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Abelha TF, Dreiss CA, Green MA, Dailey LA. Conjugated polymers as nanoparticle probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:592-606. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in emerging bioimaging techniques is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fedatto Abelha
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
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2
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Chattopadhyay PK, Winters AF, Lomas WE, Laino AS, Woods DM. High-Parameter Single-Cell Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:411-430. [PMID: 30699035 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of transcripts and proteins confer function and discriminate cell types in the body. Using high-parameter technologies, we can now measure many of these markers at once, and multiple platforms are now capable of analysis on a cell-by-cell basis. Three high-parameter single-cell technologies have particular potential for discovering new biomarkers, revealing disease mechanisms, and increasing our fundamental understanding of cell biology. We review these three platforms (high-parameter flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and a new class of technologies called integrated molecular cytometry platforms) in this article. We describe the underlying hardware and instrumentation, the reagents involved, and the limitations and advantages of each platform. We also highlight the emerging field of high-parameter single-cell data analysis, providing an accessible overview of the data analysis process and choice of tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip K Chattopadhyay
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Aidan F Winters
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Woodrow E Lomas
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Andressa S Laino
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - David M Woods
- Precision Immunology Laboratory, Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
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Braschi G, Patrignani F, Siroli L, Lanciotti R, Schlueter O, Froehling A. Flow Cytometric Assessment of the Morphological and Physiological Changes of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in Response to Natural Antimicrobial Exposure. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2783. [PMID: 30487788 PMCID: PMC6246641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) or their components represent one of the most promising natural, safe, and feasible alternatives to prevent the growth of food-borne pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli in food matrices. Although antimicrobial properties of EOs and their components are well-documented, limited and fragmented information is available on the changes induced by these compounds, even at sub-lethal concentrations, in the physiological properties of microbial cells. The aim of this study was to explore the morpho-physiological changes of L. monocytogenes Scott A and E. coli MG 1655 induced after 1 h exposure to different sub-lethal and lethal concentrations of citral, carvacrol, (E)-2-hexenal, and thyme EO. For this purpose, different cell viability parameters such as membrane integrity, esterase activity, and cytoplasmic cell membrane potential were measured by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric data revealed specific response patterns in relation to the strain, the natural antimicrobial and its concentrations. Both the target microbial strains showed an increased cell membrane permeabilization without a loss of esterase activity and cell membrane potential with increasing citral, carvacrol and thyme EO concentrations. By contrast, (E)-2-hexenal did not significantly affect the measured physiological properties of L. monocytogenes Scott A and E. coli MG 1655. The used approach allowed identifying the most effective natural antimicrobials in relation to the microbial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Braschi
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Francesca Patrignani
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Siroli
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Rosalba Lanciotti
- Campus Food Science, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Oliver Schlueter
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antje Froehling
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Potsdam, Germany
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Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. In vitro assays and techniques utilized in anticancer drug discovery. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:38-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Colombo; Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; University of Colombo; Colombo 03 Sri Lanka
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Fröhling A, Schlüter O. Flow cytometric evaluation of physico-chemical impact on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:939. [PMID: 26441874 PMCID: PMC4585319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since heat sensitivity of fruits and vegetables limits the application of thermal inactivation processes, new emerging inactivation technologies have to be established to fulfill the requirements of food safety without affecting the produce quality. The efficiency of inactivation treatments has to be ensured and monitored. Monitoring of inactivation effects is commonly performed using traditional cultivation methods which have the disadvantage of the time span needed to obtain results. The aim of this study was to compare the inactivation effects of peracetic acid (PAA), ozonated water (O3), and cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP) on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using flow cytometric methods. E. coli cells were completely depolarized after treatment (15 s) with 0.25% PAA at 10°C, and after treatment (10 s) with 3.8 mg l(-1) O3 at 12°C. The membrane potential of CAPP treated cells remained almost constant at an operating power of 20 W over a time period of 3 min, and subsequently decreased within 30 s of further treatment. Complete membrane permeabilization was observed after 10 s O3 treatment, but treatment with PAA and CAPP did not completely permeabilize the cells within 2 and 4 min, respectively. Similar results were obtained for esterase activity. O3 inactivates cellular esterase but esterase activity was detected after 4 min CAPP treatment and 2 min PAA treatment. L. innocua cells and P. carotovorum cells were also permeabilized instantaneously by O3 treatment at concentrations of 3.8 ± 1 mg l(-1). However, higher membrane permeabilization of L. innocua and P. carotovorum than of E. coli was observed at CAPP treatment of 20 W. The degree of bacterial damage due to the inactivation processes is highly dependent on treatment parameters as well as on treated bacteria. Important information regarding the inactivation mechanisms can be obtained by flow cytometric measurements and this enables the definition of critical process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Fröhling
- Quality and Safety of Food and Feed, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim e.V.Potsdam, Germany
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Johnson S, Nguyen V, Coder D. Assessment of cell viability. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2013; Chapter 9:9.2.1-9.2.26. [PMID: 23546778 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0902s64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell viability may be judged by morphological changes or by changes in membrane permeability and/or physiological state inferred from the exclusion of certain dyes or the uptake and retention of others. This unit presents methods based on dye exclusion, esterase activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as protocols for determining the pre-fixation viability of fixed cells either before or after fixation with amine-reactive dyes suitable for a range of excitation wavelengths. Membrane-impermeable dead cell and live cell dyes as well as dye-exclusion procedures for microscopy are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Johnson
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Vy Nguyen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Abstract
The development of quantum dot (QD) technology represents one of the most dramatic advances in flow cytometry history, offering the opportunity for highly multiplexed experiments and allowing better resolution of dimly staining markers. Here, we guide users through the technical aspects of using QDs (including instrumentation and antibody conjugation), demonstrate why QDs are useful in multicolor flow cytometry, and describe some of the challenges investigators may face when adopting this technology.
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Lai S, Chang X, Tian L, Wang S, Bai Y, Zhai Y. Fluorometric determination of DNA using nano-SiO2 particles as an effective dispersant and stabilizer for acridine orange. Mikrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-006-0669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Uy JL, Asbury CL, Petersen TW, van den Engh G. The polarization of fluorescence of DNA stains depends on the incorporation density of the dye molecules. Cytometry A 2004; 61:18-25. [PMID: 15351985 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fluorescence induced by polarized light sources, such as the lasers that are used in flow cytometry, is often polarized and anisotropic. In addition, most optical detector systems are sensitive to the direction of polarization. These two factors influence the accuracy of fluorescence intensity measurements. The intensity of two light sources can be compared only if all details of the direction and degree of polarization are known. In a previous study, we observed that fluorescence polarization might be modified by dye-dye interactions. This report further investigates the role of dye density in fluorescence polarization anisotropy. METHODS We measured the polarization distribution of samples stained with commonly used DNA dyes. To determine the role of fluorophore proximity, we compared the monomeric and a dimeric form of the DNA dyes ethidium bromide (EB), thiazole orange (TO), and oxazole yellow (YO). RESULTS In all dyes sampled, fluorescence polarization is less at high dye concentrations than at low concentrations. The monomeric dyes exhibit a higher degree of polarization than the dimeric dyes of the same species. CONCLUSIONS The polarization of fluorescence from DNA dyes is related to the density of incorporation into the DNA helix. Energy transfer between molecules that are in close proximity loosens the linkage between the excitation and emission dipoles, thereby reducing the degree of polarization of the emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne L Uy
- Cell Sorting Facility, Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Lyles MB, Cameron IL. Interactions of the DNA intercalator acridine orange, with itself, with caffeine, and with double stranded DNA. Biophys Chem 2002; 96:53-76. [PMID: 11975993 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF) inhibits the intercalation of acridine orange (AO) into cellular DNA. Optical absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to determine the molecular interactions of AO with itself, with CAF, and with double stranded herring sperm DNA (dsDNA). AO dimerization was observed at concentrations >2 micromol. The sharp increase in fluorescence (lambda(em)=530 nm) at 5 micromol of AO was attributed to AO multimer formation. From 0.5 to 5.0 micromol, the AO self-association binding constant (K(assoc)) was determined to be 38620 mol(-1), however, the presence of 150 mmol NaCl increased K(assoc) to 118000 mol(-1) attributed to the charge neutralization. The K(assoc) for AO with CAF was confirmed to be 256 mol(-1). K(assoc) for the binding of AO with 20 micromol DNA ranged from, 32000 mol(-1) at 2 micromol AO, to approximately 3700 mol(-1) at 10 micromol AO, in the absence of NaCl. This AO concentration dependency of K(assoc) value with DNA was attributed to AO intercalation into dsDNA at high dsDNA/AO ratios, and electrostatic binding of AO to dsDNA at low AO ratios. The findings provide information used to explain fluorescence intensity values at lambda(em) at 530 nm from studies that combine AO, caffeine, and dsDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Lyles
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, 78229-3900, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Coder
- University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington
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Zheng B, Wu JN, Schober W, Lewis DE, Vida T. Isolation of yeast mutants defective for localization of vacuolar vital dyes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:11721-6. [PMID: 9751732 PMCID: PMC21707 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An application of flow cytometric sorting is used for isolation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants that mislocalize vacuolar vital dyes. This screen is based on the ability of a lipophilic styryl compound, N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(6-(4-(diethylamino)phenyl)hexatrie nyl )pyridinium dibromide (FM4-64), to label endocytic intermediates from the plasma membrane to the vacuole membrane at 15 degreesC. Cells stained at 15 degreesC for both FM4-64 and carboxydichlorofluorescein diacetate (a vacuolar luminal vital stain), had a pronounced shift in red/green fluorescence from cells stained at 30 degrees or 38 degreesC. Flow cytometric selection based on this characteristic shift allowed the isolation of 16 mutants. These comprised 12 complementation groups, which we have designated SVL for styryl dye vacuolar localization. These groups were put into three classes. Class I mutants contain very large vacuoles; class II mutants have very fragmented vacuoles; and class III mutants show the strongest svl phenotype with punctate/diffuse FM4-64 staining. Limited genetic overlap was observed with previously isolated mutants, namely svl2/vps41, svl6/vps16, and svl7/fab1. The remaining svl mutants appear to represent novel genes, two of which showed temperature-sensitive vacuole staining morphology. Another mutant, svl8, displayed defects in uptake and sorting of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Our flow cytometric strategy may be useful for isolation of other mutants where mislocalization of fluorescent compounds can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zheng
- Department of Integrative Biology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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