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Hippocampal Noradrenaline Is a Positive Regulator of Spatial Working Memory and Neurogenesis in the Rat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065613. [PMID: 36982688 PMCID: PMC10052298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of noradrenaline (NA)-rich afferents from the Locus Coeruleus (LC) ascending to the hippocampal formation has been reported to dramatically affect distinct aspects of cognitive function, in addition to reducing the proliferation of neural progenitors in the dentate gyrus. Here, the hypothesis that reinstating hippocampal noradrenergic neurotransmission with transplanted LC-derived neuroblasts would concurrently normalize both cognitive performance and adult hippocampal neurogenesis was investigated. Post-natal day (PD) 4 rats underwent selective immunolesioning of hippocampal noradrenergic afferents followed, 4 days later, by the bilateral intrahippocampal implantation of LC noradrenergic-rich or control cerebellar (CBL) neuroblasts. Starting from 4 weeks and up to about 9 months post-surgery, sensory-motor and spatial navigation abilities were evaluated, followed by post-mortem semiquantitative tissue analyses. All animals in the Control, Lesion, Noradrenergic Transplant and Control CBL Transplant groups exhibited normal sensory-motor function and were equally efficient in the reference memory version of the water maze task. By contrast, working memory abilities were seen to be consistently impaired in the Lesion-only and Control CBL-Transplanted rats, which also exhibited a virtually complete noradrenergic fiber depletion and a significant 62–65% reduction in proliferating 5-bromo-2′deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive progenitors in the dentate gyrus. Notably, the noradrenergic reinnervation promoted by the grafted LC, but not cerebellar neuroblasts, significantly ameliorated working memory performance and reinstated a fairly normal density of proliferating progenitors. Thus, LC-derived noradrenergic inputs may act as positive regulators of hippocampus-dependent spatial working memory possibly via the concurrent maintenance of normal progenitor proliferation in the dentate gyrus.
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Koupilová M, Herink J, Krs O. Influencing of Spatial Memory in Rats by DSP-4 and Mescaline. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRALOVE, CZECH REPUBLIC) 2019. [DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2019.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural effects of two experimental neurotoxins, mescaline and DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), on retention of spatial orientation were studied in the T - maze. The stereotaxic administration of both neurotoxins into the selected brain structures was chosen to reveal this effect. The intensity and time course of the neurotoxic effect were dependent on the brain area administered. Nevertheless, the lengthening of the latencies in reaching the goal was generally more marked after mescaline in comparison with DSP-4.
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Dyer-Reaves K, Goodman AM, Nelson AR, McMahon LL. Alpha1-Adrenergic Receptor Mediated Long-Term Depression at CA3-CA1 Synapses Can Be Induced via Accumulation of Endogenous Norepinephrine and Is Preserved Following Noradrenergic Denervation. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:27. [PMID: 31649525 PMCID: PMC6794465 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) provides the sole source of noradrenergic (NA) innervation to hippocampus, and it undergoes significant degeneration early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Norepinephrine (NE) modulates synaptic transmission and plasticity at hippocampal synapses which likely contributes to hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. We previously reported that pharmacological activation of α1 adrenergic receptors (α1ARs) induces long-term depression (LTD) at CA3-CA1 synapses. Here, we investigated whether accumulation of endogenous NE via pharmacological blockade of norepinephrine transporters (NETs) and the NE degradative enzyme, monoamine oxidase (MAO), can induce α1AR LTD, as these inhibitors are used clinically. Further, we sought to determine how degeneration of hippocampal NA innervation, as occurs in AD, impacts α1AR function and α1AR LTD. Bath application of NET and MAO inhibitors in slices from control rats reliably induced α1AR LTD when β adrenergic receptors were inhibited. To induce degeneration of LC-NA innervation, rats were treated with the specific NA neurotoxin DSP-4 and recordings performed 1-3 weeks later when NA axon degeneration had stabilized. Even with 85% loss of hippocampal NA innervation, α1AR LTD was successfully induced using either the α1AR agonist phenylephrine or the combined NET and MAO inhibitors, and importantly, the LTD magnitude was not different from saline-treated control. These data suggest that despite significant decreases in NA input to hippocampus, the mechanisms necessary for the induction of α1AR LTD remain functional. Furthermore, we posit that α1AR activation could be a viable therapeutic target for pharmacological intervention in AD and other diseases involving malfunctions of NA neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Dyer-Reaves
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Anthoni M. Goodman
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Amy R. Nelson
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Lori L. McMahon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology (CDIB), School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Butkovich LM, Houser MC, Tansey MG. α-Synuclein and Noradrenergic Modulation of Immune Cells in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:626. [PMID: 30258347 PMCID: PMC6143806 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology and loss of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) are among the most ubiquitous features of Parkinson's disease (PD). While noradrenergic dysfunction is associated with non-motor symptoms of PD, preclinical research suggests that the loss of LC norepinephrine (NE), and subsequently its immune modulatory and neuroprotective actions, may exacerbate or even accelerate disease progression. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which α-syn pathology and loss of central NE may directly impact brain health by interrupting neurotrophic factor signaling, exacerbating neuroinflammation, and altering regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malú G. Tansey
- Tansey Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Pintus R, Riggi M, Cannarozzo C, Valeri A, de Leo G, Romano M, Gulino R, Leanza G. Essential role of hippocampal noradrenaline in the regulation of spatial working memory and TDP-43 tissue pathology. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1131-1147. [PMID: 29355945 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extensive loss of noradrenaline-containing neurons and fibers is a nearly invariant feature of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). However, the exact noradrenergic contribution to cognitive and histopathological changes in AD is still unclear. Here, this issue was addressed following selective lesioning and intrahippocampal implantation of embryonic noradrenergic progenitors in developing rats. Starting from about 3 months and up to 12 months post-surgery, animals underwent behavioral tests to evaluate sensory-motor, as well as spatial learning and memory, followed by post-mortem morphometric analyses. At 9 months, Control, Lesioned and Lesion + Transplant animals exhibited equally efficient sensory-motor and reference memory performance. Interestingly, working memory abilities were seen severely impaired in Lesion-only rats and fully recovered in Transplanted rats, and appeared partly lost again 2 months after ablation of the implanted neuroblasts. Morphological analyses confirmed the almost total lesion-induced noradrenergic neuronal and terminal fiber loss, the near-normal reinnervation of the hippocampus promoted by the transplants, and its complete removal by the second lesion. Notably, the noradrenergic-rich transplants normalized also the nuclear expression of the transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in various hippocampal subregions, whose cytoplasmic (i.e., pathological) occurrence appeared dramatically increased as a result of the lesions. Thus, integrity of ascending noradrenergic inputs to the hippocampus may be required for the regulation of specific aspects of learning and memory and to prevent TDP-43 tissue pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pintus
- B.R.A.I.N. Lab for Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Margherita Riggi
- B.R.A.I.N. Lab for Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cecilia Cannarozzo
- B.R.A.I.N. Lab for Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Valeri
- B.R.A.I.N. Lab for Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gioacchino de Leo
- B.R.A.I.N. Lab for Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- B.R.A.I.N. Lab for Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giampiero Leanza
- B.R.A.I.N. Lab for Neurogenesis and Repair, Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Hauser J, Reissmann A, Sontag TA, Tucha O, Lange KW. Effects of methylphenidate on attention in Wistar rats treated with the neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4). J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:643-654. [PMID: 28110352 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1679-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP4) on attention in rats as measured using the 5-choice-serial-reaction-time task (5CSRTT) and to investigate whether methylphenidate has effects on DSP4-treated rats. Methylphenidate is a noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitor and commonly used in the pharmacological treatment of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Wistar rats were trained in the 5CSRTT and treated with one of three doses of DSP4 or saline. Following the DSP4 treatment rats were injected with three doses of methylphenidate or saline and again tested in the 5CSRTT. The treatment with DSP4 caused a significant decline of performance in the number of correct responses and a decrease in response accuracy. A reduction in activity could also be observed. Whether or not the cognitive impairments are due to attention deficits or changes in explorative behaviour or activity remains to be investigated. The treatment with methylphenidate had no beneficial effect on the rats' performance regardless of the DSP4 treatment. In the group without DSP4 treatment, methylphenidate led to a reduction in response accuracy and bidirectional effects in regard to parameters related to attention. These findings support the role of noradrenaline in modulating attention and call for further investigations concerning the effects of methylphenidate on attentional processes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Hauser
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reissmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas-A Sontag
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus W Lange
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.
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Gannon M, Che P, Chen Y, Jiao K, Roberson ED, Wang Q. Noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:220. [PMID: 26136654 PMCID: PMC4469831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain noradrenergic system supplies the neurotransmitter norepinephrine throughout the brain via widespread efferent projections, and plays a pivotal role in modulating cognitive activities in the cortex. Profound noradrenergic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has been observed for decades, with recent research suggesting that the locus coeruleus (where noradrenergic neurons are mainly located) is a predominant site where AD-related pathology begins. Mounting evidence indicates that the loss of noradrenergic innervation greatly exacerbates AD pathogenesis and progression, although the precise roles of noradrenergic components in AD pathogenesis remain unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize current findings on noradrenergic dysfunction in AD, as well as to point out deficiencies in our knowledge where more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gannon
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pulin Che
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yunjia Chen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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Reduced tissue levels of noradrenaline are associated with behavioral phenotypes of the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:1934-44. [PMID: 22491352 PMCID: PMC3376325 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Noradrenergic cell loss is well documented in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have measured the tissue levels of catecholamines in an amyloid precursor protein-transgenic 'TgCRND8' mouse model of AD and found reductions in noradrenaline (NA) within hippocampus, temporoparietal and frontal cortices, and cerebellum. An age-related increase in cortical NA levels was observed in non-Tg controls, but not in TgCRND8 mice. In contrast, NA levels declined with aging in the TgCRND8 hippocampus. Dopamine levels were unaffected. Reductions in the tissue content of NA were found to coincide with altered expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and to precede the onset of object memory impairment and behavioral despair. To test whether these phenotypes might be associated with diminished NA, we treated mice with dexefaroxan, an antagonist of presynaptic inhibitory α(2)-adrenoceptors on noradrenergic and cholinergic terminals. Mice 12 weeks of age were infused systemically for 28 days with dexefaroxan or rivastigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Both dexefaroxan and rivastigmine improved TgCRND8 behavioral phenotypes and increased BDNF mRNA expression without affecting amyloid-β peptide levels. Our results highlight the importance of noradrenergic depletion in AD-like phenotypes of TgCRND8 mice.
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Hauser J, Sontag TA, Tucha O, Lange KW. The effects of the neurotoxin DSP4 on spatial learning and memory in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:93-9. [PMID: 22585442 PMCID: PMC3359455 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-012-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of DSP4-induced noradrenaline depletion on learning and memory in a spatial memory paradigm (holeboard). Since Harro et al. Brain Res 976:209–216 (2003) have demonstrated that short-term effects of DSP4 administration include both noradrenaline depletion and changes in dopamine and its metabolites—with the latter vanishing within 4 weeks after the neurotoxic lesion—the behavioural effects observed immediately after DSP4 administration cannot solely be related to noradrenaline. In the present study, spatial learning, reference memory and working memory were therefore assessed 5–10 weeks after DSP4 administration. Our results suggest that the administration of DSP4 did not lead to changes in spatial learning and memory when behavioural assessment was performed after a minimum of 5 weeks following DSP4. This lack of changes in spatial behaviour suggests that the role of noradrenaline regarding these functions may be limited. Future studies will therefore have to take into account the time-course of neurotransmitter alterations and behavioural changes following DSP4 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Hauser
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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10
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Jackisch R, Gansser S, Cassel JC. Noradrenergic denervation facilitates the release of acetylcholine and serotonin in the hippocampus: Towards a mechanism underlying upregulations described in MCI patients? Exp Neurol 2008; 213:345-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Heneka MT, Ramanathan M, Jacobs AH, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Debeir T, Sastre M, Galldiks N, Zimmer A, Hoehn M, Heiss WD, Klockgether T, Staufenbiel M. Locus ceruleus degeneration promotes Alzheimer pathogenesis in amyloid precursor protein 23 transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2006; 26:1343-54. [PMID: 16452658 PMCID: PMC6675491 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4236-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Locus ceruleus (LC) degeneration and loss of cortical noradrenergic innervation occur early in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although this has been known for several decades, the contribution of LC degeneration to AD pathogenesis remains unclear. We induced LC degeneration with N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-bromo-benzylamine (dsp4) in amyloid precursor protein 23 (APP23) transgenic mice with a low amyloid load. Then 6 months later the LC projection areas showed a robust elevation of glial inflammation along with augmented amyloid plaque deposits. Moreover, neurodegeneration and neuronal loss significantly increased. Importantly, the paraventricular thalamus, a nonprojection area, remained unaffected. Radial arm maze and social partner recognition tests revealed increased memory deficits while high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging-guided micro-positron emission tomography demonstrated reduced cerebral glucose metabolism, disturbed neuronal integrity, and attenuated acetylcholinesterase activity. Nontransgenic mice with LC degeneration were devoid of these alterations. Our data demonstrate that the degeneration of LC affects morphology, metabolism, and function of amyloid plaque-containing higher brain regions in APP23 mice. We postulate that LC degeneration substantially contributes to AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Heneka
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Castelino CB, Ball GF. A role for norepinephrine in the regulation of context-dependent ZENK expression in male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:1962-72. [PMID: 15869489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Singing drives expression of the immediate-early gene ZENK in a context-dependent manner in certain nuclei within the avian song circuit of male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). ZENK mRNA expression is low when males are engaged in female- or male-directed song, but high during solo song. Neurotransmitter systems like catecholamines with diffuse projections to forebrain regions are good candidates for regulation of such context-dependent brain activity. We investigated whether the noradrenergic system regulates the dramatic switch in ZENK expression across contexts in male zebra finches. We systemically injected a noradrenergic neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP-4) and found a marked increase in the resultant ZENK expression in area X of the medial striatum in male zebra finches singing directed song. ZENK protein expression in saline-treated males across different contexts mirrored the pattern of previously reported ZENK mRNA expression. We corroborated DSP-4 specificity via immunohistochemical procedures for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta hydroxylase, which revealed decreases in norepinephrine synthesizing nuclei and certain song control nuclei. Based on these results we propose a mechanism by which the noradrenergic system usually downregulates ZENK expression in area X during directed song. By depleting this system we induced a disruption of this regulation and reversion back to the default situation characterized by an increase in motor-driven ZENK expression in the song circuit. These data demonstrate that the noradrenergic system (probably in concert with other modulatory neurotransmitters) plays an important role in the response of the brain to salient events that occur in the context of a natural behavior--singing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Castelino
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Marien MR, Colpaert FC, Rosenquist AC. Noradrenergic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases: a theory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 45:38-78. [PMID: 15063099 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A deficiency in the noradrenergic system of the brain, originating largely from cells in the locus coeruleus (LC), is theorized to play a critical role in the progression of a family of neurodegenerative disorders that includes Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consideration is given here to evidence that several neurodegenerative diseases and syndromes share common elements, including profound LC cell loss, and may in fact be different manifestations of a common pathophysiological process. Findings in animal models of PD indicate that the modification of LC-noradrenergic activity alters electrophysiological, neurochemical and behavioral indices of neurotransmission in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, and influences the response of this system to experimental lesions. In models related to AD, noradrenergic mechanisms appear to play important roles in modulating the activity of the basalocortical cholinergic system and its response to injury, and to modify cognitive functions including memory and attention. Mechanisms by which noradrenaline may protect or promote recovery from neural damage are reviewed, including effects on neuroplasticity, neurotrophic factors, neurogenesis, inflammation, cellular energy metabolism and excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Based on evidence for facilitatory effects on transmitter release, motor function, memory, neuroprotection and recovery of function after brain injury, a rationale for the potential of noradrenergic-based approaches, specifically alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonists, in the treatment of central neurodegenerative diseases is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Marien
- Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Neurobiology I, 17 Avenue Jean Moulin, 81106 Castres Cedex, France.
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Parent MB, Baxter MG. Septohippocampal acetylcholine: involved in but not necessary for learning and memory? Learn Mem 2004; 11:9-20. [PMID: 14747512 PMCID: PMC1668717 DOI: 10.1101/lm.69104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) has been accorded an important role in supporting learning and memory processes in the hippocampus. Cholinergic activity in the hippocampus is correlated with memory, and restoration of ACh in the hippocampus after disruption of the septohippocampal pathway is sufficient to rescue memory. However, selective ablation of cholinergic septohippocampal projections is largely without effect on hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes. We consider the evidence underlying each of these statements, and the contradictions they pose for understanding the functional role of hippocampal ACh in memory. We suggest that although hippocampal ACh is involved in memory in the intact brain, it is not necessary for many aspects of hippocampal memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise B Parent
- Department of Psychology and Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
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Competition between memory systems: acetylcholine release in the hippocampus correlates negatively with good performance on an amygdala-dependent task. J Neurosci 2002. [PMID: 11826146 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.22-03-01171.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the amygdala impair acquisition of a food conditioned place preference (CPP) task. In contrast, lesions of the fornix facilitate acquisition on this task, showing that an intact hippocampal system can interfere with learning an amygdala-dependent task. Our recent findings indicate that acetylcholine (ACh) release in the hippocampus increases while rats perform a hippocampus-dependent spontaneous alternation task. To the extent that ACh output in the hippocampus reflects activation of that brain area in learning and memory, the results obtained with fornix lesions suggest that ACh release in the hippocampus might be negatively correlated with learning on a CPP task. Using in vivo microdialysis, release of ACh was measured in the hippocampus while rats learned and were tested on an amygdala-dependent CPP task and a hippocampus-dependent spontaneous alternation task. Release of ACh in the hippocampus increased when rats were tested on either task. The magnitude of the increase in release of hippocampal ACh was negatively correlated with good performance on the amygdala-dependent CPP task. These findings suggest that ACh release may reflect activation and participation of the hippocampus in learning and memory, but in a manner that can be detrimental to performance on a task dependent on another brain area.
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Coactivation of beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors enhances the induction of long-term potentiation and synergistically activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in the hippocampal CA1 region. J Neurosci 2000. [PMID: 10934239 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.20-16-05924.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between noradrenergic and cholinergic receptor signaling may be important in some forms of learning. To investigate whether noradrenergic and cholinergic receptor interactions regulate forms of synaptic plasticity thought to be involved in memory formation, we examined the effects of concurrent beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation on the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region. Low concentrations of the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO) and the cholinergic receptor agonist carbachol had no effect on the induction of LTP by a brief train of 5 Hz stimulation when applied individually but dramatically facilitated LTP induction when coapplied. Although carbachol did not enhance ISO-induced increases in cAMP, coapplication of ISO and carbachol synergistically activated p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p42 MAPK). This suggests that concurrent beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation enhances LTP induction by activating MAPK and not by additive or synergistic effects on adenylyl cyclase. Consistent with this, blocking MAPK activation with MEK inhibitors suppressed the facilitation of LTP induction produced by concurrent beta-adrenergic and cholinergic receptor activation. Although MEK inhibitors also suppressed the induction of LTP by a stronger 5 Hz stimulation protocol that induced LTP in the absence of ISO and carbachol, they had no effect on LTP induced by high-frequency synaptic stimulation or low-frequency synaptic stimulation paired with postsynaptic depolarization. Our results indicate that MAPK activation has an important, modulatory role in the induction of LTP and suggest that coactivation of noradrenergic and cholinergic receptors regulates LTP induction via convergent effects on MAPK.
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Araki H, Hino N, Karasawa Y, Kawasaki H, Gomita Y. Effect of dopamine blockers on cerebral ischemia-induced hyperactivity in gerbils. Physiol Behav 1999; 66:263-8. [PMID: 10336152 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
When common carotid arteries of Mongolian gerbils were clamped for 5 min, locomotor activity significantly increased the day after the ischemic insult. This hyperactivity induced by cerebral ischemia was evident in both light and dark periods. The significant increases in locomotor activity seen in both periods were noted for 3 and 9 days after occlusion, respectively. Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on the ischemia-induced hyperactivity were investigated the day after the ischemia insult. Haloperidol, sulpiride, and eticlopride, all dopamine D2 receptor antagonists, decreased the ischemia-induced hyperactivity at doses that had no effects on locomotor activity in sham-operated animals. SCH23390, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, had no clear effects on the ischemia-induced hyperactivity. Clozapine, with not so high an affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor decreased the ischemia-induced hyperactivity when given in a relatively high dose. Thus, the ischemia-induced hyperactivity is apparently related to abnormalities in dopaminergic functions, particularly the dopamine D2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Araki
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Okayama University Medical School, Japan.
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