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Fang Y, Ren R, Shi H, Huang L, Lenahan C, Lu Q, Tang L, Huang Y, Tang J, Zhang J, Zhang JH. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide: A Promising Neuroprotective Peptide in Stroke. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1496-1512. [PMID: 33269103 PMCID: PMC7673855 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for viable, effective treatments for acute stroke continues to be a global priority due to the high mortality and morbidity. Current therapeutic treatments have limited effects, making the search for new treatments imperative. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a well-established cytoprotective neuropeptide that participates in diverse neural physiological and pathological activities, such as neuronal proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as neuroprotection. It is considered a promising treatment in numerous neurological diseases. Thus, PACAP bears potential as a new therapeutic strategy for stroke treatment. Herein, we provide an overview pertaining to the current knowledge of PACAP, its receptors, and its potential neuroprotective role in the setting of stroke, as well as various mechanisms of neuroprotection involving ionic homeostasis, excitotoxicity, cell edema, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, as well as the route of PACAP administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Fang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Reng Ren
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Shi
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, Yongchuan Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,5Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Qin Lu
- 6Department of Neurosurgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihui Tang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Huang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiping Tang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,7Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - John H Zhang
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,4Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.,7Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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Eneman B, Freson K, van den Heuvel L, van Hoyweghen E, Collard L, Vande Walle J, van Geet C, Levtchenko E. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide deficiency associated with increased platelet count and aggregability in nephrotic syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:755-67. [PMID: 25758343 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) was recently identified as an inhibitor of megakaryopoiesis and platelet aggregability. OBJECTIVE We studied PACAP levels in children with nephrotic syndrome (NS), which is associated with thrombocytosis, platelet hyperaggregability, and an increased risk of thrombosis. PATIENTS/METHODS In four children with congenital NS (CNS) and 24 children with idiopathic NS (INS), plasma and urine levels of PACAP and ceruloplasmin were measured, as were platelet counts and platelet aggregation responses to collagen. In CNS patients, in vitro megakaryopoiesis and nuclear factor-κB expression in platelet lysates were also measured. All tests were performed during the nephrotic state and the non-nephrotic state. RESULTS Urinary losses of PACAP and ceruloplasmin were observed during the nephrotic state, and disappeared during the non-nephrotic state. Plasma PACAP deficiency was more pronounced in CNS patients than in INS patients. Thrombocytosis was observed in all CNS patients and in 11 of 29 INS patients during the nephrotic state. During the PACAP-deficient state, in vitro megakaryopoiesis was increased for CNS patients, and this effect could be reversed by the addition of recombinant PACAP. Platelet hyperaggregability was observed during the nephrotic state in both CNS and INS patients. In INS patients, the addition of recombinant PACAP to patients' platelets was studied, and resulted in decreased aggregation during the nephrotic state. Platelet aggregation correlated inversely with plasma PACAP levels, but not with serum albumin levels. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate urinary losses of PACAP and plasma PACAP deficiency in children with NS, associated with thrombocytosis and platelet hyperaggregability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eneman
- Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, University Hospital of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Reglodi D, Fábián Z, Tamás A, Lubics A, Szeberényi J, Alexy T, Tóth K, Márton Z, Borsiczky B, Rõth E, Szalontay L, Lengvári I. Effects of PACAP on in vitro and in vivo neuronal cell death, platelet aggregation, and production of reactive oxygen radicals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 123:51-9. [PMID: 15518893 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts neuroprotective effects in various in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral pathologies. It has been shown that PACAP protects neurons in rat models of both global and focal ischemia. In the present study, we investigated factors that may play a role in the neuroprotective effects of PACAP. PACAP strongly reduced the anisomycin-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells, which was abolished in a PKA-deficient PC12 cell line (A126). This effect was also observed in vivo, in permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, where the number of TUNEL-positive neurons was significantly reduced in the ischemic core of PACAP-treated animals. Our results show that PACAP has a minor antioxidant effect in a non-cellular in vitro system, and has considerable antioxidant effects in an in vitro red blood cell filtration model. PACAP had no effect on platelet aggregation induced by collagen, ADP or epinephrine. Our results demonstrate that the effects of PACAP on delayed neuronal death may play a significant role in the reduction of the infarct size in vivo, but the antioxidant effect could only be observed at concentrations higher than that used in the model of focal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy (Neurohumoral Regulations Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences), Pécs University Medical Faculty, Szigeti u 12, Pécs 7624, Hungary.
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Freson K, Hashimoto H, Thys C, Wittevrongel C, Danloy S, Morita Y, Shintani N, Tomiyama Y, Vermylen J, Hoylaerts MF, Baba A, Van Geet C. The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide is a physiological inhibitor of platelet activation. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:905-12. [PMID: 15067323 PMCID: PMC362113 DOI: 10.1172/jci19252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide of the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon superfamily. Studies in two related patients with a partial trisomy 18p revealed three copies of the PACAP gene and elevated PACAP concentrations in plasma. The patients suffer from severe mental retardation and have a bleeding tendency with mild thrombocytopenia, and their fibroblasts show increased PACAP mRNA levels. The PACAP receptor (vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide receptor 1 [VPAC1]) in platelets and fibroblasts is coupled to adenylyl cyclase activation. Accordingly, we found increased basal cAMP levels in patients' platelets and fibroblasts, providing a basis for the reduced platelet aggregation in these patients. Megakaryocyte-specific transgenic overexpression of PACAP in mice correspondingly increased PACAP release from platelets, reduced platelet activation, and prolonged the tail bleeding time. In contrast, the PACAP antagonist PACAP(6-38) or a monoclonal PACAP antibody enhanced the collagen-induced aggregation of normal human platelets, and in PACAP knockout mice, an increased platelet sensitivity toward collagen was found. Thus, we found that PACAP modulates platelet function and demonstrated what we believe to be the first hemostatic defect associated with PACAP overexpression; our study suggests the therapeutic potential to manage arterial thrombosis or bleeding by administration of PACAP mimetics or inhibitors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Freson
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Freson K, Hashimoto H, Thys C, Wittevrongel C, Danloy S, Morita Y, Shintani N, Tomiyama Y, Vermylen J, Hoylaerts MF, Baba A, Van Geet C. The pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide is a physiological inhibitor of platelet activation. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200419252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Reglodi D, Tamás A, Somogyvári-Vigh A, Szántó Z, Kertes E, Lénárd L, Arimura A, Lengvári I. Effects of pretreatment with PACAP on the infarct size and functional outcome in rat permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Peptides 2002; 23:2227-34. [PMID: 12535703 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PACAP exerts neuroprotective effects under various neurotoxic conditions in vitro. In vivo, it reduces brain damage after global and transient focal ischemia. The present study investigated whether PACAP has neuroprotective effects when applied before the onset of permanent ischemia. Rats were given bolus injections of PACAP38 intracerebroventricularly, and then underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. The results show that 2 microg of PACAP significantly reduced the infarct size measured 12 and 24h after the onset of ischemia. No further reduction was obtained by a 7-day pretreatment. PACAP also ameliorated certain sensorimotor deficits. Our present study provides further evidence for the neuroprotective effects of PACAP, and implies that it might be a promising preventive therapeutic agent in ameliorating ischemic brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroendocrinology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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