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Baehr W, Hanke-Gogokhia C, Sharif A, Reed M, Dahl T, Frederick JM, Ying G. Insights into photoreceptor ciliogenesis revealed by animal models. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 71:26-56. [PMID: 30590118 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photoreceptors are polarized neurons, with very specific subcellular compartmentalization and unique requirements for protein expression and trafficking. Each photoreceptor contains an outer segment, the site of photon capture that initiates vision, an inner segment that houses the biosynthetic machinery and a synaptic terminal for signal transmission to downstream neurons. Outer segments and inner segments are connected by a connecting cilium (CC), the equivalent of a transition zone (TZ) of primary cilia. The connecting cilium is part of the basal body/axoneme backbone that stabilizes the outer segment. This report will update the reader on late developments in photoreceptor ciliogenesis and transition zone formation, specifically in mouse photoreceptors, focusing on early events in photoreceptor ciliogenesis. The connecting cilium, an elongated and narrow structure through which all outer segment proteins and membrane components must traffic, functions as a gate that controls access to the outer segment. Here we will review genes and their protein products essential for basal body maturation and for CC/TZ genesis, sorted by phenotype. Emphasis is given to naturally occurring mouse mutants and gene knockouts that interfere with CC/TZ formation and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Christin Hanke-Gogokhia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ali Sharif
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Michelle Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Tiffanie Dahl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Guoxin Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
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Masyukova SV, Landis DE, Henke SJ, Williams CL, Pieczynski JN, Roszczynialski KN, Covington JE, Malarkey EB, Yoder BK. A Screen for Modifiers of Cilia Phenotypes Reveals Novel MKS Alleles and Uncovers a Specific Genetic Interaction between osm-3 and nphp-4. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005841. [PMID: 26863025 PMCID: PMC4749664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a ciliopathy in which genetic modifiers may underlie the variable penetrance of clinical features. To identify modifiers, a screen was conducted on C. elegans nphp-4(tm925) mutants. Mutations in ten loci exacerbating nphp-4(tm925) ciliary defects were obtained. Four loci have been identified, three of which are established ciliopathy genes mks-1, mks-2, and mks-5. The fourth allele (yhw66) is a missense mutation (S316F) in OSM-3, a kinesin required for cilia distal segment assembly. While osm-3(yhw66) mutants alone have no overt cilia phenotype, nphp-4(tm925);osm-3(yhw66) double mutants lack distal segments and are dye-filling (Dyf) and osmotic avoidance (Osm) defective, similar to osm-3(mn357) null mutants. In osm-3(yhw66) mutants anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) velocity is reduced. Furthermore, expression of OSM-3(S316F)::GFP reduced IFT velocities in nphp-4(tm925) mutants, but not in wild type animals. In silico analysis indicates the S316F mutation may affect a phosphorylation site. Putative phospho-null OSM-3(S316F) and phospho-mimetic OSM-3(S316D) proteins accumulate at the cilia base and tip respectively. FRAP analysis indicates that the cilia entry rate of OSM-3(S316F) is slower than OSM-3 and that in the presence of OSM-3(S316F), OSM-3 and OSM-3(S316D) rates decrease. In the presence OSM-3::GFP or OSM-3(S316D)::GFP, OSM-3(S316F)::tdTomato redistributes along the cilium and accumulates in the cilia tip. OSM-3(S316F) and OSM-3(S316D) are functional as they restore cilia distal segment formation in osm-3(mn357) null mutants; however, only OSM-3(S316F) rescues the osm-3(mn357) null Dyf phenotype. Despite rescue of cilia length in osm-3(mn357) null mutants, neither OSM-3(S316F) nor OSM-3(S316D) restores ciliary defects in nphp-4(tm925);osm-3(yhw66) double mutants. Thus, these OSM-3 mutations cause NPHP-4 dependent and independent phenotypes. These data indicate that in addition to regulating cilia protein entry or exit, NPHP-4 influences localization and function of a distal ciliary kinesin. Moreover, data suggest human OSM-3 homolog (Kif17) could act as a modifying locus affecting disease penetrance or expressivity in NPHP patients. Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is a genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy that has minimal genotype-phenotype correlation. The cause of this variation is not known, but could result from additional mutations in the patients’ backgrounds capable of modifying the phenotype. To identify candidate NPHP modifying loci, we conducted an enhancer mutagenesis screen using C. elegans nphp-4(tm925) mutants. Mutations in ten loci were obtained that severely exacerbated the cilia defects in the nphp-4(tm925) mutants, but importantly, had minimal defects in the absence of the nphp-4 mutation. Here we identified four of these loci, each encoding a cilia protein. Three mutations are in known ciliopathy genes, mks-1, mks-2 and mks-5. The fourth allele is a missense (S316F) mutation in OSM-3, a kinesin required for distal cilia assembly and is the sole kinesin responsible for intraflagellar transport along the cilia distal segment in C. elegans. The osm-3(yhw66) mutation affects a putative phosphorylation site that is important for OSM-3 localization, movement, and function, largely in an nphp-4 dependent manner. These data establish a genetic interaction between osm-3 and nphp-4 that regulates kinesin activity and localization and raises the possibility that mutations in Kif17, the mammalian homolog of osm-3, may influence the phenotypes in human NPHP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V. Masyukova
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Dawn E. Landis
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Scott J. Henke
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Corey L. Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jay N. Pieczynski
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kelly N. Roszczynialski
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jannese E. Covington
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Erik B. Malarkey
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Jiang L, Tam BM, Ying G, Wu S, Hauswirth WW, Frederick JM, Moritz OL, Baehr W. Kinesin family 17 (osmotic avoidance abnormal-3) is dispensable for photoreceptor morphology and function. FASEB J 2015; 29:4866-80. [PMID: 26229057 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, homodimeric [kinesin family (KIF) 17, osmotic avoidance abnormal-3 (OSM-3)] and heterotrimeric (KIF3) kinesin-2 motors are required to establish sensory cilia by intraflagellar transport (IFT) where KIF3 and KIF17 cooperate to build the axoneme core and KIF17 builds the distal segments. However, the function of KIF17 in vertebrates is unresolved. We expressed full-length and motorless KIF17 constructs in mouse rod photoreceptors using adeno-associated virus in Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors using a transgene and in ciliated IMCD3 cells. We found that tagged KIF17 localized along the rod outer segment axoneme when expressed in mouse and X. laevis photoreceptors, whereas KIF3A was restricted to the proximal axoneme. Motorless KIF3A and KIF17 mutants caused photoreceptor degeneration, likely through dominant negative effects on IFT. KIF17 mutant lacking the motor domain translocated to nuclei after exposure of a C-terminal nuclear localization signal. Germ-line deletion of Kif17 in mouse did not affect photoreceptor function. A rod-specific Kif3/Kif17 double knockout mouse demonstrated that KIF17 and KIF3 do not act synergistically and did not prevent rhodopsin trafficking to rod outer segments. In summary, the nematode model of KIF3/KIF17 cooperation apparently does not apply to mouse photoreceptors in which the photosensory cilium is built exclusively by KIF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Beatrice M Tam
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Guoxing Ying
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Sen Wu
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William W Hauswirth
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Orson L Moritz
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Wong-Riley MTT, Besharse JC. The kinesin superfamily protein KIF17: one protein with many functions. Biomol Concepts 2012; 3:267-282. [PMID: 23762210 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2011-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins are ATP-dependent molecular motors that carry cargos along microtubules, generally in an anterograde direction. They are classified into 14 distinct families with varying structural and functional characteristics. KIF17 is a member of the kinesin-2 family that is plus end-directed. It is a homodimer with a pair of head motor domains that bind microtubules, a coiled-coil stalk, and a tail domain that binds cargos. In neurons, KIF17 transports N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit, kainate receptor GluR5, and potassium Kv4.2 channels from cell bodies exclusively to dendrites. These cargos are necessary for synaptic transmission, learning, memory, and other functions. KIF17's interaction with NXF2 enables the transport of mRNA bidirectionally in dendrites. KIF17 or its homolog OSM-3 also mediates intraflagellar transport of cargos to the distal tips of flagella or cilia, thereby aiding in ciliogenesis. In many invertebrate and vertebrate sensory cells, KIF17 delivers cargos that contribute to chemosensory perception and signal transduction. In vertebrate photoreceptors, KIF17 is necessary for outer segment development and disc morphogenesis. In the testis, KIF17 (KIF17b) mediates microtubule-independent delivery of ACT from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and microtubule-dependent transport of Spatial-ε, both are presumably involved in spermatogenesis. KIF17 is also implicated in epithelial polarity and morphogenesis, placental transport and development, and the development of specific brain regions. The transcriptional regulation of KIF17 has recently been found to be mediated by nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), which also regulates NR2B as well as energy metabolism in neurons. Dysfunctions of KIF17 are linked to a number of pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T T Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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