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Blázquez-Castro A, Fernández-Piqueras J, Santos J. Genetic Material Manipulation and Modification by Optical Trapping and Nanosurgery-A Perspective. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:580937. [PMID: 33072730 PMCID: PMC7530750 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.580937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light can be employed as a tool to alter and manipulate matter in many ways. An example has been the implementation of optical trapping, the so called optical tweezers, in which light can hold and move small objects with 3D control. Of interest for the Life Sciences and Biotechnology is the fact that biological objects in the size range from tens of nanometers to hundreds of microns can be precisely manipulated through this technology. In particular, it has been shown possible to optically trap and move genetic material (DNA and chromatin) using optical tweezers. Also, these biological entities can be severed, rearranged and reconstructed by the combined use of laser scissors and optical tweezers. In this review, the background, current state and future possibilities of optical tweezers and laser scissors to manipulate, rearrange and alter genetic material (DNA, chromatin and chromosomes) will be presented. Sources of undesirable effects by the optical procedure and measures to avoid them will be discussed. In addition, first tentative approaches at cellular-level genetic and organelle surgery, in which genetic material or DNA-carrying organelles are extracted out or introduced into cells, will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Blázquez-Castro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Fernández-Piqueras
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Genome Dynamics and Function Program, Genome Decoding Unit, Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Center (CBMSO), CSIC-Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Research Jiménez Diaz Foundation, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Paiè P, Zandrini T, Vázquez RM, Osellame R, Bragheri F. Particle Manipulation by Optical Forces in Microfluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E200. [PMID: 30424133 PMCID: PMC6187572 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering work of Ashkin and coworkers, back in 1970, optical manipulation gained an increasing interest among the scientific community. Indeed, the advantages and the possibilities of this technique are unsubtle, allowing for the manipulation of small particles with a broad spectrum of dimensions (nanometers to micrometers size), with no physical contact and without affecting the sample viability. Thus, optical manipulation rapidly found a large set of applications in different fields, such as cell biology, biophysics, and genetics. Moreover, large benefits followed the combination of optical manipulation and microfluidic channels, adding to optical manipulation the advantages of microfluidics, such as a continuous sample replacement and therefore high throughput and automatic sample processing. In this work, we will discuss the state of the art of these optofluidic devices, where optical manipulation is used in combination with microfluidic devices. We will distinguish on the optical method implemented and three main categories will be presented and explored: (i) a single highly focused beam used to manipulate the sample, (ii) one or more diverging beams imping on the sample, or (iii) evanescent wave based manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Paiè
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnlogie IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Zandrini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnlogie IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Rebeca Martínez Vázquez
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnlogie IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnlogie IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bragheri
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnlogie IFN-CNR, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy.
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3
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Huang YX, Li L, Yang L, Zhang Y. Technique of laser chromosome welding for chromosome repair and artificial chromosome creation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:1783-1794. [PMID: 29675319 PMCID: PMC5905923 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.001783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a technique of laser chromosome welding that uses a violet pulse laser micro-beam for welding. The technique can integrate any size of a desired chromosome fragment into recipient chromosomes by combining with other techniques of laser chromosome manipulation such as chromosome cutting, moving, and stretching. We demonstrated that our method could perform chromosomal modifications with high precision, speed and ease of use in the absence of restriction enzymes, DNA ligases and DNA polymerases. Unlike the conventional methods such as de novo artificial chromosome synthesis, our method has no limitation on the size of the inserted chromosome fragment. The inserted DNA size can be precisely defined and the processed chromosome can retain its intrinsic structure and integrity. Therefore, our technique provides a high quality alternative approach to directed genetic recombination, and can be used for chromosomal repair, removal of defects and artificial chromosome creation. The technique may also have applicability on the manipulation and extension of large pieces of synthetic DNA.
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Malachowski K, Jamal M, Jin Q, Polat B, Morris C, Gracias DH. Self-folding single cell grippers. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4164-70. [PMID: 24937214 PMCID: PMC4096189 DOI: 10.1021/nl500136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the heterogeneous nature of cultures, tumors, and tissues, the ability to capture, contain, and analyze single cells is important for genomics, proteomics, diagnostics, therapeutics, and surgery. Moreover, for surgical applications in small conduits in the body such as in the cardiovascular system, there is a need for tiny tools that approach the size of the single red blood cells that traverse the blood vessels and capillaries. We describe the fabrication of arrayed or untethered single cell grippers composed of biocompatible and bioresorbable silicon monoxide and silicon dioxide. The energy required to actuate these grippers is derived from the release of residual stress in 3-27 nm thick films, did not require any wires, tethers, or batteries, and resulted in folding angles over 100° with folding radii as small as 765 nm. We developed and applied a finite element model to predict these folding angles. Finally, we demonstrated the capture of live mouse fibroblast cells in an array of grippers and individual red blood cells in untethered grippers which could be released from the substrate to illustrate the potential utility for in vivo operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Malachowski
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United
States
| | - Mustapha Jamal
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United
States
| | - Qianru Jin
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United
States
| | - Beril Polat
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United
States
| | - Christopher
J. Morris
- United
States Army Research Laboratory, Sensors
and Electron Devices Directorate, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - David H. Gracias
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United
States
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5
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Chang WC, Hawkes E, Keller CG, Sretavan DW. Axon repair: surgical application at a subcellular scale. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:151-61. [PMID: 20101712 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the nervous system is a common occurrence after trauma. Severe cases of injury exact a tremendous personal cost and place a significant healthcare burden on society. Unlike some tissues in the body that exhibit self healing, nerve cells that are injured, particularly those in the brain and spinal cord, are incapable of regenerating circuits by themselves to restore neurological function. In recent years, researchers have begun to explore whether micro/nanoscale tools and materials can be used to address this major challenge in neuromedicine. Efforts in this area have proceeded along two lines. One is the development of new nanoscale tissue scaffold materials to act as conduits and stimulate axon regeneration. The other is the use of novel cellular-scale surgical micro/nanodevices designed to perform surgical microsplicing and the functional repair of severed axons. We discuss results generated by these two approaches and hurdles confronting both strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Chang
- Neuroscience and Bioengineering Programs, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Stevenson DJ, Gunn-Moore F, Dholakia K. Light forces the pace: optical manipulation for biophotonics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2010; 15:041503. [PMID: 20799781 DOI: 10.1117/1.3475958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The biomedical sciences have benefited immensely from photonics technologies in the last 50 years. This includes the application of minute forces that enable the trapping and manipulation of cells and single molecules. In terms of the area of biophotonics, optical manipulation has made a seminal contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of single molecules and the microrheology of cells. Here we present a review of optical manipulation, emphasizing its impact on the areas of single-molecule studies and single-cell biology, and indicating some of the key experiments in the fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- David James Stevenson
- University of St Andrews, Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, North Haugh, Fife, United Kingdom.
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7
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Abstract
This chapter briefly review the four major methods of optical trapping: (1) directly on to single cells or groups of cells, (2) directly on to organelles and structures inside of the cell, (3) on to a bead as a "handle" to apply force, and (4) on to a bead that has been coated with an antigen or antibody that is moved to the cell membrane for the purpose of activation of a chemical response (no force is applied to the cell). In addition, this chapter discusses the issue of optimal wavelength selection for trapping and the potential temperature rise within the trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Berns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, USA
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8
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Nelson AR, Allbritton NL, Sims CE. Rapid sampling for single-cell analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Methods Cell Biol 2007; 82:709-22. [PMID: 17586278 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(06)82026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analyses have found increasing importance in biological investigation. Recent technical advances have made it possible to perform chemical separations of cellular constituents at the level of the individual cell. In this chapter, a laser-based method for the rapid sampling of living cells for chemical analysis using capillary electrophoresis is described. The platform technology consists of ultrasensitive laser-induced fluorescence detection in a capillary mated with a microscope integrated with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. This platform provides a flexible system for the development of new single-cell biochemical assays of a variety of intracellular enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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9
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Hormeño S, Arias-Gonzalez JR. Exploring mechanochemical processes in the cell with optical tweezers. Biol Cell 2007; 98:679-95. [PMID: 17105446 DOI: 10.1042/bc20060036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Force and torque, stress and strain or work are examples of mechanical and elastic actions which are intimately linked to chemical reactions in the cell. Optical tweezers are a light-based method which allows the real-time manipulation of single molecules and cells to measure their interactions. We describe the technique, briefly reviewing the operating principles and the potential capabilities to the study of biological processes. Additional emphasis is given to the importance of fluctuations in biology and how single-molecule techniques allow access to them. We illustrate the applications by addressing experimental configurations and recent progresses in molecular and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Hormeño
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Kim JS, Heale JT, Zeng W, Kong X, Krasieva TB, Ball AR, Yokomori K. In situ analysis of DNA damage response and repair using laser microirradiation. Methods Cell Biol 2007; 82:377-407. [PMID: 17586265 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(06)82013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A proper response to DNA damage is critical for the maintenance of genome integrity. However, it is difficult to study the in vivo kinetics and factor requirements of the damage recognition process in mammalian cells. In order to address how the cell reacts to DNA damage, we utilized a second harmonic (532 nm) pulsed Nd:YAG laser to induce highly concentrated damage in a small area in interphase cell nuclei and cytologically analyzed both protein recruitment and modification. Our results revealed for the first time the sequential recruitment of factors involved in two major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), and the cell cycle-specific recruitment of the sister chromatid cohesion complex cohesin to the damage site. In this chapter, the strategy developed to study the DNA damage response using the 532-nm Nd:YAG laser will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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11
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Mohanty SK, Gupta PK. Optical Micromanipulation Methods for Controlled Rotation, Transportation, and Microinjection of Biological Objects. Methods Cell Biol 2007; 82:563-99. [PMID: 17586272 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(06)82020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of laser microtools for rotation and controlled transport of microscopic biological objects and for microinjection of exogenous material in cells is discussed. We first provide a brief overview of the laser tweezers-based methods for rotation or orientation of microscopic objects. Particular emphasis is placed on the methods that are more suitable for the manipulation of biological objects, and the use of these for two-dimensional (2D) and 3D rotations/orientations of intracellular objects is discussed. We also discuss how a change in the shape of a red blood cell (RBC) suspended in hypertonic buffer leads to its rotation when it is optically tweezed. The potential use of this approach for the diagnosis of malaria is also illustrated. The use of a line tweezers having an asymmetric intensity distribution about the center of its major axis for simultaneous transport of microscopic objects, and the successful use of this approach for induction, enhancement, and guidance of neuronal growth cones is presented next. Finally, we describe laser microbeam-assisted microinjection of impermeable drugs into cells and also briefly discuss possible adverse effects of the laser trap or microbeams on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mohanty
- Laser Biomedical Applications and Instrumentation Division, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore 452013, India
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Sretavan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wesley Chang
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elizabeth Hawkes
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Michel Kliot
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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13
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Leary SP, Liu CY, Yu C, Apuzzo ML. Toward the Emergence of Nanoneurosurgery: Part I—Progress in Nanoscience, Nanotechnology, and the Comprehension of Events in the Mesoscale Realm. Neurosurgery 2005. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000181533.17956.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. Leary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charles Y. Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael L.J. Apuzzo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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14
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Kim JS, Krasieva TB, Kurumizaka H, Chen DJ, Taylor AMR, Yokomori K. Independent and sequential recruitment of NHEJ and HR factors to DNA damage sites in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 2005; 170:341-7. [PMID: 16061690 PMCID: PMC2171485 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200411083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage recognition by repair/checkpoint factors is the critical first step of the DNA damage response. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) activate checkpoint signaling and are repaired by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways. However, in vivo kinetics of the individual factor responses and the mechanism of pathway choice are not well understood. We report cell cycle and time course analyses of checkpoint activation by ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and damage site recruitment of the repair factors in response to laser-induced DSBs. We found that MRN acts as a DNA damage marker, continuously localizing at unrepaired damage sites. Damage recognition by NHEJ factors precedes that of HR factors. HR factor recruitment is not influenced by NHEJ factor assembly and occurs throughout interphase. Damage site retention of NHEJ factors is transient, whereas HR factors persist at unrepaired lesions, revealing unique roles of the two pathways in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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15
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Abstract
Optical tweezers use the forces exerted by a strongly focused beam of light to trap and move objects ranging in size from tens of nanometres to tens of micrometres. Since their introduction in 1986, the optical tweezer has become an important tool for research in the fields of biology, physical chemistry and soft condensed matter physics. Recent advances promise to take optical tweezers out of the laboratory and into the mainstream of manufacturing and diagnostics; they may even become consumer products. The next generation of single-beam optical traps offers revolutionary new opportunities for fundamental and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Grier
- Department of Physics, James Franck Institute and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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16
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Galbraith JA, Terasaki M. Controlled damage in thick specimens by multiphoton excitation. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:1808-17. [PMID: 12802057 PMCID: PMC165079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e02-03-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Revised: 12/09/2002] [Accepted: 12/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled damage by light energy has been a valuable tool in studies of cell function. Here, we show that the Ti:Sapphire laser in a multiphoton microscope can be used to cause localized damage within unlabeled cells or tissues at greater depths than previously possible. We show that the damage is due to a multiphoton process and made wounds as small as 1 microm in diameter 20 microm from the surface. A characteristic fluorescent scar allows monitoring of the damage and identifies the wound site in later observations. We were able to lesion a single axon within a bundle of nerves, locally interrupt organelle transport within one axon, cut dendrites in a zebrafish embryo, ablate a mitotic pole in a sea urchin egg, and wound the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope in starfish oocytes. The starfish nucleus collapsed approximately 1 h after wounding, indicating that loss of compartmentation barrier makes the structure unstable; surprisingly, the oocyte still completed meiotic divisions when exposed to maturation hormone, indicating that the compartmentalization and translocation of cdk1 and its regulators is not required for this process. Multiphoton excitation provides a new means for producing controlled damage deep within tissues or living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Galbraith
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Holleran BJ, Barbar E, Payet MD, Dupuis G. Differential recruitment of alpha2beta1 and alpha4beta1 integrins to lipid rafts in Jurkat T lymphocytes exposed to collagen type IV and fibronectin. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:243-52. [PMID: 12554801 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0902439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type IV (CnIV) and fibronectin (Fn) were used as ligands to study the distribution of alpha(2)beta(1) and alpha(4)beta(1) integrins in low-density, detergent-resistant microdomains (DRM) of Jurkat lymphocytes. CnIV-coated microspheres induced (optical trapping) the redistribution of GM(1)-associated fluorescence from the cell periphery to the area of contact. This was not observed in cells treated with beta-methyl cyclodextrin (MCD). Fn- or bovine serum albumin-coated microspheres did not modify the peripheral distribution of fluorescence. These observations were confirmed by confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis of cells exposed to surfaces coated with CnIV revealed that the alpha(2)-subunit was initially present at low levels in DRM, became strongly associated after 40 min, and returned to basal levels after 75 min. Fn induced a slight recruitment of the beta(1)-integrin alpha(4)-subunit in DRM after 5 and 10 min, followed by a return to basal levels. Neither CnIV nor Fn triggered significant changes in the distribution of the beta(1)-subunit in DRM. Fn- and CnIV-coated microspheres or surfaces coated with these ligands triggered a MCD-sensitive mobilization of Ca(2)(+). MCD did not alter the state of the Ca(2)(+) reserves. The differential distributions of the alpha(2)beta(1) and alpha(4)beta(1) integrins in DRM may provide one additional step in the regulation of outside-in signaling involving these integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Holleran
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Graduate Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Center, University of Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada J1H 5N4
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18
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Kim JS, Krasieva TB, LaMorte V, Taylor AMR, Yokomori K. Specific recruitment of human cohesin to laser-induced DNA damage. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:45149-53. [PMID: 12228239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209123200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a conserved multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in sister chromatid cohesion. During interphase, cohesin is required for the establishment of cohesion following DNA replication. Because cohesin mutants resulted in increased sensitivity to DNA damage, a role for cohesin in DNA repair was also suggested. However, it was unclear whether this was due to general perturbation of cohesion or whether cohesin has a specialized role at the damage site. We therefore used a laser microbeam to create DNA damage at discrete sites in the cell nucleus and observed specific in vivo assembly of proteins at these sites by immunofluorescent detection. We observed that human cohesin is recruited to the damage site immediately after damage induction. Analysis of mutant cells revealed that cohesin recruitment to the damage site is dependent on the DNA double-strand break repair factor Mre11/Rad50 but not ATM or Nbs1. Consistently, Mre11/Rad50 and cohesin interact with each other in an interphase-specific manner. This interaction peaks in S/G(2) phase, during which cohesin is recruited to the DNA damage. Our results demonstrate the S/G(2)-specific and Mre11/Rad50-dependent recruitment of human cohesin to DNA damage, suggesting a specialized subfunction for cohesin in cell cycle-specific DNA double strand break repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-1700, USA
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19
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Leitz G, Fällman E, Tuck S, Axner O. Stress response in Caenorhabditis elegans caused by optical tweezers: wavelength, power, and time dependence. Biophys J 2002; 82:2224-31. [PMID: 11916877 PMCID: PMC1302015 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical tweezers have emerged as a powerful technique for micromanipulation of living cells. Although the technique often has been claimed to be nonintrusive, evidence has appeared that this is not always the case. This work presents evidence that near-infrared continuous-wave laser light from optical tweezers can produce stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. A transgenic strain of C. elegans, carrying an integrated heat-shock-responsive reporter gene, has been exposed to laser light under a variety of illumination conditions. It was found that gene expression was most often induced by light of 760 nm, and least by 810 nm. The stress response increased with laser power and irradiation time. At 810 nm, significant gene expression could be observed at 360 mW of illumination, which is more than one order of magnitude above that normally used in optical tweezers. In the 700-760-nm range, the results show that the stress response is caused by photochemical processes, whereas at 810 nm, it mainly has a photothermal origin. These results give further evidence that the 700-760-nm wavelength region is unsuitable for optical tweezers and suggest that work at 810 nm at normal laser powers does not cause stress at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guenther Leitz
- Department of Experimental Physics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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