDA is currently allowing single-arm studies as a pathway for approval in BCG-refractory patients with CIS. Although many agents are currently undergoing testing, none have been approved since Valrubicin. Hopefully, we will identify therapies sufficiently effective and durable to achieve FDA approval. Other considerations in this realm include the use of biomarkers in NMIBC to identify patients who will most likely respond to specific interventions. In addition, as systemic agents such as checkpoint inhibitors, are studied further, a multidisciplinary approach may be needed to treat this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Tse
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Nirmish Singla
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Rashed Ghandour
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The optimal management of high-grade T1 (HGT1) urothelial carcinoma (UC) is complex given its high rate of recurrence, progression, and cancer-specific mortality as well as its clinical variability. Our current treatment paradigm has been supplemented by recent data describing the expanding options for salvage intravesical therapy, bladder preservation, and the promising role of molecular epidemiology. In the current review, we attempt to summarize and critically analyze these studies. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence describing new intravesical therapies has demonstrated an adequate safety profile and some efficacy in BCG-unresponsive patients who desire bladder preservation. However, response rates are still poor in this high-risk patient population, and it is important to keep these data in perspective when counseling patients. Concomitantly, the continued molecular characterization of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer may suggest potential therapeutic targets as well as predictors of treatment response in the future. The integration of new intravesical therapies and molecular data into the current treatment paradigm for HGT1 urothelial carcinoma will be critical to improving oncologic outcomes in this particularly high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Reisz
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Aaron A Laviana
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sam S Chang
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, A-1302 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Elkady N, Sultan M, Elkhouly E. Evaluation of topoisomerase II, ki-67, and P53 expression in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma and their clinical significance. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2018; 61:526-531. [PMID: 30303142 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_588_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transurethral resection of tumor is the main treatment of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma, but it is associated with high rate of recurrence and/or progression and this arouses the need for adjuvant therapy. Topoisomerase II (Top II), KI-67, and P53 are proliferation and cell cycle regulation markers that may predict tumor response to therapy. Aim This study aimed to assess Top II, KI-67, and P53 expression and their effect on clinical outcome and response to therapy of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Materials and Methods Fifty cases of non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma were collected; Top II, KI-67, and P53 expression was evaluated. Patients received treatment then tumor recurrence was correlated with the expression of previous markers. Results There was a significant association between high Top II score, P53, and KI-67 and high tumor grade (P = 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.0001), submucosal infiltration (P = 0.0001 and 0.01), and recurrence (P = 0.01, 0.001, and 0.001). Conclusion Top II, P53, and KI-67 may predict tumor response to therapy and the clinical outcome in non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Elkady
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Sultan
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
| | - Enas Elkhouly
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
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Rayn KN, Hale GR, Grave GPL, Agarwal PK. New therapies in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treatment. Indian J Urol 2018; 34:11-19. [PMID: 29343907 PMCID: PMC5769243 DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_296_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) remains a very challenging disease to treat with high rates of recurrence and progression associated with current therapies. Recent technological and biological advances have led to the development of novel agents in NMIBC therapy. Methods: We reviewed existing literature as well as currently active and recently completed clinical trials in NMIBC by querying PubMed.gov and clinicaltrials.gov. Results: A wide variety of new therapies in NMIBC treatment are currently being developed, utilizing recent developments in the understanding of immune therapies and cancer biology. Conclusion: The ongoing efforts to develop new therapeutic approaches for NMIBC look very promising and are continuing to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem N Rayn
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Graham R Hale
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Piyush K Agarwal
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Immunotherapy. Bladder Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809939-1.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yang GL, Zhang LH, Liu Q, Wang ZL, Duan XH, Huang YR, Bo JJ. A novel treatment strategy for newly diagnosed high-grade T1 bladder cancer: Gemcitabine and cisplatin adjuvant chemotherapy-A single-institution experience. Urol Oncol 2016; 35:38.e9-38.e15. [PMID: 28040419 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Management of high-grade T1 (formerly T1G3) bladder cancer continues to be controversial. Should patients with T1G3 bladder cancer have an immediate radical cystectomy or should they receive intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin-preserving bladder? Gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) adjuvant chemotherapy may help to strike a balance between intravesical and early cystectomy. For purposes of this study, we continue to refer high-grade T1 lesion as "T1G3." OBJECTIVE To evaluate the characteristics and the long-term outcome of GC adjuvant chemotherapy in T1G3 bladder cancer after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 48 patients who were newly diagnosed with T1G3 bladder cancer between January 2009 and December 2012. A total of 48 patients received 4 cycles of GC adjuvant chemotherapy after TURBT. One month after 4 cycles of GC adjuvant chemotherapy, response was evaluated by re-TURBT. Median follow-up was 59.5 (range: 18-70) months, all patients have been observed for more than 3 years. Salvage cystectomy was recommended for patients with persistent disease and for tumor progression after initial complete response. RESULT Complete response was achieved in 44 (91.7%) patients. Of complete responders, 5 patients experienced recurrence and 5 patients showed progression. The progression rate and disease-specific survival rate were 10.4% and 91.7% at 3 years, respectively. More than 80% of survivors preserved their bladder. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that concomitant carcinoma in situ (CIS) was the only factor that had an influence on progression-free survival (P = 0.022) and disease-specific survival (P = 0.017). Concomitant CIS was the prognostic factor for progression rate and disease-specific survival rate at 3 years (P = 0.008 and P = 0.035). CONCLUSION GC adjuvant chemotherapy is a safe conservative treatment for T1G3 bladder cancer, but effective is really a phase II study. Patients with T1G3 bladder cancer with concomitant CIS should be treated more aggressively because of the high risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Yang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian-Hua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Liang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Hui Duan
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Jie Bo
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Packiam VT, Johnson SC, Steinberg GD. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Intravesical treatments beyond Bacille Calmette-Guérin. Cancer 2016; 123:390-400. [PMID: 28112819 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An unmet need exists for patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer for whom bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has failed and who seek further bladder-sparing approaches. This shortcoming poses difficult management dilemmas. This review explores previously investigated first-line intravesical therapies and discusses emerging second-line treatments for the heterogeneous group of patients for whom BCG has failed. The myriad of recently published and ongoing trials assessing novel salvage intravesical treatments offer promise to patients who both seek an effective cure and want to avoid radical surgery. However, these trials must carefully be contextualized by specific patient, tumor, and recurrence characteristics. As data continue to accumulate, there will potentially be a role for these agents as second-line or even first-line intravesical therapies. Cancer 2017;123:390-400. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh T Packiam
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Scott C Johnson
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gary D Steinberg
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Chang SS, Boorjian SA, Chou R, Clark PE, Daneshmand S, Konety BR, Pruthi R, Quale DZ, Ritch CR, Seigne JD, Skinner EC, Smith ND, McKiernan JM. Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/SUO Guideline. J Urol 2016; 196:1021-9. [PMID: 27317986 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 864] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although associated with an overall favorable survival rate, the heterogeneity of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) affects patients' rates of recurrence and progression. Risk stratification should influence evaluation, treatment and surveillance. This guideline attempts to provide a clinical framework for the management of NMIBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review utilized research from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and additional supplementation by the authors and consultant methodologists. Evidence-based statements were based on body of evidence strength Grade A, B, or C and were designated as Strong, Moderate, and Conditional Recommendations with additional statements presented in the form of Clinical Principles or Expert Opinions.(1) RESULTS: A risk-stratified approach categorizes patients into broad groups of low-, intermediate-, and high-risk. Importantly, the evaluation and treatment algorithm takes into account tumor characteristics and uniquely considers a patient's response to therapy. The 38 statements vary in level of evidence, but none include Grade A evidence, and many were Grade C. CONCLUSION The intensity and scope of care for NMIBC should focus on patient, disease, and treatment response characteristics. This guideline attempts to improve a clinician's ability to evaluate and treat each patient, but higher quality evidence in future trials will be essential to improve level of care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam S Chang
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Stephen A Boorjian
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Roger Chou
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Peter E Clark
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Siamak Daneshmand
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Badrinath R Konety
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Raj Pruthi
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Diane Z Quale
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Chad R Ritch
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - John D Seigne
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Eila Curlee Skinner
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - Norm D Smith
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
| | - James M McKiernan
- American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc., Linthicum, Maryland
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14
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Packiam VT, Pearce SM, Steinberg GD. The role of mycobacterial cell wall nucleic acid complex in the treatment of bacillus Calmette-Guérin failures for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Ther Adv Urol 2016; 8:29-37. [PMID: 26834838 DOI: 10.1177/1756287215607818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) utilizes transurethral resection followed by adjuvant intravesical immunotherapy or chemotherapy. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the mainstay of adjuvant immunotherapy, but there are limited nonsurgical options for patients that fail this treatment. Mycobacterial cell wall nucleic acid complex (MCNA) is an immunotherapeutic agent utilized primarily after failure of intravesical BCG. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the published literature regarding MCNA. METHODS A literature review was performed and identified studies indexed in MEDLINE(®) related to utilization of MCNA for patients with NMIBC. RESULTS Two trials assessed the efficacy of MCNA in patients with NMIBC, comprising a total of 184 patients. Most patients had carcinoma in situ (CIS) with (26%) or without (52%) concomitant papillary tumors. A minority of patients had only papillary tumors (22%). Most patients (95%) previously received BCG or other intravesical therapy prior to receiving MCNA. In the largest available trial, 25% and 19% of patients had no evidence of residual cancer in 1 and 2 years following initiation of MCNA. A total of 2.3% of patients had adverse events (AEs) leading to delay or discontinuation of therapy and 66% of patients had mild drug-related AEs. CONCLUSION Based on analysis of available published data, MCNA offers a durable response for a small proportion of patients that have failed prior intravesical therapy. There still exists a large unmet need for nonsurgical treatment options for patients with NMIBC who have failed adjuvant intravesical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh T Packiam
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave. MC-6038, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shane M Pearce
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary D Steinberg
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Azuma T, Nagase Y, Oshi M. Pyuria predicts poor prognosis in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:1113-1116. [PMID: 26623061 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the utility of pyuria as a predictive marker of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). A cohort of 243 NMIBC patients treated with BCG through intravesical instillation between 1994 and 2007 at the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center were enrolled in this retrospective study. Pyuria was defined as urine containing ≥10 white blood cells per high-power field. A total of 30 of the patients with pyuria (30/37, 81%) and 87 patients of those without pyuria (87/206, 42%) exhibited recurrence following BCG treatment. The 3-year recurrence-free survival rate of patients with and without pyuria following BCG treatment was 20 and 62%, respectively. The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model indicated that pyuria was an independent predictor of disease recurrence following BCG treatment. Patients with inflammatory NMIBC exhibited resistance to therapy with intravesical instillation of BCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Azuma
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nagase
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
| | - Masaya Oshi
- Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
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Tanaka MF, Sonpavde G. Diagnosis and Management of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. Postgrad Med 2015; 123:43-55. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.05.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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17
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van Lingen AV, Arends TJH, Witjes JA. Expert review: an update in current and developing intravesical therapies for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 13:1257-68. [PMID: 24168049 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.852474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease and recurrences, after initial therapy, are common. Consequently, the healthcare costs for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer are high. Despite a primary adequate response to adjuvant intravesical treatment, many patients suffer from recurrences, and some even from progression. To date, cystectomy remains the only option for those non-responding patients with high risk of recurrence and progression. Mainly because outcome after progression, in this group, is poor. Therefore, new intravesical therapies are needed. Moreover, new accurate and individual parameters, to distinguish responder from non-responders, will provide additional benefit in clinical decision-making. In this review, current diagnostics and therapies will be discussed. In addition, we will elucidate developing therapies in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V van Lingen
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Ahn JJ, McKiernan JM. New Agents for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin–Refractory Bladder Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2013; 40:219-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Lamm D, Brausi M, O'Donnell MA, Witjes JA. Interferon alfa in the treatment paradigm for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2013; 32:35.e21-30. [PMID: 23628309 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this article, we review the various options for and the potential role of interferon alfa (IFN-α) in the treatment of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). METHODS PubMed was searched for journal articles on IFN-α use in treating bladder cancer. The references listed in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines were used as a guide to identify relevant publications on treatments for NMIBC. RESULTS Transurethral resection with adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy is the standard treatment option for NMIBC. Adjuvant IFN-α therapy has limited efficacy in preventing recurrences in intermediate-risk and high-risk patients; bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) monotherapy is the recommended first-line treatment in these patients. Unfortunately, cancer progression or recurrence is a common outcome; radical cystectomy, which is often the lifesaving approach in such a scenario, is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and decreased quality of life. Current alternatives to cystectomy include repeat intravesical immunotherapy, conventional instillation chemotherapy, and device-assisted intravesical chemotherapy. The efficacy of any chemotherapy after BCG failure, either conventional or device assisted, has not been established. BCG and IFN-α combination intravesical therapy has not been investigated thoroughly; based on available data, combination therapy appears to be most effective in patients with carcinoma in situ and may be preferentially considered as an alternative to radical cystectomy for patients with intermediate-risk or high-risk NMIBC who do not tolerate the standard BCG dose or experience BCG failure after 1 year of therapy. However, this approach requires close follow-up and should only be chosen after careful consideration of all risk factors. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of efficacious treatment options for patients with NMIBC recurrence or progression after initial BCG treatment. There is a need for well-designed clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of available therapies, including BCG and IFN-α2b combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - J Alfred Witjes
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Dammert P, Boujaoude Z, Rafferty W, Kass J. Fever of unknown origin and pancytopenia caused by culture-proven delayed onset disseminated bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection after intravesical instillation. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-008949. [PMID: 23576657 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-008949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 78-year-old man was diagnosed with bladder carcinoma in situ and was successfully treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillations. At 6 months after the last dose, he developed fever, weight loss and malaise. He had an extensive negative workup at an outside hospital and was treated empirically with ciprofloxacin for 2 weeks. The fever resolved but returned months later and he was readmitted with pancytopenia, elevated alkaline phosphatase and ground glass opacities on the chest CT. Bone marrow and liver biopsies showed non-caseating granulomas and were negative for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) and fungal stains. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex PCR of the bone marrow was negative. Owing to the high clinical suspicion of disseminated BCG infection, the patient was treated empirically. After 9 weeks of incubation, the bone marrow AFB culture grew Mycobacterium bovis. Within 2 months of treatment his symptoms resolved and his laboratory results normalised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Dammert
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical care Medicine, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, New Jersey, USA.
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Predictive biomarkers of bacillus calmette-guérin immunotherapy response in bladder cancer: where are we now? Adv Urol 2012; 2012:232609. [PMID: 22919375 PMCID: PMC3420223 DOI: 10.1155/2012/232609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The most effective therapeutic option for managing nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), over the last 30 years, consists of intravesical instillations with the attenuated strain Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (the BCG vaccine). This has been performed as an adjuvant therapeutic to transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) and mostly directed towards patients with high-grade tumours, T1 tumours, and in situ carcinomas. However, from 20% to 40% of the patients do not respond and frequently present tumour progression. Since BCG effectiveness is unpredictable, it is important to find consistent biomarkers that can aid either in the prediction of the outcome and/or side effects development. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic critical review to identify the most preeminent predictive molecular markers associated with BCG response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review exclusively focusing on predictive biomarkers for BCG treatment outcome. Using a specific query, 1324 abstracts were gathered, then inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied, and finally 87 manuscripts were included. Several molecules, including CD68 and genetic polymorphisms, have been identified as promising surrogate biomarkers. Combinatory analysis of the candidate predictive markers is a crucial step to create a predictive profile of treatment response.
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Matsumoto K, Kikuchi E, Shirakawa H, Hayakawa N, Tanaka N, Ninomiya A, Miyajima A, Nakamura S, Oya M. Risk of subsequent tumour recurrence and stage progression in bacille Calmette-Guérin relapsing non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int 2012; 110:E508-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Horinaga M, Fukuyama R, Iida M, Yanaihara H, Nakahira Y, Nonaka S, Deguchi N, Asakura H. Enhanced antitumor effect of coincident intravesical gemcitabine plus BCG therapy in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. Urology 2010; 76:1267.e1-6. [PMID: 21056277 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antitumor effect of the coincident administration of intravesical gemcitabine (Gem) plus bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. METHODS We evaluated the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine against MBT-2 cells in vitro. Orthotopic tumors were established by implanting MBT-2 cells into the bladder of syngeneic female C3H mice. Intravesical Gem administration was evaluated at various doses: 0 mg (control); 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg (n = 8 for each group). Next, a comparative evaluation of tumor growth among the control, Gem-alone, BCG-alone, and combined Gem + BCG groups was performed (n = 16 for each group). Therapy was administered at 3-day intervals starting on day 5 and repeated 6 times. To evaluate the proliferative activity among the groups, Ki-67 immunostaining of the tumor was performed. RESULTS Gemcitabine exhibited a dose-dependent antitumor effect. Of the 8 mice in each group treated with a dose of 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg of Gem, 1, 4, 4, 4, 5, and 4 mice failed to develop tumors and survived, respectively. The combination of Gem + BCG (54.1 ± 9.4 days) provided a significant survival advantage compared with BCG-alone (39.0 ± 16.4 days) (P = .02). Ki-67 expression, representing tumor proliferation, was significantly lower in the combined Gem + BCG group than in the BCG-alone group (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that intravesical Gem + BCG treatment induces an enhanced antitumor effect against bladder tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Horinaga
- Department of Urology, Saitama Medical School, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan.
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24
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Long-term outcomes of intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol 2010; 29:59-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-010-0617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Kulkarni GS, Hakenberg OW, Gschwend JE, Thalmann G, Kassouf W, Kamat A, Zlotta A. An Updated Critical Analysis of the Treatment Strategy for Newly Diagnosed High-grade T1 (Previously T1G3) Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol 2010; 57:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Integrated Treatment with Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Urologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/039156030907600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oncology-applied hyperthermia is a very old form of therapy. In recent years hyperthermia has been investigated with the aim of improving the treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer to prevent relapse and disease progression, in association with mitomycin-C, a well-known chemotherapeutic agent, to enhance its effect. Target patients are those with non-muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma, showing medium (Ta-T1, G1–2, multifocal, diameter >3 cm) or high (T1, G3, multifocal or rapidly relapsing, CIS) risk for recurrence or progression. The treatment may be prophylactic following tumor eradication, or ablative when tumor cannot be otherwise eradicated. Several studies have shown the benefits of thermochemotherapy with lower risk for relapse than other treatment options, and 66–80% complete responses following ablative treatment. This association of treatments has a synergic therapeutic effect, higher than administering hyperthermia and drug therapy as single treatment.
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Lamm D, Colombel M, Persad R, Soloway M, Böhle A, Palou J, Witjes JA, Akaza H, Buckley R, Brausi M. Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Non–Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2008.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Inoue M, Ishioka JI, Fukuda H, Kageyama Y, Saito Y, Higashi Y. Clinical outcome of chemoradiotherapy for T1G3 bladder cancer. Int J Urol 2008; 15:747-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Pan J, Zhou X, Han R, Chen Z. A meta-analysis of randomized trials of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation efficacy against recurrence of T1G3 bladder tumor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-008-0049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The effect of intravesical instillation of antifibrinolytic agents on bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment of superficial bladder cancer: a pilot study. J Urol 2008; 179:1307-11; discussion 1311-2. [PMID: 18289576 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined whether intravesical instillation of antifibrinolytic agents could improve the antitumor effect of bacillus Calmette-Guerin. We also investigated the impact of these antifibrinolytic agents on the dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin required for a therapeutic effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized, prospective, double-blind, controlled pilot study 257 patients with superficial bladder cancer were randomized into groups A through E. They received 100 to 120 mg intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 100 mg para-aminomethylbenzoic acid, 50 to 60 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 100 mg para-aminomethylbenzoic acid, 100 to 120 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 2.0 gm epsilon aminocaproic acid, 50 to 60 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus 2.0 gm epsilon aminocaproic acid and 100 to 120 mg bacillus Calmette-Guerin alone, respectively. Prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time of each patient were determined at 2 hours after instillation, and adverse events were evaluated. Tumor recurrence was assessed every 3 months postoperatively by cystoscopy. Median followup was 26.0, 25.0, 24.5, 25.0 and 25.5 months, respectively. RESULTS No significant change in prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time was observed, and analysis showed no significant difference in prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time among groups A through E (p = 0.693, 0.756). Recurrence rates at a minimum of median 2 years were 10.6%, 11.1%, 10.0%, 9.3% and 31.8% in groups A through E, respectively. The log rank test showed that recurrence-free probability was statistically different comparing groups A, B, C and D with group E, respectively (p = 0.023, 0.037, 0.031 and 0.020), while pairwise comparisons among groups A, B, C and D showed no significant differences (each p >0.05). The rate of serious adverse events in groups A through E was 9.6%, 3.9%, 15.7%, 5.9% and 13.5%, respectively. However, the differences were not significant (p = 0.222). CONCLUSIONS Intravesical instillation of para-aminomethylbenzoic acid or epsilon aminocaproic acid is a more effective and safer method to improve the bacillus Calmette-Guerin antitumor effect, and can reduce the dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin with the same effect as the full dose.
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Racioppi M, Volpe A, Falabella R, Cappa E, D'Agostino D, Pinto F, Bassi PF. Innovations in superficial bladder cancer treatments. Review. Urologia 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/039156030707400302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer treatment is a challenge for both urologists and oncologists. Particularly during these last years many changes have been made in the management of superficial bladder cancer. In the case of superficial bladder cancer, intravesical instillation of chemo/immunotherapeutic agents after transurethral resection is the standard. The treatment goals include: complete removal of the initial tumor, prevention of recurrences and inhibition of disease progression. This work aims at reviewing the new developments in the therapeutic field of superficial bladder cancer. A growing trend involves the use of multimodality treatment to obtain the activation of the host immunity against the tumor, and to enhance the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. The new therapeutic modalities, which are under preclinical and clinical investigations, are showing promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Racioppi
- Cattedra di Urologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - A. Volpe
- Cattedra di Urologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - R. Falabella
- Cattedra di Urologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - E. Cappa
- Cattedra di Urologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - D. D'Agostino
- Cattedra di Urologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - F. Pinto
- Cattedra di Urologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
| | - PF Bassi
- Cattedra di Urologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Dr., 3 RCP, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089, USA.
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Weiss C, Wolze C, Engehausen DG, Ott OJ, Krause FS, Schrott KM, Dunst J, Sauer R, Rödel C. Radiochemotherapy After Transurethral Resection for High-Risk T1 Bladder Cancer: An Alternative to Intravesical Therapy or Early Cystectomy? J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:2318-24. [PMID: 16710030 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.05.8149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose For high-risk T1 bladder cancer, the most important issue is how to restrict radical cystectomy to selective patients with a high likelihood of tumor progression and to choose an initial bladder-sparing approach in others without affecting survival. Radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy (RT/RCT) may help to strike a balance between intravesical treatment and early cystectomy. Patients and Methods Between 1982 and 2004, 141 patients with high-risk T1 bladder cancer (84 patients with T1 grade 3 [T1G3]; others with T1G1/2 and associated carcinoma-in-situ, multifocality, tumor diameter > 5 cm, or multiple recurrences) were treated with RT (n = 28) or platinum-based RCT (n = 113) after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). Six weeks after RT/RCT, response was evaluated by restaging TURBT. Salvage cystectomy was recommended for patients with persistent disease and for tumor progression after initial complete response (CR). Median follow-up was 62 months; 65 patients have been observed for 5 years or more. Results CR was achieved in 121 of 137 patients (88%; four patients without restaging TURBT). Tumor progression for the entire group of 141 patients was 19% and 30% at 5 and 10 years, respectively (for 121 patients with CR, 15% and 29%; for 84 patients with T1G3, 13% and 29%, respectively). Disease-specific survival rates were 82% and 73% at 5 and 10 years (CR, 89% and 79%; T1G3, 80% and 71%, respectively). More than 80% of survivors preserved their bladder; 70.4% were “delighted” or “pleased” with their urinary function. Conclusion RT/RCT after TURBT with selective bladder preservation is a reasonable alternative to intravesical treatment or early cystectomy for high-risk T1 bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weiss
- Department of Radiation Therapy, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Divrik T, Yildirim U, Eroğlu AS, Zorlu F, Ozen H. Is a Second Transurethral Resection Necessary for Newly Diagnosed pT1 Bladder Cancer? J Urol 2006; 175:1258-61. [PMID: 16515974 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)00689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluated the potential benefit of a second transurethral resection in patients with newly diagnosed pT1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between January 2001 and May 2003, 80 patients with stage T1 bladder cancer were included in this protocol in which all patients prospectively received second TUR within 2 to 6 weeks following the initial resection. Patients with incomplete resections were excluded from study. The pathological findings of the second TUR were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 80 patients who underwent second resection, 18 (22.5%) had macroscopic tumors before resection. However, with the addition of microscopic tumors, overall residual disease was determined in 27 (33.8%) patients. Of the 27 patients 7 had pTa, 14 had pT1, 3 had pT1+pTis and 3 had pT2 disease. Residual cancers were detected in 5.8%, 38.2% and 62.5% in G1, G2 and G3 tumors, respectively. The risk of residual tumor directly correlated with the grade of the initial tumor (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Although second TUR dramatically changed the treatment strategy in a small percentage of cases, we strongly recommend performing second TUR in all cases of primary pT1 disease, especially in high grade cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Divrik
- Department of Urology, SSK Tepecik Teaching Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
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Nieder AM, Brausi M, Lamm D, O'Donnell M, Tomita K, Woo H, Jewett MAS. Management of stage T1 tumors of the bladder: International Consensus Panel. Urology 2006; 66:108-25. [PMID: 16399419 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2005.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The International Consensus Panel on T1 bladder tumors markers reviewed the subject from a clinical perspective. From diagnosis to treatment decisions, what are the important issues in the management of a new patient? The assessment of prognostic factors for progression requires optimal resection and documentation. The role of immediate adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy after resection remains controversial. How often should the upper tract be assessed for tumor recurrence? The decision on whether to attempt bladder conservation with intravesical therapy or to perform a cystectomy is the most difficult issue in the management of superficial bladder cancer today. Finally, what therapies exist if initial intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin fails to eradicate the disease or prevent recurrence? The panel thoroughly explored all these subjects and has made recommendations with supporting evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Nieder
- Department of Urology, State University New York, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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O'Donnell MA. Practical Applications of Intravesical Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in High-risk Patients with Superficial Bladder Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2005; 32:121-31. [PMID: 15862610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The following steps are practical in the treatment of intermediate-to-high risk patients with superficial bladder cancer: Resect all visible tumor at the time of first TUR of bladder tumor. Strongly consider re-resection, especially for high-risk, large, multifocal, stage T1 tumors. Apply one dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy perioperatively within 6 hours of TUR (ideally immediately). Once histopathology is available, consider intravesical induction chemotherapy for intermediate-risk patients and BCG for intermediate- or high-risk patients and those having failed prior chemotherapy. At least 1 year of maintenance therapy should be planned for all intermediate-to-high risk BCG-treated patients. Chemotherapy maintenance may be useful if perioperative chemotherapy was omitted. For patients failing standard therapy, a thorough discussion of the risks (including progression and metastasis) and expected benefits should take place before the initiation of salvage therapy. The radical cystectomy option should be openly entertained. Consider BCG plus interferon or gemcitabine-based salvage programs if appropriate. Explore clinical trial options. Contact urologic cancer experts for guidance and advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A O'Donnell
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, USA.
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May M, Helke C, Nitzke T, Vogler H, Hoschke B. Survival rates after radical cystectomy according to tumor stage of bladder carcinoma at first presentation. Urol Int 2004; 72:103-11. [PMID: 14963349 DOI: 10.1159/000075962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to establish to what extent the survival rates of muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma are influenced by the tumor stage at initial presentation. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study examined the clinical course of 230 patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma from 1992 to 2002. The patients were divided into three groups according to the histological results of the initial and final transurethral tumor resection (TURB). In group 1 (n = 41) radical cystectomy was carried out for a superficial bladder carcinoma which had a high likelihood of progressing. Group 2 (n = 57) consisted of patients who displayed a superficial tumor stage when they first presented and developed progressive muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma under conservative treatment. Group 3 (n = 132) was made up of patients who were already at the muscle-invasive tumor stage in the course of primary TURB. The histopathological characteristics of all transurethral tumor resections and radical cystectomy were recorded. Progression-free survival and overall survival in the three groups were then compared. RESULTS The average patient age when cystectomy was carried out was 63.9 (35-80) years and the average follow-up period was 38 months. An average of 2.3 (1-16) transurethral tumor resections were carried out before radical cystectomy (median = 1). Progression-free survival and overall survival of all 230 patients was 54 and 50%, respectively, after 5 years. The best result was a 74% progression-free 5-year survival rate with organ-confined lymph node-negative tumors (n = 106) which was statistically significant (p = 0.0004) compared to the progression-free 5-year survival rate of 50% for non-organ-confined, lymph node-negative tumors (n = 64). Lymph node-positive patients achieved a progression-free survival rate of 21% after 5 years regardless of the tumor infiltration. Patients in group 1 achieved a progression-free 5-year survival rate of 77% and an overall survival rate of 63% after 5 years. In group 2 patients achieved a progression-free survival rate of 51% after 5 years and an overall survival rate of 50%. In the case of primary muscle invasion (group 3), progression-free survival and overall survival were 49 and 46%, respectively, after 5 years. There was no significant difference between groups 2 and 3 with regard to their progression-free or overall survival rates (p > 0.35). However, both groups displayed a significantly poorer progression-free and overall survival rate compared with group 1 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results show that superficial bladder carcinoma with tumor progress to muscle invasion does not have a better prognosis after radical cystectomy than initial muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. Survival rates in this group can only be improved by singling out patients on the basis of risk factors at an earlier stage and carrying out a cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias May
- Urology Clinic, Carl-Thiem Hospital, Cottbus, University Teaching Hospital Charité zu Berlin, Thiemstrasse, Cottbus, Germany.
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Kulkarni JN, Gupta R. Recurrence and progression in stage T1G3 bladder tumour with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin (Danish 1331 strain). BJU Int 2002; 90:554-7. [PMID: 12230616 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report recurrence and progression rates in patients with T1G3 superficial bladder carcinoma treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG, Danish 1331 strain) after complete transurethral resection. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from the records of 111 patients with T1G3 bladder carcinoma treated between January 1991 and December 1999 were analysed for recurrence, progression, salvage therapy and survival. RESULTS Of the 111 patients with T1G3 bladder tumours, 69 had intravesical BCG therapy, 20 radical cystectomy and 22 only transurethral resection (TUR). Of the 69 patients receiving BCG therapy 37 (54%) had no recurrence, and 24 (35%) had a recurrence that was not muscle-invasive (Ta/T1) and were treated with TUR only. The remaining eight (12%) progressed to muscle invasion and had salvage cystectomy. During the follow-up six patients died, four from disease and three from other causes, while the remaining 63 are alive and well. Of the other 42 patients, 15 are alive after radical cystectomy and 18 after TUR. CONCLUSION This series further confirms the benefits of intravesical BCG (Danish 1331) in an adjuvant setting; furthermore, this treatment facilitates bladder preservation by reducing recurrences and delaying the progression in many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Kulkarni
- Department of Urology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.
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Yan Y, Andriole GL, Humphrey PA, Kibel AS. Patterns of multiple recurrences of superficial (Ta/T1) transitional cell carcinoma of bladder and effects of clinicopathologic and biochemical factors. Cancer 2002; 95:1239-46. [PMID: 12216091 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although multiple sequential recurrences are one of the most important characteristics of superficial transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder, few studies have examined multiple sequential recurrence patterns and the clinicopathologic and biochemical factors associated with these patterns. METHODS Two hundred seventy superficial TCC bladder carcinoma patients were followed. Clinical, pathologic, and tumor marker (p53, MIB-1, bcl-2, c-erb B-2, and epidermal growth factor receptor) data were collected at baseline and during followup. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) method was used to describe multiple recurrences. The Wei, Lin, and Weissfeld (WLW) marginal proportional hazards model was used to assess the effects of clinicopathologic and immunohistochemic factors on multiple recurrences. RESULTS Among the 270 patients, 126 (46.7%) had one or more recurrences, 38 (14.1%) had two or more recurrences, and 14 (5.2%) had three or more recurrences during the followup. The median times for the first, the second, and the third recurrences were 23 months, 15 months, and 13 months, respectively. In KM analysis, Stage T1, higher grades, and Ki-67 stain positivity were associated with the first recurrence, and p53 stain positivity was marginally significant. Other markers were not significant. For the second recurrence, only p53 stain positivity was significant. In multivariate analysis (WLW method), stage was significantly associated with the first recurrence (risk ratio [RR] = 2.03), and Ki-67 was marginally significant (RR = 1.49). For the second recurrence, only p53 positivity was statistically significant (RR = 2.73). CONCLUSIONS Among superficial TCC bladder carcinoma patients, multiple recurrences are common phenomena. The time for recurrence becomes shorter as the number of recurrences increases. In addition to tumor stage and grade, Ki-67 can be used to identify patients at high risk for a first recurrence; and p53 can be used to identify patients at high risk for a second recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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GRIFFITHS T, CHARLTON M, NEAL D, POWELL P. Treatment of Carcinoma In Situ With Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Without Maintenance. J Urol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.R.L. GRIFFITHS
- From the University Urology Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - M. CHARLTON
- From the University Urology Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - D.E. NEAL
- From the University Urology Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - P.H. POWELL
- From the University Urology Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The present review addresses literature regarding the management of superficial bladder cancer published since March 2000. There is no definitive winner among urinary markers of bladder cancer, because they lack specificity or are insufficiently tested. Pathologists continue in their efforts to improve prediction of evolution of superficial bladder cancer to recurrent or infiltrative disease. A few studies have confirmed the value of previously described prognostic factors for recurrence and progression, and have added some refinements. Transurethral resection is not as complete as was believed. Fluorescence detection of flat bladder carcinoma has been demonstrated to improve diagnosis and treatment. The necessity to perform a repeat transurethral resection in high-grade superficial bladder cancer became evident. Identification of the working mechanisms of bacille Calmette-Guérin on superficial bladder cancer remains an important objective, and may help to improve treatment schedules and avoid the morbidity associated with bacille Calmette-Guérin administration. Patients who are at high risk may benefit from long-term maintenance bacille Calmette-Guérin therapy. Valrubicin and keyhole limpet haemocyanin appear to be promising agents in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Oosterlinck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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Akasaka S, Suzuki S, Shimizu H, Igarashi T, Akimoto M, Shimada T. Suicide gene therapy for chemically induced rat bladder tumor entailing instillation of adenoviral vectors. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:568-75. [PMID: 11376567 PMCID: PMC5926741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of an in vivo gene therapy protocol making use of an adenoviral vector in the treatment of bladder cancer was examined. Bladder tumors were induced in rats by oral administration of BBN (N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine). Histologically, such tumors resemble those seen in human bladder cancer, and the cells can be selectively transduced using adenoviral vectors. The therapeutic protocol thus entailed instillation of an adenoviral vector containing the HSV‐tk suicide gene into rat bladder followed by a regimen of intraperitoneal ganciclovir (GCV) injections. Histological examination after a short‐term GCV regimen (3 days) revealed marked vacuolization of the tumor cells. Moreover, TUNEL assays showed that the cytotoxic reaction was mediated by apopto‐sis. Following a long‐term GCV regimen (14 days), tumor growth was significantly inhibited and glandular metaplasia was observed. This is the first report demonstrating the efficacy of in vivo suicide gene therapy in a chemically induced transitional cell carcinoma like that seen in most human bladder cancer. Intravesical instillation is already a well established clinical technique. Our findings indicate that now there is a strong potential for its incorporation into new and useful gene therapies aimed at the treatment of human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akasaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Advanced Medical Technology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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Abstract
The primary role of immunotherapy for bladder cancer is to treat superficial transitional cell carcinomas (ie, carcinoma in situ, Ta, and T1). Immunotherapy in the form of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), interferon, bropirimine, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and gene therapy is intended to treat existing or residual tumor, to prevent recurrence of tumor, to prevent progression of disease, and to prolong survival of patients. Presently, BCG is commonly used and is the most effective immunotherapeutic agent against superficial transitional cell carcinoma. Data support that BCG has a positive impact on tumor recurrence, disease progression, and survival. Proper attention to maintenance schedules, route of administration, dosing, strains, and viability is essential to obtain the maximum benefits of BCG immunotherapy. This review highlights and summarizes the recent advances concerning immunotherapy, with special emphasis on BCG therapy for transitional cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kamat
- Department of Urology, PO Box 9251, Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- W Oosterlinck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Gent, Belgium.
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