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Zabihihesari A, Hilliker AJ, Rezai P. Fly-on-a-Chip: Microfluidics for Drosophila melanogaster Studies. Integr Biol (Camb) 2020; 11:425-443. [DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The fruit fly or Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a promising model organism in genetics, developmental and behavioral studies as well as in the fields of neuroscience, pharmacology, and toxicology. Not only all the developmental stages of Drosophila, including embryonic, larval, and adulthood stages, have been used in experimental in vivo biology, but also the organs, tissues, and cells extracted from this model have found applications in in vitro assays. However, the manual manipulation, cellular investigation and behavioral phenotyping techniques utilized in conventional Drosophila-based in vivo and in vitro assays are mostly time-consuming, labor-intensive, and low in throughput. Moreover, stimulation of the organism with external biological, chemical, or physical signals requires precision in signal delivery, while quantification of neural and behavioral phenotypes necessitates optical and physical accessibility to Drosophila. Recently, microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices have emerged as powerful tools to overcome these challenges. This review paper demonstrates the role of microfluidic technology in Drosophila studies with a focus on both in vivo and in vitro investigations. The reviewed microfluidic devices are categorized based on their applications to various stages of Drosophila development. We have emphasized technologies that were utilized for tissue- and behavior-based investigations. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions in Drosophila-on-a-chip research, and its integration with other advanced technologies, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Huang Y, Ho CT, Lin Y, Lee C, Ho S, Li M, Hwang E. Nanoimprinted Anisotropic Topography Preferentially Guides Axons and Enhances Nerve Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2018; 18:e1800335. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐An Huang
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Chris T. Ho
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and BioengineeringNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and BioengineeringNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Szu‐Mo Ho
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and BioengineeringNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Chia Li
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio‐devices (IDS2B)National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Eric Hwang
- Department of Biological Science and TechnologyNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and BioengineeringNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems BiologyNational Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio‐devices (IDS2B)National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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Simitzi C, Ranella A, Stratakis E. Controlling the morphology and outgrowth of nerve and neuroglial cells: The effect of surface topography. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:21-52. [PMID: 28069509 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other tissue types, like epithelial tissue, which consist of cells with a much more homogeneous structure and function, the nervous tissue spans in a complex multilayer environment whose topographical features display a large spectrum of morphologies and size scales. Traditional cell cultures, which are based on two-dimensional cell-adhesive culture dishes or coverslips, are lacking topographical cues and mainly simulate the biochemical microenvironment of the cells. With the emergence of micro- and nano-fabrication techniques new types of cell culture platforms are developed, where the effect of various topographical cues on cellular morphology, proliferation and differentiation can be studied. Different approaches (regarding the material, fabrication technique, topographical characteristics, etc.) have been implemented. The present review paper aims at reviewing the existing body of literature on the use of artificial micro- and nano-topographical features to control neuronal and neuroglial cells' morphology, outgrowth and neural network topology. The cell responses-from phenomenology to investigation of the underlying mechanisms- on the different topographies, including both deterministic and random ones, are summarized. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE There is increasing evidence that physical cues, such as topography, can have a significant impact on the neural cell functions. With the aid of micro-and nanofabrication techniques, new types of cell culture platforms are developed and the effect of surface topography on the cells has been studied. The present review article aims at reviewing the existing body of literature reporting on the use of various topographies to study and control the morphology and functions of cells from nervous tissue, i.e. the neuronal and the neuroglial cells. The cell responses-from phenomenology to investigation of the underlying mechanisms- on the different topographies, including both deterministic and random ones, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Simitzi
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - A Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - E Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion 71003, Greece.
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Comparative study of human neuronal and glial cell sensitivity for in vitro neurogenotoxicity testing. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 102:120-128. [PMID: 28174116 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures from neuronal and glial origin have proven to be powerful tools for elucidating cellular and molecular mechanisms of nervous system development and physiology, and as neurotoxicity models to evaluate in vitro the possible effects of chemicals. But cellular heterogeneity of nervous system is considerable and these cells have been shown to respond diversely to neurotoxic insults, leading to disparate results from different studies. To shed more light on suitability of cellular models of nervous origin for neurotoxicity screening, the objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity to genetic damage induction of two nervous cell lines. To this aim, neurons (SH-SY5Y) and glial (A172) cells were treated with differently-acting genotoxic agents (bleomycin, actinomycin-D, methyl methanesulfonate, mitomycin C, and griseofulvin). After discarding cytotoxicity, genotoxicity was evaluated by a battery of assays encompassing detection of different genetic lesions. Results obtained showed that glial cells are generally more resistant to genotoxic damage induced by clastogenic agents, but more sensitive to aneugenic effects. These results highlight the need of proper design of in vitro neurotoxicology studies, especially for neurogenotoxicity screening, emphasizing the importance of employing more than one nervous cell type for testing the potential toxicity of a particular exposure.
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Li W, Tang QY, Jadhav AD, Narang A, Qian WX, Shi P, Pang SW. Large-scale topographical screen for investigation of physical neural-guidance cues. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8644. [PMID: 25728549 DOI: 10.1038/srep08644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A combinatorial approach was used to present primary neurons with a large library of topographical features in the form of micropatterned substrate for high-throughput screening of physical neural-guidance cues that can effectively promote different aspects of neuronal development, including axon and dendritic outgrowth. Notably, the neuronal-guidance capability of specific features was automatically identified using a customized image processing software, thus significantly increasing the screening throughput with minimal subjective bias. Our results indicate that the anisotropic topographies promote axonal and in some cases dendritic extension relative to the isotropic topographies, while dendritic branching showed preference to plain substrates over the microscale features. The results from this work can be readily applied towards engineering novel biomaterials with precise surface topography that can serve as guidance conduits for neuro-regenerative applications. This novel topographical screening strategy combined with the automated processing capability can also be used for high-throughput screening of chemical or genetic regulatory factors in primary neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- 1] Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qing Yuan Tang
- 1] Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Amol D Jadhav
- 1] Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ankit Narang
- 1] Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei Xian Qian
- 1] Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [3] School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Shi
- 1] Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [3] Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Stella W Pang
- 1] Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Center for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
The extreme geometry of neurons spreads the need for mitochondrial functions out irregularly across vast cellular distances. This makes the long-distance transport of mitochondria a critical feature of their function in neurons. Axonal transport of mitochondria has been studied profitably in a variety of in vitro systems, particularly embryonic neurons grown in culture. This has allowed not only detailed motility analysis via light microscopy but also the ability to challenge the system with pharmacological agents and transfection. It does, however, carry caveats about its relevance to events in cells of the intact nervous system. In recent years, it has become possible to observe, quantify, and analyze the behavior of mitochondria within axons of the nervous system of live organisms. Here, we describe how to prepare the Drosophila larva for direct observation of mitochondrial axonal transport and how to gather and analyze motility data from this preparation, using confocal microscopy. This system takes advantage of our ability in Drosophila to express mitochondrially targeted fluorescent proteins in specific neuronal cell types, which allows us to visualize their traffic with ease, and to distinguish anterograde from retrograde traffic. Drosophila genetics also allows the analysis of mutations, gene overexpression, and knockdowns that affect mitochondrial function, including models of neurodegenerative disease. In addition, this preparation allows the visualization of the distribution and morphology of mitochondria in cell bodies within the central nervous system and in synapses. It is also possible to analyze mitochondrial functions other than transport, such as inner membrane potential, using this preparation.
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Moore SW, Sheetz MP. Biophysics of substrate interaction: influence on neural motility, differentiation, and repair. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:1090-101. [PMID: 21739614 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The identity and behavior of a cell is shaped by the molecular and mechanical composition of its surroundings. Molecular cues have firmly established roles in guiding both neuronal fate decisions and the migration of cells and axons. However, there is growing evidence that topographical and rigidity cues in the extracellular environment act synergistically with these molecular cues. Like chemical cues, physical factors do not elicit a fixed response, but rather one that depends on the sensory makeup of the cell. Moreover, from developmental studies and the plasticity of neural tissue, it is evident that there is dynamic feedback between physical and chemical factors to produce the final morphology. Here, we focus on our current understanding of how these physical cues shape cellular differentiation and migration, and discuss their relevance to repairing the injured nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Sherman Fairchild Center, Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Edwards S, Koob GF. Experimental psychiatric illness and drug abuse models: from human to animal, an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 829:31-48. [PMID: 22231805 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal models have supported much of the recent rapid expansion of neuroscience research and have facilitated critical discoveries that undoubtedly benefit patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. This overview serves as an introduction for the following chapters describing both in vivo and in vitro preclinical models of psychiatric disease components and briefly describes models related to drug dependence and affective disorders. Although there are no perfect animal models of any psychiatric disorder, models do exist for many elements of each disease state or stage. In many cases, the development of certain models is essentially restricted to the human clinical laboratory domain for the purpose of maximizing validity, whereas the use of in vitro models may best represent an adjunctive, well-controlled means to model specific signaling mechanisms associated with psychiatric disease states. The data generated by preclinical models are only as valid as the model itself, and the development and refinement of animal models for human psychiatric disorders continues to be an important challenge. Collaborative relationships between basic neuroscience and clinical modeling could greatly benefit the development of new and better models, in addition to facilitating medications development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Edwards
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, Pearson Center for Alcoholism and Addiction Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mercury speciation analysis on cell lines of the human central nervous system to explain genotoxic effects. Microchem J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Mitochondrial membrane potential in axons increases with local nerve growth factor or semaphorin signaling. J Neurosci 2008; 28:8306-15. [PMID: 18701693 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2614-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons concentrate mitochondria at sites in the cell that have a high demand for ATP and/or calcium buffering. To accomplish this, mitochondrial transport and docking are thought to respond to intracellular signaling pathways. However, the cell might also concentrate mitochondrial function by locally modulating mitochondrial activity. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the membrane potential of individual mitochondria throughout the axons of chick sensory neurons using the dye tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM). We found no difference in the TMRM mitochondrial-to-cytoplasmic fluorescence ratio (F(m)/F(c)) among three functionally distinct regions: axonal branch points, distal axons, and the remaining axon shaft. In addition, we found no difference in F(m)/F(c) among stationary, retrogradely moving, or anterogradely moving mitochondria. However, F(m)/F(c) was significantly higher in the lamellipodia of growth cones, and among a small fraction of mitochondria throughout the axon. To identify possible signals controlling membrane potential, we used beads covalently coupled to survival and guidance cues to provide a local stimulus along the axon shaft. NGF- or semaphorin 3A-coupled beads caused a significant increase in F(m)/F(c) in the immediately adjacent region of axon, and this was diminished in the presence of the PI3 (phosphatidylinositol-3) kinase inhibitor LY294002 [2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one] or the MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase inhibitor U0126 (1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-amino-phenylthio]butadiene), demonstrating that signaling pathways downstream of both ligands affect the DeltaPsi(m) of mitochondria. In addition, general inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase activity produced a profound global decrease in F(m)/F(c). Thus, two guidance molecules that exert different effects on growth cone motility both elicit local, receptor-mediated increases in membrane potential.
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Pearce T, Oakes S, Pope R, Williams J. Dynamic control of extracellular environment in in vitro neural recording systems. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2004:4045-8. [PMID: 17271187 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1404129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A technique is presented for rapid fabrication of microfluidic channels on top of multichannel in vitro neural recording electrode arrays. The channels allow dynamic control of transient flow over localized areas of the array. Dorsal root ganglion neurons were integrated into the system. The device was used to demonstrate precise control of the extracellular microenvironment of individual cells on the array. Because the methods presented here are not specific to a particular cell type or neural recording system, the technique is amenable to a wide range of applications within the neuroscience field.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin--Madison, WI, USA
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Chen F, Vitry S, Hocquemiller M, Desmaris N, Ausseil J, Heard JM. alpha-L-Iduronidase transport in neurites. Mol Genet Metab 2006; 87:349-58. [PMID: 16439176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic strategies for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPSI) rely on mannose-6-phosphate receptor-mediated uptake of extracellular alpha-l-iduronidase (IDUA), the missing lysosomal enzyme in this disease, by deficient cells. Intravenously infused recombinant human IDUA does not reach the central nervous system, whereas neuropathology and neurological manifestations are prominent in Hurler syndrome, the most severe and most frequent form of MPSI. The creation of a single intracerebral source of IDUA by gene therapy was proved efficient to deliver enzyme throughout the brain of MPSI mice. IDUA spreading far beyond areas where the enzyme was synthesized suggested transport along neuronal processes. To examine the mechanisms of IDUA spreading in the brain, we constructed a chimeric protein in which GFP is fused at the C-terminus of IDUA. The fusion protein was expressed in rat primary neurons using lentivirus vectors. Fluorescent IDUA retained full catalytic activity including on natural substrates, interacted with mannose-6-phosphate receptors and was appropriately addressed to lysosomes. Fluorescent vesicles were broadly distributed over neuronal soma and processes. Time-lapse fluorescent video-microscopy showed that 54% of fluorescent vesicles exhibited either retrograde or anterograde displacements along neurites. Most moving organelles showed complex movements with frequent direction changes and arrests. Motility depended on microtubule integrity. Efficient axono-dendritic transport of IDUA provides a rationale for gene therapy based on the release of therapeutic enzyme at discrete locations within the central nervous system of patients with severe form of MPSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Chen
- Unité Rétrovirus et Transfert Génétique, INSERM U622, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Pearce TM, Williams JJ, Kruzel SP, Gidden MJ, Williams JC. Dynamic control of extracellular environment in in vitro neural recording systems. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2005; 13:207-12. [PMID: 16003901 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2005.848685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A technique is presented for rapid fabrication of microfluidic channels on top of multichannel in vitro neural recording electrode arrays. The channels allow dynamic control of both stable and transient flow patterns over localized areas of the array, over biologically relevant timescales. A cellular model consisting of thermally sensitive dorsal root ganglion neurons was integrated into the devices. The device was used to demonstrate precise control of the extracellular microenvironment of individual cells on the array. Since the methods presented here are not specific to a particular cell type or neural recording system, the technique is amenable to a wide range of applications within the neuroscience field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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