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Tire B, Talibova G, Ozturk S. The crosstalk between telomeres and DNA repair mechanisms: an overview to mammalian somatic cells, germ cells, and preimplantation embryos. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:277-291. [PMID: 38165506 PMCID: PMC10894803 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-03008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are located at the ends of linear chromosomes and play a critical role in maintaining genomic stability by preventing premature activation of DNA repair mechanisms. Because of exposure to various genotoxic agents, telomeres can undergo shortening and genetic changes. In mammalian cells, the basic DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, double-strand break repair, and mismatch repair, function in repairing potential damages in telomeres. If these damages are not repaired correctly in time, the unfavorable results such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and cancerous transition may occur. During lifespan, mammalian somatic cells, male and female germ cells, and preimplantation embryos experience a number of telomeric damages. Herein, we comprehensively reviewed the crosstalk between telomeres and the DNA repair mechanisms in the somatic cells, germ cells, and embryos. Infertility development resulting from possible defects in this crosstalk is also discussed in the light of existing studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Tire
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Gunel Talibova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Saffet Ozturk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Campus, 07070, Antalya, Turkey.
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2
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Lanna A, Vaz B, D'Ambra C, Valvo S, Vuotto C, Chiurchiù V, Devine O, Sanchez M, Borsellino G, Akbar AN, De Bardi M, Gilroy DW, Dustin ML, Blumer B, Karin M. An intercellular transfer of telomeres rescues T cells from senescence and promotes long-term immunological memory. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1461-1474. [PMID: 36109671 PMCID: PMC7613731 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The common view is that T lymphocytes activate telomerase to delay senescence. Here we show that some T cells (primarily naïve and central memory cells) elongated telomeres by acquiring telomere vesicles from antigen-presenting cells (APCs) independently of telomerase action. Upon contact with these T cells, APCs degraded shelterin to donate telomeres, which were cleaved by the telomere trimming factor TZAP, and then transferred in extracellular vesicles at the immunological synapse. Telomere vesicles retained the Rad51 recombination factor that enabled telomere fusion with T-cell chromosome ends lengthening them by an average of ~3,000 base pairs. Thus, there are antigen-specific populations of T cells whose ageing fate decisions are based on telomere vesicle transfer upon initial contact with APCs. These telomere-acquiring T cells are protected from senescence before clonal division begins, conferring long-lasting immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lanna
- Sentcell UK Laboratories, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Experimental and Translational Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Bruno Vaz
- Sentcell UK Laboratories, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Clara D'Ambra
- Sentcell UK Laboratories, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Vuotto
- Experimental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Resolution of Neuroinflammation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Oliver Devine
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Arne N Akbar
- Department of Experimental and Translational Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco De Bardi
- NeuroImmunology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Department of Experimental and Translational Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brendan Blumer
- Block.one, George Town, Cayman Islands
- Block.one, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, University California, San Diego, CA, USA
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3
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Carey A, Niedernhofer L, Camell C. Telomeres are a life-extending gift. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1449-1450. [PMID: 36168042 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carey
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laura Niedernhofer
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Christina Camell
- Institute on the Biology of Aging and Metabolism, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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4
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Klebe S, Hocking AJ, Soeberg M, Leigh J. The Significance of Short Latency in Mesothelioma for Attribution of Causation: Report of a Case with Predisposing Germline Mutations and Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413310. [PMID: 34948918 PMCID: PMC8702130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a tumour of the serosal membranes, related to asbestos exposure. Median latency is in the order of 40 years in various registries, but small numbers of cases with shorter latencies have long been reported and often dismissed as unrelated to asbestos exposure. However, emerging data regarding the significance of inherited mutations leading to a predisposition to mesothelioma suggest that the causative effect of asbestos may be associated with shorter latencies in a subset of patients. Here, we describe a male patient with germline mutations in RAD51 and p53 who developed peritoneal mesothelioma 8.5 years after well-documented asbestos exposure and discuss the current literature on the subject. Mesothelioma in situ is now a WHO-accepted diagnosis, but preliminary data reveal a potential lead time of 5 or more years to invasive disease, and this is also a factor which may affect the recording of latency (and potentially survival) in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, SA Pathology at Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashleigh J. Hocking
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Matthew Soeberg
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia; (M.S.); (J.L.)
| | - James Leigh
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia; (M.S.); (J.L.)
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5
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Tarazón E, Pérez-Carrillo L, Giménez-Escamilla I, Ramos-Castellanos P, Martínez-Dolz L, Portolés M, Roselló-Lletí E. Relationships of Telomere Homeostasis with Oxidative Stress and Cardiac Dysfunction in Human Ischaemic Hearts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111750. [PMID: 34829621 PMCID: PMC8615212 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the roles of telomeres and oxidative stress in ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) are known, mechanisms of telomere homeostasis and their relationship with oxidative stress are incompletely understood. We performed two RNA-seq analyses (mRNA n = 23; ncRNA n = 30) and protein validation on left ventricles of explanted hearts from ICM and control subjects. We observed dysregulation of the shelterin and cohesin complexes, which was related to an increase in the response to cellular oxidative stress. Moreover, we found alterations at mRNA level in the mechanisms of telomeric DNA repair. Specifically, increased RAD51D mRNA levels were correlated with left ventricular diameters. RAD51D protein levels were unaltered, however, and were inversely corelated with the miR-103a-3p upregulation. We also observed the overexpression of lncRNAs (TERRA and GUARDIN) involved in telomere protection in response to stress and alterations in their regulatory molecules. Expression of the TERRA transcription factor ATF7 was correlated with superoxide dismutase 1 expression and left ventricular diameters. The levels of GUARDIN and its transcription factor FOSL2 were correlated with those of catalase. Therefore, we showed specific alterations in the mechanisms of telomeric DNA repair and protection, and these alterations are related to an increase in the response mechanisms to oxidative stress and cardiac dysfunction in ICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Tarazón
- Myocardial Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.-C.); (I.G.-E.); (P.R.-C.); (L.M.-D.); (M.P.)
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (E.R.-L.); Tel.: +34-96-124-66-44 (E.T. & E.R.-L.)
| | - Lorena Pérez-Carrillo
- Myocardial Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.-C.); (I.G.-E.); (P.R.-C.); (L.M.-D.); (M.P.)
| | - Isaac Giménez-Escamilla
- Myocardial Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.-C.); (I.G.-E.); (P.R.-C.); (L.M.-D.); (M.P.)
| | - Pablo Ramos-Castellanos
- Myocardial Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.-C.); (I.G.-E.); (P.R.-C.); (L.M.-D.); (M.P.)
| | - Luis Martínez-Dolz
- Myocardial Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.-C.); (I.G.-E.); (P.R.-C.); (L.M.-D.); (M.P.)
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Heart Failure and Transplantation Unit, Cardiology Department, University and Polytechnic La Fe Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Portolés
- Myocardial Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.-C.); (I.G.-E.); (P.R.-C.); (L.M.-D.); (M.P.)
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Roselló-Lletí
- Myocardial Dysfunction and Cardiac Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.P.-C.); (I.G.-E.); (P.R.-C.); (L.M.-D.); (M.P.)
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, C/Monforte de Lemos 3–5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (E.R.-L.); Tel.: +34-96-124-66-44 (E.T. & E.R.-L.)
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Ghaderi-Zefrehi H, Rezaei M, Sadeghi F, Heiat M. Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and hepatocellular carcinoma risk. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103196. [PMID: 34416543 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent types of tumors worldwide. Its occurrence and development have been related to various risk factors, such as chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses and alcohol addiction. DNA repair systems play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the genome. Defects in these systems have been related to increased susceptibility to various types of cancer. Multiple genetic polymorphisms in genes of DNA repair systems have been reported that may affect DNA repair capacity (DRC) and modulate risk to cancer. Several studies have been conducted to assess the role of polymorphisms of DNA repair genes on the HCC risk. Identifying these polymorphisms and their association with HCC risk may help to improve prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, we review investigations that evaluated the association between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and risk of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghaderi-Zefrehi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Hernandez Sanchez-Rebato M, Bouatta AM, Gallego ME, White CI, Da Ines O. RAD54 is essential for RAD51-mediated repair of meiotic DSB in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1008919. [PMID: 34003859 PMCID: PMC8162660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential component of the homologous recombination machinery in eukaryotes, the RAD54 protein is a member of the SWI2/SNF2 family of helicases with dsDNA-dependent ATPase, DNA translocase, DNA supercoiling and chromatin remodelling activities. It is a motor protein that translocates along dsDNA and performs multiple functions in homologous recombination. In particular, RAD54 is an essential cofactor for regulating RAD51 activity. It stabilizes the RAD51 nucleofilament, remodels nucleosomes, and stimulates the homology search and strand invasion activities of RAD51. Accordingly, deletion of RAD54 has dramatic consequences on DNA damage repair in mitotic cells. In contrast, its role in meiotic recombination is less clear. RAD54 is essential for meiotic recombination in Drosophila and C. elegans, but plays minor roles in yeast and mammals. We present here characterization of the roles of RAD54 in meiotic recombination in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Absence of RAD54 has no detectable effect on meiotic recombination in otherwise wild-type plants but RAD54 becomes essential for meiotic DSB repair in absence of DMC1. In Arabidopsis, dmc1 mutants have an achiasmate meiosis, in which RAD51 repairs meiotic DSBs. Lack of RAD54 leads to meiotic chromosomal fragmentation in absence of DMC1. The action of RAD54 in meiotic RAD51 activity is thus mainly downstream of the role of RAD51 in supporting the activity of DMC1. Equivalent analyses show no effect on meiosis of combining dmc1 with the mutants of the RAD51-mediators RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2. RAD54 is thus required for repair of meiotic DSBs by RAD51 and the absence of meiotic phenotype in rad54 plants is a consequence of RAD51 playing a RAD54-independent supporting role to DMC1 in meiotic recombination. Homologous recombination is a universal pathway which repairs broken DNA molecules through the use of homologous DNA templates. It is both essential for maintenance of genome stability and for the generation of genetic diversity through sexual reproduction. A central step of the homologous recombination process is the search for and invasion of a homologous, intact DNA sequence that will be used as template. This key step is catalysed by the RAD51 recombinase in somatic cells and RAD51 and DMC1 in meiotic cells, assisted by a number of associated factors. Among these, the chromatin-remodelling protein RAD54 is a required cofactor for RAD51 in mitotic cells. Understanding of its role during meiotic recombination however remains elusive. We show here that RAD54 is required for repair of meiotic double strand breaks by RAD51 in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and this function is downstream of the meiotic role of RAD51 in supporting the activity of DMC1. These results provide new insights into the regulation of the central step of homologous recombination in plants and very probably also other multicellular eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernandez Sanchez-Rebato
- Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6293 CNRS, U1103 INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alida M Bouatta
- Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6293 CNRS, U1103 INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maria E Gallego
- Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6293 CNRS, U1103 INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charles I White
- Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6293 CNRS, U1103 INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Olivier Da Ines
- Institut Génétique Reproduction et Développement (iGReD), Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 6293 CNRS, U1103 INSERM, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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8
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D'Amico AM, Vasquez KM. The multifaceted roles of DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 99:103049. [PMID: 33529944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms for genomic maintenance (i.e., DNA repair and DNA replication) are crucial for cell survival. Aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of genomic maintenance proteins/pathways and are significant risk factors for the development of cancer, metabolic disorders, and other genetic diseases. Mutations in genes that code for proteins involved in DNA repair and DNA replication can also exacerbate aging- and obesity-related disorders and lead to the development of progeroid diseases. In this review, we will discuss the roles of various DNA repair and replication proteins in aging and obesity as well as investigate the possible mechanisms by which aging and obesity can lead to the dysregulation of these proteins and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M D'Amico
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA
| | - Karen M Vasquez
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, TX, 78723, USA.
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Yang C, Arnold AG, Catchings A, Rai V, Stadler ZK, Zhang L. The RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant disrupts normal splicing and is associated with hereditary ovarian cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 185:869-877. [PMID: 33452952 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-06066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in RAD51D are associated with a predisposition to primary ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinoma. Our study aims to characterize a RAD51D missense variant in a hereditary ovarian cancer family. METHODS The effects of the RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant on mRNA splicing were evaluated and characterized using RT-PCR, cloning and DNA sequencing. RESULTS This variant completely disrupts normal splicing and results in the loss of 3'end of 5'UTR and the entire exon 1 (c.-86_c.82), which presumably leads to loss of the RAD51D protein. The RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant is clinically significant and classified as likely pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the RAD51D c.82G>A (p.Val28Met) variant contributes to cancer predisposition through disruption of normal mRNA splicing. The identification of this variant in an individual affected with high-grade serous fallopian tube cancer suggests that the RAD51D variant may contribute to predisposition to the ovarian cancer in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciyu Yang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Angela G Arnold
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Amanda Catchings
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Vikas Rai
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zsofia K Stadler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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10
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Zhang F, Shen Y, Miao C, Cao Y, Shi W, Du G, Tang D, Li Y, Luo Q, Cheng Z. OsRAD51D promotes homologous pairing and recombination by preventing nonhomologous interactions in rice meiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:824-839. [PMID: 32275774 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination is carefully orchestrated to maintain genome integrity. RAD51D has been previously shown to be essential for double-strand break repair in mammalian somatic cells. However, the function of RAD51D during meiosis is largely unknown. Here, through detailed analyses of Osrad51d single and double mutants, we pinpoint the specific function of OsRAD51D in coordinating homologous pairing and recombination by preventing nonhomologous interactions during meiosis. OsRAD51D is associated with telomeres in both meiocytes and somatic cells. Loss of OsRAD51D leads to significant induction of nonhomologous pairing and chromosome entanglements, suggesting its role in suppressing nonhomologous interactions. The failed localization of OsRAD51 and OsDMC1 in Osrad51d, together with the genetic analysis of Osrad51d Osdmc1a Osdmc1b, indicates that OsRAD51D acts at a very early stage of homologous recombination. Observations from the Osrad51d pair1 and Osrad51d ku70 double mutants further demonstrate that nonhomologous interactions require double-strand break formation but do not depend on the KU70-mediated repair pathway. Moreover, the interplay between OsRAD51D and OsRAD51C indicates both conservation and divergence of their functions in meiosis. Altogether, this work reveals that OsRAD51D plays an essential role in the inhibition of nonhomologous connections, thus guaranteeing faithful pairing and recombination during meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shen
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Chunbo Miao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwei Cao
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Shi
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Guijie Du
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Ding Tang
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Agriculture Biodiversity for Plant Disease Management, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- State Key Lab of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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11
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Nuta O, Rothkamm K, Darroudi F. The Role of Telomerase in Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability. Radiat Res 2020; 193:451-459. [PMID: 32150497 DOI: 10.1667/rr15495.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Findings from previous studies have suggested that the telomerase system is involved in radiation-induced genomic instability. In this study, we investigated the involvement of telomerase in the development and processing of chromosomal damage at different cell cycle stages after irradiation of human fibroblasts. Several response criteria were investigated, including cell survival, chromosomal damage (using the micronucleus assay), G2-induced chromatid aberrations (using the conventional G2 assay as well as a chemically-induced premature chromosome condensation assay) and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs; using γ-H2AX, 53BP1 and Rad51) in an isogenic pair of cell lines: BJ human foreskin fibroblasts and BJ1-hTERT, a telomerase-immortalized BJ cell line. To distinguish among G1, S and G2 phase, cells were co-immunostained for CENP-F and cyclin A, which are tightly regulated proteins in the cell cycle. After X-ray irradiation at doses in the range of 0.1-6 Gy, the results showed that for cell survival and micronuclei induction, where the overall effect is dominated by the cells in G1 and S phase, no difference was observed between the two cell types; in contrast, when radiation sensitivity at the G2 stage of the cell cycle was analyzed, a significantly higher number of chromatid-type aberrations (breaks and exchanges), and higher levels of γ-H2AX and of Rad51 foci were observed for the BJ cells compared to the BJ1-hTERT cells. Therefore, it can be concluded that telomerase appears to be involved in DNA DSB repair processes, mainly in the G2 phase. These data, taken overall, reinforce the notion that hTERT or other elements of the telomere/telomerase system may defend chromosome integrity in human fibroblasts by promoting repair in G2 phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Nuta
- Nazarbayev University, School of Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biology, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Firouz Darroudi
- Department of Genome Scan Unlimited, 2341AJ, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
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12
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Saxena S, Somyajit K, Nagaraju G. XRCC2 Regulates Replication Fork Progression during dNTP Alterations. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3273-3282.e6. [PMID: 30566856 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51 paralogs are essential for maintenance of genomic integrity through protection of stalled replication forks and homology-directed repair (HDR) of double-strand breaks. Here, we find that a subset of RAD51 paralogs, XRCC2 (FANCU) and its binding partner RAD51D, restrain active DNA synthesis during dinucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) alterations in a manner independent of HDR. The absence of XRCC2 is associated with increased levels of RRM2, the regulatory subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), and concomitantly high nucleotide pools, leading to unrestrained fork progression and accumulation of DNA damage during dNTP alterations. Mechanistically, this function is independent of redox signaling and RAD51-mediated fork reversal and is regulated by ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) signaling through phosphorylation of XRCC2 (Ser247). Together, these findings identify roles of RAD51 paralogs in the control of replication fork progression and maintenance of genome stability during nucleotide pool alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kumar Somyajit
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Ganesh Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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13
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Pompili L, Maresca C, Dello Stritto A, Biroccio A, Salvati E. BRCA2 Deletion Induces Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres in Telomerase Positive Colon Cancer Cells. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090697. [PMID: 31510074 PMCID: PMC6771010 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1/2 are tumor suppressor genes controlling genomic stability also at telomeric and subtelomeric loci. Their mutation confers a predisposition to different human cancers but also sensitivity to antitumor drugs including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and G-quadruplex stabilizers. Here we demonstrate that BRCA2 deletion triggers TERRA hyperexpression and alternative lengthening mechanisms (ALT) in colon cancer cells in presence of telomerase activity. This finding opens the question if cancer patients bearing BRCA2 germline or sporadic mutation are suitable for anti-telomerase therapies, or how ALT activation could influence the short or long-term response to anti-PARP inhibitors or anti-G-quadruplex therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pompili
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmen Maresca
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Dello Stritto
- Biology and Biotechnology Department "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Erica Salvati
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCSS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53-00144 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Via degli Apuli, 4-00185 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Reilly NM, Novara L, Di Nicolantonio F, Bardelli A. Exploiting DNA repair defects in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:681-700. [PMID: 30714316 PMCID: PMC6441925 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Therapies that take advantage of defects in DNA repair pathways have been explored in the context of breast, ovarian, and other tumor types, but not yet systematically in CRC. At present, only immune checkpoint blockade therapies have been FDA approved for use in mismatch repair-deficient colorectal tumors. Here, we discuss how systematic identification of alterations in DNA repair genes could provide new therapeutic opportunities for CRCs. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Colon Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-COAD) and Rectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-READ) PanCancer Atlas datasets identified 141 (out of 528) cases with putative driver mutations in 29 genes associated with DNA damage response and repair, including the mismatch repair and homologous recombination pathways. Genetic defects in these pathways might confer repair-deficient characteristics, such as genomic instability in the absence of homologous recombination, which can be exploited. For example, inhibitors of poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase are effectively used to treat cancers that carry mutations in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 and have shown promising results in CRC preclinical studies. HR deficiency can also occur in cells with no detectable BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations but exhibiting BRCA-like phenotypes. DNA repair-targeting therapies, such as ATR and CHK1 inhibitors (which are most effective against cancers carrying ATM mutations), can be used in combination with current genotoxic chemotherapies in CRCs to further improve therapy response. Finally, therapies that target alternative DNA repair mechanisms, such as thiopurines, also have the potential to confer increased sensitivity to current chemotherapy regimens, thus expanding the spectrum of therapy options and potentially improving clinical outcomes for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Reilly
- Fondazione Piemontese per la Ricerca sul Cancro ONLUSCandioloItaly
| | - Luca Novara
- Candiolo Cancer InstituteFPO‐IRCCSCandioloItaly
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Candiolo Cancer InstituteFPO‐IRCCSCandioloItaly
- Department of OncologyUniversity of TorinoCandioloItaly
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer InstituteFPO‐IRCCSCandioloItaly
- Department of OncologyUniversity of TorinoCandioloItaly
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15
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Jiang YJ, Zhong JH, Zhou ZH, Qiu MQ, Zhou XG, Liu YC, Huo RR, Liang XM, Chen Z, Lin QL, Yu XY, Yu HP. Association between polymorphisms in MicroRNA target sites of RAD51D genes and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2545-2552. [PMID: 30883040 PMCID: PMC6536933 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD51D (RAD51L3) is a member of the RAD51 gene family which plays important roles in maintaining genomic stability and preventing DNA damage. This study is aimed to investigate the associations between RAD51D polymorphisms and the hereditary susceptibility of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study we conducted a hospital–based case‐control study including 805 cases (HCC patients) and 846 controls (nontumor patients) in Guangxi, China. A total of two Single–nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12947947 and rs28363292 of RAD51D were selected and genotyped. Although we did not find two SNPs individually that had any significant main effect on risk of HCC, We found that the combined genotypes with 1‐2 risk genotypes were associated with significantly increased overall risk of HCC (OR = 1.462, 95% CI = 1.050‐2.036). According to the results of further stratification analysis, GT/GG genotype of rs28363292 increased HCC risk in zhuang people (OR = 3.913, 95% CI = 1.873‐8.175) and nonhepatitis B virus (HBV) infection population (OR = 1.774, 95% CI = 1.060‐2.969), the combined 1‐2 risk genotypes increased the risk of HCC in zhuang people (OR = 2.817, 95% CI = 1.532‐5.182) and non‐HBV infected population (OR = 1.567, 95% CI = 1.042‐2.358). Our results suggest that rs12947947 and rs28363292 polymorphisms may jointly contribute to the risk of HCC. Further large studies and functional studies are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ji Jiang
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhong
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zi-Han Zhou
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Mo-Qin Qiu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xian-Guo Zhou
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying-Chun Liu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Rong-Rui Huo
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Liang
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiu-Ling Lin
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Yu
- School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong-Ping Yu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
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16
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Kwon M, Lee JJ, Min J, Hwang K, Park SG, Kim E, Kim BC, Bhak J, Lee H. Brca2 abrogation engages with the alternative lengthening of telomeres via break‐induced replication. FEBS J 2019; 286:1841-1858. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi‐Sun Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Jennifer J. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Jaewon Min
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Kwangwoo Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Seung Gu Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering UNIST Ulsan Korea
| | - Eun‐Hye Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering UNIST Ulsan Korea
| | | | - Jong Bhak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering UNIST Ulsan Korea
- Clinomics Inc. Ulsan Korea
| | - Hyunsook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
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17
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RAD51D splice variants and cancer-associated mutations reveal XRCC2 interaction to be critical for homologous recombination. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 76:99-107. [PMID: 30836272 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proficiency of cancer cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination (HR) is a key determinant in predicting response to targeted therapies such as PARP inhibitors. The RAD51 paralogs work as multimeric complexes and act downstream of BRCA1 to facilitate HR. Numerous epidemiological studies have linked RAD51 paralog mutations with hereditary cancer predisposition. Despite their substantial links to cancer, RAD51 paralog HR function has remained elusive. Here we identify isoform 1 as the functional isoform of RAD51D, whereas isoform 4 which has a large N-terminal deletion (including the Walker A motif), and isoform 6 which includes an alternate exon in the N-terminus, are non-functional. To determine the importance of this N-terminal region, we investigated the impact of cancer-associated mutations and SNPs in this variable RAD51D N-terminal region using yeast-2-hybrid and yeast-3-hybrid assays to screen for altered protein-protein interactions. We identified two cancer-associated mutations close to or within the Walker A motif (G96C and G107 V, respectively) that independently disrupt RAD51D interaction with XRCC2. We validated our yeast interaction data in human U2OS cells by co-immunoprecipitation and determined the impact of these mutations on HR-proficiency using a sister chromatid recombination reporter assay in a RAD51D knock-out cell line. Our investigation reveals that the interaction of RAD51D with XRCC2 is required for DSB repair. By characterizing the impact of cancer-associated mutations on RAD51D interactions, we aim to develop predictive models for therapeutic sensitivity and resistance in patients who harbor similar mutations in RAD51D.
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18
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Aljarbou F, Almousa N, Bazzi M, Aldaihan S, Alanazi M, Alharbi O, Almadi M, Aljebreen AM, Azzam NA, Arafa M, Aldbass A, Shaik J, Alasirri S, Warsy A, Alamri A, Parine NR, Alamro G. The expression of telomere-related proteins and DNA damage response and their association with telomere length in colorectal cancer in Saudi patients. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197154. [PMID: 29870526 PMCID: PMC5988329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Saudi Arabia. Cancer has a multifactorial nature and can be described as a disease of altered gene expression. The profiling of gene expression has been used to identify cancer subtypes and to predict patients’ responsiveness. Telomere-associated proteins that regulate telomere biology are essential molecules in cancer development. Thus, the present study examined their contributions to colorectal cancer progression in Saudi patients. Methods The expression of hTERT, TRF1, TRF2, POT1, ATR, ATM, Chk1 and Chk2 were measured via real-time PCR in matched cancerous and adjacent tissues of CRC patients. The protein level of hTERT, TRF1, TRF2, ATR, ATM, Chk1 and Chk2 were measured using immunohistochemistry. A region of hTERT core promoter was sequenced via Sanger sequencing. Methylation of CTCF binding site was examined via methylation-specific PCR. Finally, the length of telomere was estimated using q-PCR. Results Our results showed that POT1, ATR, Chk1 and Chk2 show increased expression in CRC relative to the adjacent mucosa. The expression levels of each gene were associated with clinicopathological characteristics of patients with CRC. There was a positive correlation between the age of the patients and hTERT expression. Regarding tumor site, telomere length, ATR, ATM and Chk1 were shown to be altered. No somatic mutation was detected in hTERT core promoter, and no differences in methylation patterns at CTCF binding site in the promoter between normal and cancer tissues. Conclusion Analysis of targeted genes expression in colorectal cancer based on the clinical variables revealed that tumor location and age could have a role in gene expression and telomere length variations and this could be taken under consideration during CRC diagnosis and therapy. Other epigenetic mechanisms could influence hTERT expression in cancers. Our findings warrant further validation through experiments involving a larger number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ftoon Aljarbou
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nourah Almousa
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Bazzi
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sooad Aldaihan
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alanazi
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Alharbi
- Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Almadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M. Aljebreen
- Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahla Ali Azzam
- Division of Gastroenterology, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Arafa
- Department of Histopathology, King Saud University, King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Aldbass
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jilani Shaik
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaheerah Alasirri
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arjumand Warsy
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alamri
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Narasimha Reddy Parine
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadah Alamro
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Wyatt MD, Reilly NM, Patel S, Rajesh P, Schools GP, Smiraldo PG, Pittman DL. Thiopurine-induced mitotic catastrophe in Rad51d-deficient mammalian cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:38-48. [PMID: 28945288 PMCID: PMC5771848 DOI: 10.1002/em.22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines are part of a clinical regimen used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, despite these successes, there are also unintended consequences such as therapy-induced cancer in long-term survivors. Therefore, a better understanding of cellular responses to thiopurines will lead to improved and personalized treatment strategies. RAD51D is an important component of homologous recombination (HR), and our previous work established that mammalian cells defective for RAD51D are more sensitive to the thiopurine 6-thioguanine (6TG) and have dramatically increased numbers of multinucleated cells and chromosome instability. 6TG is capable of being incorporated into telomeres, and interestingly, RAD51D contributes to telomere maintenance, although the precise function of RAD51D at the telomeres remains unclear. We sought here to investigate: (1) the activity of RAD51D at telomeres, (2) the contribution of RAD51D to protect against 6TG-induced telomere damage, and (3) the fates of Rad51d-deficient cells following 6TG treatment. These results demonstrate that RAD51D is required for maintaining the telomeric 3' overhangs. As measured by γ-H2AX induction and foci formation, 6TG induced DNA damage in Rad51d-proficient and Rad51d-deficient cells. However, the extent of γ-H2AX telomere localization following 6TG treatment was higher in Rad51d-deficient cells than in Rad51d-proficient cells. Using live-cell imaging of 6TG-treated Rad51d-deficient cells, two predominant forms of mitotic catastrophe were found to contribute to the formation of multinucleated cells, failed division and restitution. Collectively, these findings provide a unique window into the role of the RAD51D HR protein during thiopurine induction of mitotic catastrophe. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:38-48, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | - Nicole M. Reilly
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | - Shikha Patel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | - Preeti Rajesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India-140406
| | - Gary P. Schools
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | | | - Douglas L. Pittman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
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20
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Derevyanko A, Whittemore K, Schneider RP, Jiménez V, Bosch F, Blasco MA. Gene therapy with the TRF1 telomere gene rescues decreased TRF1 levels with aging and prolongs mouse health span. Aging Cell 2017; 16:1353-1368. [PMID: 28944611 PMCID: PMC5676056 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The shelterin complex protects telomeres by preventing them from being degraded and recognized as double‐strand DNA breaks. TRF1 is an essential component of shelterin, with important roles in telomere protection and telomere replication. We previously showed that TRF1 deficiency in the context of different mouse tissues leads to loss of tissue homeostasis owing to impaired stem cell function. Here, we show that TRF1 levels decrease during organismal aging both in mice and in humans. We further show that increasing TRF1 expression in both adult (1‐year‐old) and old (2‐year‐old) mice using gene therapy can delay age‐associated pathologies. To this end, we used the nonintegrative adeno‐associated serotype 9 vector (AAV9), which transduces the majority of mouse tissues allowing for moderate and transient TRF1 overexpression. AAV9‐TRF1 gene therapy significantly prevented age‐related decline in neuromuscular function, glucose tolerance, cognitive function, maintenance of subcutaneous fat, and chronic anemia. Interestingly, although AAV9‐TRF1 treatment did not significantly affect median telomere length, we found a lower abundance of short telomeres and of telomere‐associated DNA damage in some tissues. Together, these findings suggest that rescuing naturally decreased TRF1 levels during mouse aging using AAV9‐TRF1 gene therapy results in an improved mouse health span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksinya Derevyanko
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group Molecular Oncology Program Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO) Melchor Fernández Almagro 3 Madrid E‐28029 Spain
| | - Kurt Whittemore
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group Molecular Oncology Program Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO) Melchor Fernández Almagro 3 Madrid E‐28029 Spain
| | - Ralph P. Schneider
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group Molecular Oncology Program Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO) Melchor Fernández Almagro 3 Madrid E‐28029 Spain
| | - Verónica Jiménez
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Veterinary Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra 08193 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Madrid Spain
| | - Fàtima Bosch
- Center of Animal Biotechnology and Gene Therapy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Veterinary Medicine Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra 08193 Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM) Madrid Spain
| | - Maria A. Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group Molecular Oncology Program Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO) Melchor Fernández Almagro 3 Madrid E‐28029 Spain
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21
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Berardinelli F, Coluzzi E, Sgura A, Antoccia A. Targeting telomerase and telomeres to enhance ionizing radiation effects in in vitro and in vivo cancer models. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 773:204-219. [PMID: 28927529 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer consists in the ability of tumor cells to divide indefinitely, and to maintain stable telomere lengths throughout the activation of specific telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMM). Therefore in the last fifteen years, researchers proposed to target telomerase or telomeric structure in order to block limitless replicative potential of cancer cells providing a fascinating strategy for a broad-spectrum cancer therapy. In the present review, we report in vitro and in vivo evidence regarding the use of chemical agents targeting both telomerase or telomere structure and showing promising antitumor effects when used in combination with ionizing radiation (IR). RNA interference, antisense oligonucleotides (e.g., GRN163L), non-nucleoside inhibitors (e.g., BIBR1532) and nucleoside analogs (e.g., AZT) represent some of the most potent strategies to inhibit telomerase activity used in combination with IR. Furthermore, radiosensitizing effects were demonstrated also for agents acting directly on the telomeric structure such as G4-ligands (e.g., RHPS4 and Telomestatin) or telomeric-oligos (T-oligos). To date, some of these compounds are under clinical evaluation (e.g., GRN163L and KML001). Advantages of Telomere/Telomerase Targeting Compounds (T/TTCs) coupled with radiotherapy may be relevant in the treatment of radioresistant tumors and in the development of new optimized treatment plans with reduced dose adsorbed by patients and consequent attenuation of short- end long-term side effects. Pros and cons of possible future applications in cancer therapy based on the combination of T/TCCs and radiation treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Berardinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
| | - E Coluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy
| | - A Sgura
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - A Antoccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma Tre, Rome Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
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22
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Amorim JP, Santos G, Vinagre J, Soares P. The Role of ATRX in the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) Phenotype. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:E66. [PMID: 27657132 PMCID: PMC5042396 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are responsible for protecting chromosome ends in order to prevent the loss of coding DNA. Their maintenance is required for achieving immortality by neoplastic cells and can occur by upregulation of the telomerase enzyme or through a homologous recombination-associated process, the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). The precise mechanisms that govern the activation of ALT or telomerase in tumor cells are not fully understood, although cellular origin may favor one of the other mechanisms that have been found thus far in mutual exclusivity. Specific mutational events influence ALT activation and maintenance: a unifying frequent feature of tumors that acquire this phenotype are the recurrent mutations of the Alpha Thalassemia/Mental Retardation Syndrome X-Linked (ATRX) or Death-Domain Associated Protein (DAXX) genes. This review summarizes the established criteria about this phenotype: its prevalence, theoretical molecular mechanisms and relation with ATRX, DAXX and other proteins (directly or indirectly interacting and resulting in the ALT phenotype).
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Amorim
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Gustavo Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - João Vinagre
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
| | - Paula Soares
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (Ipatimup), Porto 4200-135, Portugal.
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal.
- Departamento de Patologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200-139, Portugal.
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23
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Abstract
Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) mechanisms allow telomerase-negative immortal cells to buffer replicative telomere shortening. ALT is naturally active in a number of human cancers and might be selected upon telomerase inactivation. ALT is thought to operate through homologous recombination (HR) occurring between telomeric repeats from independent chromosome ends. Indeed, suppression of a number of HR factors impairs ALT cell proliferation. Yet, how HR is initiated at ALT telomeres remains elusive. Mounting evidence suggests that the long noncoding telomeric RNA TERRA renders ALT telomeres recombinogenic by forming RNA:DNA hybrids with the telomeric C-rich strand. TERRA and telomeric hybrids act in concert with a number of other factors, including the RNA endoribonuclease RNaseH1 and the single stranded DNA binding protein RPA. The functional interaction network built upon these different players seems indispensable for ALT telomere maintenance, and digging into the molecular details of this previously unappreciated network might open the way to novel avenues for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajika Arora
- a Institute of Biochemistry; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ) ; Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Claus M Azzalin
- a Institute of Biochemistry; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ) ; Zürich , Switzerland
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24
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Mao P, Liu J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Liu H, Gao S, Rong YS, Zhao Y. Homologous recombination-dependent repair of telomeric DSBs in proliferating human cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12154. [PMID: 27396625 PMCID: PMC4942568 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres prevent chromosome ends from being recognized as double-stranded breaks (DSBs). Meanwhile, G/C-rich repetitive telomeric DNA is susceptible to attack by DNA-damaging agents. How cells balance the need to protect DNA ends and the need to repair DNA lesions in telomeres is unknown. Here we show that telomeric DSBs are efficiently repaired in proliferating cells, but are irreparable in stress-induced and replicatively senescent cells. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 technique, we specifically induce DSBs at telomeric or subtelomeric regions. We find that DSB repair (DSBR) at subtelomeres occurs in an error-prone manner resulting in small deletions, suggestive of NHEJ. However, DSBR in telomeres involves 'telomere-clustering', 3'-protruding C-rich telomeric ssDNA, and HR between sister-chromatid or interchromosomal telomeres. DSBR in telomeres is suppressed by deletion or inhibition of Rad51. These findings reveal proliferation-dependent DSBR in telomeres and suggest that telomeric HR, which is normally constitutively suppressed, is activated in the context of DSBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jingfan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Song Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yikang S. Rong
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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25
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Yard BD, Reilly NM, Bedenbaugh MK, Pittman DL. RNF138 interacts with RAD51D and is required for DNA interstrand crosslink repair and maintaining chromosome integrity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 42:82-93. [PMID: 27161866 PMCID: PMC4884500 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The RAD51 family is integral for homologous recombination (HR) mediated DNA repair and maintaining chromosome integrity. RAD51D, the fourth member of the family, is a known ovarian cancer susceptibility gene and required for the repair of interstrand crosslink DNA damage and preserving chromosomal stability. In this report, we describe the RNF138 E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with and ubiquitinates the RAD51D HR protein. RNF138 is a member of an E3 ligase family that contains an amino-terminal RING finger domain and a putative carboxyl-terminal ubiquitin interaction motif. In mammalian cells, depletion of RNF138 increased the stability of the RAD51D protein, suggesting that RNF138 governs ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of RAD51D. However, RNF138 depletion conferred sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, reduced RAD51 focus formation, and increased chromosomal instability. Site-specific mutagenesis of the RNF138 RING finger domain demonstrated that it was necessary for RAD51D ubiquitination. Presence of RNF138 also enhanced the interaction between RAD51D and a known interacting RAD51 family member XRCC2 in a yeast three-hybrid assay. Therefore, RNF138 is a newly identified regulatory component of the HR mediated DNA repair pathway that has implications toward understanding how ubiquitination modifies the functions of the RAD51 paralog protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Yard
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nicole M Reilly
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael K Bedenbaugh
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC 29615, USA
| | - Douglas L Pittman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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26
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Han D, Liang J, Lu Y, Xu L, Miao S, Lu LY, Song W, Wang L. Ubiquitylation of Rad51d Mediated by E3 Ligase Rnf138 Promotes the Homologous Recombination Repair Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155476. [PMID: 27195665 PMCID: PMC4873259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation has an important role as a signal transducer that regulates protein function, subcellular localization, or stability during the DNA damage response. In this study, we show that Ring domain E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF138 is recruited to DNA damage site quickly. And the recruitment is mediated through its Zinc finger domains. We further confirm that RNF138 is phosphorylated by ATM at Ser124. However, the phosphorylation was dispensable for recruitment to the DNA damage site. Our findings also indicate that RAD51 assembly at DSB sites following irradiation is dramatically affected in RNF138-deficient cells. Hence, RNF138 is likely involved in regulating homologous recombination repair pathway. Consistently, efficiency of homologous recombination decreased observably in RNF138-depleted cells. In addition, RNF138-deficient cell is hypersensitive to DNA damage insults, such as IR and MMS. And the comet assay confirmed that RNF138 directly participated in DNA damage repair. Moreover, we find that RAD51D directly interacted with RNF138. And the recruitment of RAD51D to DNA damage site is delayed and unstable in RNF138-depleted cells. Taken together, these results suggest that RNF138 promotes the homologous recombination repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqiang Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics; Beckman Research Institute; City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Junbo Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Longchang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shiying Miao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Yu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics, Ministry of Education and Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (LW)
| | - Linfang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WS); (LW)
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27
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Zimmer J, Tacconi EMC, Folio C, Badie S, Porru M, Klare K, Tumiati M, Markkanen E, Halder S, Ryan A, Jackson SP, Ramadan K, Kuznetsov SG, Biroccio A, Sale JE, Tarsounas M. Targeting BRCA1 and BRCA2 Deficiencies with G-Quadruplex-Interacting Compounds. Mol Cell 2016; 61:449-460. [PMID: 26748828 PMCID: PMC4747901 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplex (G4)-forming genomic sequences, including telomeres, represent natural replication fork barriers. Stalled replication forks can be stabilized and restarted by homologous recombination (HR), which also repairs DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) arising at collapsed forks. We have previously shown that HR facilitates telomere replication. Here, we demonstrate that the replication efficiency of guanine-rich (G-rich) telomeric repeats is decreased significantly in cells lacking HR. Treatment with the G4-stabilizing compound pyridostatin (PDS) increases telomere fragility in BRCA2-deficient cells, suggesting that G4 formation drives telomere instability. Remarkably, PDS reduces proliferation of HR-defective cells by inducing DSB accumulation, checkpoint activation, and deregulated G2/M progression and by enhancing the replication defect intrinsic to HR deficiency. PDS toxicity extends to HR-defective cells that have acquired olaparib resistance through loss of 53BP1 or REV7. Altogether, these results highlight the therapeutic potential of G4-stabilizing drugs to selectively eliminate HR-compromised cells and tumors, including those resistant to PARP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Zimmer
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eliana M C Tacconi
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Cecilia Folio
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sophie Badie
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Manuela Porru
- Area of Translational Research, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Kerstin Klare
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Manuela Tumiati
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Enni Markkanen
- Biochemistry and Regulation of DNA Repair Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Swagata Halder
- DNA Damage and Repair Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson Ryan
- Lung Cancer Translational Science Research Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stephen P Jackson
- The Gurdon Institute, CRUK Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK; The Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- DNA Damage and Repair Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sergey G Kuznetsov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Area of Translational Research, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Julian E Sale
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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28
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Heeg S. Variations in telomere maintenance and the role of telomerase inhibition in gastrointestinal cancer. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2015; 8:171-80. [PMID: 26675332 PMCID: PMC4675635 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s52808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Immortalization is an important step toward the malignant transformation of human cells and is critically dependent upon telomere maintenance. There are two known mechanisms to maintain human telomeres. The process of telomere maintenance is either mediated through activation of the enzyme telomerase or through an alternative mechanism of telomere lengthening called ALT. While 85% of all human tumors show reactivation of telomerase, the remaining 15% are able to maintain telomeres via ALT. The therapeutic potential of telomerase inhibitors is currently investigated in a variety of human cancers. Gastrointestinal tumors are highly dependent on telomerase as a mechanism of telomere maintenance, rendering telomeres as well as telomerase potential targets for cancer therapy. This article focuses on the molecular mechanisms of telomere biology and telomerase activation in gastrointestinal cancers and reviews strategies of telomerase inhibition and their potential therapeutic use in these tumor entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Heeg
- Department of Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Diseases, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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29
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Abstract
The ends of linear chromosomes are capped by nucleoprotein structures called telomeres. A dysfunctional telomere may resemble a DNA double-strand break (DSB), which is a severe form of DNA damage. The presence of one DSB is sufficient to drive cell cycle arrest and cell death. Therefore cells have evolved mechanisms to repair DSBs such as homologous recombination (HR). HR-mediated repair of telomeres can lead to genome instability, a hallmark of cancer cells, which is why such repair is normally inhibited. However, some HR-mediated processes are required for proper telomere function. The need for some recombination activities at telomeres but not others necessitates careful and complex regulation, defects in which can lead to catastrophic consequences. Furthermore, some cell types can maintain telomeres via telomerase-independent, recombination-mediated mechanisms. In humans, these mechanisms are called alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) and are used in a subset of human cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the different recombination activities occurring at telomeres and discuss how they are regulated. Much of the current knowledge is derived from work using yeast models, which is the focus of this review, but relevant studies in mammals are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Claussin
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Chang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Reddel RR. Telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer: clinical implications. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:6361-74. [PMID: 24975603 PMCID: PMC4262939 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140630101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of immortal cell populations with an up-regulated telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) is an almost universal characteristic of cancers, whereas normal somatic cells are unable to prevent proliferation-associated telomere shortening and have a limited proliferative potential. TMMs and related aspects of telomere structure and function therefore appear to be ideal targets for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Such treatments would be targeted to a specific cancer-related molecular abnormality, and also be broad-spectrum in that they would be expected to be potentially applicable to most cancers. However, the telomere biology of normal and malignant human cells is a relatively young research field with large numbers of unanswered questions, so the optimal design of TMM-targeted therapeutic approaches remains unclear. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges presented by telomeres and TMMs for clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Reddel
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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31
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Tacconi EMC, Tarsounas M. How homologous recombination maintains telomere integrity. Chromosoma 2015; 124:119-30. [PMID: 25430998 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-014-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres protect the ends of linear chromosomes against loss of genetic information and inappropriate processing as damaged DNA and are therefore crucial to the maintenance of chromosome integrity. In addition to providing a pathway for genome-wide DNA repair, homologous recombination (HR) plays a key role in telomere replication and capping. Consistent with this, the genomic instability characteristic of HR-deficient cells and tumours is driven in part by telomere dysfunction. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which HR modulates the response to intrinsic cellular challenges that arise during telomere replication, as well as its impact on the assembly of telomere protective structures. How normal and tumour cells differ in their ability to maintain telomeres is deeply relevant to the search for treatments that would selectively eliminate cells whose capacity for HR-mediated repair has been compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M C Tacconi
- Telomere and Genome Stability Group, The CRUK-MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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32
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Prakash R, Zhang Y, Feng W, Jasin M. Homologous recombination and human health: the roles of BRCA1, BRCA2, and associated proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:a016600. [PMID: 25833843 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a major pathway for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells, the defining step of which is homologous strand exchange directed by the RAD51 protein. The physiological importance of HR is underscored by the observation of genomic instability in HR-deficient cells and, importantly, the association of cancer predisposition and developmental defects with mutations in HR genes. The tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BRCA2, key players at different stages of HR, are frequently mutated in familial breast and ovarian cancers. Other HR proteins, including PALB2 and RAD51 paralogs, have also been identified as tumor suppressors. This review summarizes recent findings on BRCA1, BRCA2, and associated proteins involved in human disease with an emphasis on their molecular roles and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Prakash
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Yu Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Weiran Feng
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065 Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065 Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065
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33
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Badie S, Carlos AR, Folio C, Okamoto K, Bouwman P, Jonkers J, Tarsounas M. BRCA1 and CtIP promote alternative non-homologous end-joining at uncapped telomeres. EMBO J 2015; 34:410-24. [PMID: 25582120 PMCID: PMC4339125 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of telomere protection occurs during physiological cell senescence and ageing, due to attrition of telomeric repeats and insufficient retention of the telomere-binding factor TRF2. Subsequently formed telomere fusions trigger rampant genomic instability leading to cell death or tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, telomere fusions require either the classical non-homologous end-joining (C-NHEJ) pathway dependent on Ku70/80 and LIG4, or the alternative non-homologous end-joining (A-NHEJ), which relies on PARP1 and LIG3. Here, we show that the tumour suppressor BRCA1, together with its interacting partner CtIP, both acting in end resection, also promotes end-joining of uncapped telomeres. BRCA1 and CtIP do not function in the ATM-dependent telomere damage signalling, nor in telomere overhang removal, which are critical for telomere fusions by C-NHEJ. Instead, BRCA1 and CtIP act in the same pathway as LIG3 to promote joining of de-protected telomeres by A-NHEJ. Our work therefore ascribes novel roles for BRCA1 and CtIP in end-processing and fusion reactions at uncapped telomeres, underlining the complexity of DNA repair pathways that act at chromosome ends lacking protective structures. Moreover, A-NHEJ provides a mechanism of previously unanticipated significance in telomere dysfunction-induced genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Badie
- Telomere and Genome Stability Group, The CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford, UK
| | - Ana Rita Carlos
- Telomere and Genome Stability Group, The CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford, UK
| | - Cecilia Folio
- Telomere and Genome Stability Group, The CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford, UK
| | - Keiji Okamoto
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter Bouwman
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Systems Biology Centre, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Systems Biology Centre, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Telomere and Genome Stability Group, The CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Oxford, UK
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34
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DNA-PKcs-interacting protein KIP binding to TRF2 is required for the maintenance of functional telomeres. Biochem J 2014; 463:19-30. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA-PKcs-interacting protein KIP interacts with TRF2 and enhances the telomere binding activity of TRF2. Depletion of KIP induces telomere-damage response foci. Thus KIP plays important roles in the maintenance of functional telomeres and the regulation of telomere-associated DNA-damage response.
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35
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Byun MY, Kim WT. Suppression of OsRAD51D results in defects in reproductive development in rice (Oryza sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:256-269. [PMID: 24840804 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cellular roles of RAD51 paralogs in somatic and reproductive growth have been extensively described in a wide range of animal systems and, to a lesser extent, in Arabidopsis, a dicot model plant. Here, the OsRAD51D gene was identified and characterized in rice (Oryza sativa L.), a monocot model crop. In the rice genome, three alternative OsRAD51D mRNA splicing variants, OsRAD51D.1, OsRAD51D.2, and OsRAD51D.3, were predicted. Yeast two-hybrid studies, however, showed that only OsRAD51D.1 interacted with OsRAD51B and OsRAD51C paralogs, suggesting that OsRAD51D.1 is a functional OsRAD51D protein in rice. Loss-of-function osrad51d mutant rice plants displayed normal vegetative growth. However, the mutant plants were defective in reproductive growth, resulting in sterile flowers. Homozygous osrad51d mutant flowers exhibited impaired development of lemma and palea and contained unusual numbers of stamens and stigmas. During early meiosis, osrad51d pollen mother cells (PMCs) failed to form normal homologous chromosome pairings. In subsequent meiotic progression, mutant PMCs represented fragmented chromosomes. The osrad51d pollen cells contained numerous abnormal micro-nuclei that resulted in malfunctioning pollen. The abnormalities of heterozygous mutant and T2 Ubi:RNAi-OsRAD51D RNAi-knock-down transgenic plants were intermediate between those of wild type and homozygous mutant plants. The osrad51d and Ubi:RNAi-OsRAD51D plants contained longer telomeres compared with wild type plants, indicating that OsRAD51D is a negative factor for telomere lengthening. Overall, these results suggest that OsRAD51D plays a critical role in reproductive growth in rice. This essential function of OsRAD51D is distinct from Arabidopsis, in which AtRAD51D is not an essential factor for meiosis or reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Byun
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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Hwang H, Kreig A, Calvert J, Lormand J, Kwon Y, Daley JM, Sung P, Opresko PL, Myong S. Telomeric overhang length determines structural dynamics and accessibility to telomerase and ALT-associated proteins. Structure 2014; 22:842-53. [PMID: 24836024 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The G-rich single-stranded DNA at the 3' end of human telomeres can self-fold into G-quaduplex (GQ). However, telomere lengthening by telomerase or the recombination-based alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) mechanism requires protein loading on the overhang. Using single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, we discovered that lengthening the telomeric overhang also increased the rate of dynamic exchanges between structural conformations. Overhangs with five to seven TTAGGG repeats, compared with four repeats, showed much greater dynamics and accessibility to telomerase binding and activity and loading of the ALT-associated proteins RAD51, WRN, and BLM. Although the eight repeats are highly dynamic, they can fold into two GQs, which limited protein accessibility. In contrast, the telomere-specific protein POT1 is unique in that it binds independently of repeat number. Our results suggest that the telomeric overhang length and dynamics may contribute to the regulation of telomere extension via telomerase action and the ALT mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Hwang
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois, 506 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alex Kreig
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob Calvert
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Justin Lormand
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 326, BRIDG, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Yongho Kwon
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - James M Daley
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patrick Sung
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Patricia L Opresko
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Suite 326, BRIDG, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Sua Myong
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Physics Frontier Center (Center of Physics for Living Cells), University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Gutiérrez-Enríquez S, Bonache S, de Garibay GR, Osorio A, Santamariña M, Ramón y Cajal T, Esteban-Cardeñosa E, Tenés A, Yanowsky K, Barroso A, Montalban G, Blanco A, Cornet M, Gadea N, Infante M, Caldés T, Díaz-Rubio E, Balmaña J, Lasa A, Vega A, Benítez J, de la Hoya M, Diez O. About 1% of the breast and ovarian Spanish families testing negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 are carriers of RAD51D pathogenic variants. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2088-97. [PMID: 24130102 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAD51D mutations have been recently identified in breast (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) families. Although an etiological role in OC appears to be present, the association of RAD51D mutations and BC risk is more unclear. We aimed to determine the prevalence of germline RAD51D mutations in Spanish BC/OC families negative for BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations. We analyzed 842 index patients: 491 from BC/OC families, 171 BC families, 51 OC families and 129 patients without family history but with early-onset BC or OC or metachronous BC and OC. Mutation detection was performed with high-resolution melting, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography or Sanger sequencing. Three mutations were found in four families with BC and OC cases (0.82%). Two were novel: c.1A>T (p.Met1?) and c.667+2_667+23del, leading to the exon 7 skipping and one previously described: c.674C>T (p.Arg232*). All were present in BC/OC families with only one OC. The c.667+2_667+23del cosegregated in the family with one early-onset BC and two bilateral BC cases. We also identified the c.629C>T (p.Ala210Val) variant, which was predicted in silico to be potentially pathogenic. About 1% of the BC and OC Spanish families negative for BRCA1/BRCA2 are carriers of RAD51D mutations. The presence of several BC mutation carriers, albeit in the context of familial OC, suggests an increased risk for BC, which should be taken into account in the follow-up and early detection measures. RAD51D testing should be considered in clinical setting for families with BC and OC, irrespective of the number of OC cases in the family.
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Synthetic cytotoxicity: digenic interactions with TEL1/ATM mutations reveal sensitivity to low doses of camptothecin. Genetics 2014; 197:611-23. [PMID: 24653001 PMCID: PMC4063919 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.161307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tumors contain mutations that confer defects in the DNA-damage response and genome stability. DNA-damaging agents are powerful therapeutic tools that can differentially kill cells with an impaired DNA-damage response. The response to DNA damage is complex and composed of a network of coordinated pathways, often with a degree of redundancy. Tumor-specific somatic mutations in DNA-damage response genes could be exploited by inhibiting the function of a second gene product to increase the sensitivity of tumor cells to a sublethal concentration of a DNA-damaging therapeutic agent, resulting in a class of conditional synthetic lethality we call synthetic cytotoxicity. We used the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nonessential gene-deletion collection to screen for synthetic cytotoxic interactions with camptothecin, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, and a null mutation in TEL1, the S. cerevisiae ortholog of the mammalian tumor-suppressor gene, ATM. We found and validated 14 synthetic cytotoxic interactions that define at least five epistasis groups. One class of synthetic cytotoxic interaction was due to telomere defects. We also found that at least one synthetic cytotoxic interaction was conserved in Caenorhabditis elegans. We have demonstrated that synthetic cytotoxicity could be a useful strategy for expanding the sensitivity of certain tumors to DNA-damaging therapeutics.
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Kim J, Chung IK. The splicing factor U2AF65 stabilizes TRF1 protein by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:1124-30. [PMID: 24389012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human telomeric protein TRF1 is a component of the six-subunit protein complex shelterin, which provides telomere protection by organizing the telomere into a high-order structure. TRF1 functions as a negative regulator of telomere length by controlling the access of telomerase to telomeres. Thus, the cellular abundance of TRF1 at telomeres should be maintained and tightly regulated to ensure proper telomere function. Here, we identify U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) auxiliary factor 65 (U2AF65), an essentialpre-mRNA splicingfactor, as a novel TRF1-interacting protein. U2AF65 interacts with TRF1 in vitro and in vivo and is capable of stabilizing TRF1 protein by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. We also found that U2AF65 interferes with the interaction between TRF1 and Fbx4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase for TRF1. Depletion of endogenous U2AF65 expression by short interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced the stability of endogenous TRF1 whereas overexpression of U2AF65 significantly extended the half-life of TRF1. These findings demonstrate that U2AF65 plays a critical role in regulating the level of TRF1 through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Hence, U2AF65 represents a new route for modulating TRF1 function at telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghee Kim
- Departments of Systems Biology and Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - In Kwon Chung
- Departments of Systems Biology and Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Abstract
Recombination-dependent DNA replication, often called break-induced replication (BIR), was initially invoked to explain recombination events in bacteriophage but it has recently been recognized as a fundamentally important mechanism to repair double-strand chromosome breaks in eukaryotes. This mechanism appears to be critically important in the restarting of stalled and broken replication forks and in maintaining the integrity of eroded telomeres. Although BIR helps preserve genome integrity during replication, it also promotes genome instability by the production of loss of heterozygosity and the formation of nonreciprocal translocations, as well as in the generation of complex chromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith P Anand
- Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254-9110
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Roles of XRCC2, RAD51B and RAD51D in RAD51-independent SSA recombination. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003971. [PMID: 24278037 PMCID: PMC3836719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of DNA double-strand breaks by recombination is key to the maintenance of genome integrity in all living organisms. Recombination can however generate mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, making the regulation and the choice of specific pathways of great importance. In addition to end-joining through non-homologous recombination pathways, DNA breaks are repaired by two homology-dependent pathways that can be distinguished by their dependence or not on strand invasion catalysed by the RAD51 recombinase. Working with the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we present here an unexpected role in recombination for the Arabidopsis RAD51 paralogues XRCC2, RAD51B and RAD51D in the RAD51-independent single-strand annealing pathway. The roles of these proteins are seen in spontaneous and in DSB-induced recombination at a tandem direct repeat recombination tester locus, both of which are unaffected by the absence of RAD51. Individual roles of these proteins are suggested by the strikingly different severities of the phenotypes of the individual mutants, with the xrcc2 mutant being the most affected, and this is confirmed by epistasis analyses using multiple knockouts. Notwithstanding their clearly established importance for RAD51-dependent homologous recombination, XRCC2, RAD51B and RAD51D thus also participate in Single-Strand Annealing recombination.
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Queisser A, Heeg S, Thaler M, von Werder A, Opitz OG. Inhibition of telomerase induces alternative lengthening of telomeres during human esophageal carcinogenesis. Cancer Genet 2013; 206:374-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Da Ines O, Degroote F, Amiard S, Goubely C, Gallego ME, White CI. Effects of XRCC2 and RAD51B mutations on somatic and meiotic recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:959-70. [PMID: 23521529 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Homologous recombination is key to the maintenance of genome integrity and the creation of genetic diversity. At the mechanistic level, recombination involves the invasion of a homologous DNA template by broken DNA ends, repair of the break and exchange of genetic information between the two DNA molecules. Invasion of the template in eukaryotic cells is catalysed by the RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases, assisted by a number of accessory proteins, including the RAD51 paralogues. Eukaryotic genomes encode a variable number of RAD51 paralogues, ranging from two in yeast to five in animals and plants. The RAD51 paralogues form at least two distinct protein complexes, believed to play roles in the assembly and stabilization of the RAD51-DNA nucleofilament. Somatic recombination assays and immunocytology confirm that the three 'non-meiotic' paralogues of Arabidopsis, RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2, are involved in somatic homologous recombination, and that they are not required for the formation of radioinduced RAD51 foci. Given the presence of all five proteins in meiotic cells, the apparent absence of a meiotic role for RAD51B, RAD51D and XRCC2 is surprising, and perhaps simply the result of a more subtle meiotic phenotype in the mutants. Analysis of meiotic recombination confirms this, showing that the absence of XRCC2, and to a lesser extent RAD51B, but not RAD51D, increases rates of meiotic crossing over. The roles of RAD51B and XRCC2 in recombination are thus not limited to mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Da Ines
- Génétique, Reproduction et Développement, UMR CNRS 6293, Clermont Université, INSERM U1103, 63171, Aubière, France
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Webb CJ, Wu Y, Zakian VA. DNA repair at telomeres: keeping the ends intact. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:5/6/a012666. [PMID: 23732473 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular era of telomere biology began with the discovery that telomeres usually consist of G-rich simple repeats and end with 3' single-stranded tails. Enormous progress has been made in identifying the mechanisms that maintain and replenish telomeric DNA and the proteins that protect them from degradation, fusions, and checkpoint activation. Although telomeres in different organisms (or even in the same organism under different conditions) are maintained by different mechanisms, the disparate processes have the common goals of repairing defects caused by semiconservative replication through G-rich DNA, countering the shortening caused by incomplete replication, and postreplication regeneration of G tails. In addition, standard DNA repair mechanisms must be suppressed or modified at telomeres to prevent their being recognized and processed as DNA double-strand breaks. Here, we discuss the players and processes that maintain and regenerate telomere structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Yu EY, Kojic M, Holloman WK, Lue NF. Brh2 and Rad51 promote telomere maintenance in Ustilago maydis, a new model system of DNA repair proteins at telomeres. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:472-9. [PMID: 23726221 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies implicate a number of DNA repair proteins in mammalian telomere maintenance. However, because several key repair proteins in mammals are missing from the well-studied budding and fission yeast, their roles at telomeres cannot be modeled in standard fungi. In this report, we explored the dimorphic fungus Ustilago maydis as an alternative model for telomere research. This fungus, which belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota, has a telomere repeat unit that is identical to the mammalian repeat, as well as a constellation of DNA repair proteins that more closely mimic the mammalian collection. We showed that the two core components of homology-directed repair (HDR) in U. maydis, namely Brh2 and Rad51, both promote telomere maintenance in telomerase positive cells, just like in mammals. In addition, we found that Brh2 is localized to telomeres in vivo, suggesting that it acts directly at chromosome ends. We surveyed a series of mutants with DNA repair defects, and found many of them to have short telomeres. Our results indicate that factors involved in DNA repair are probably also needed for optimal telomere maintenance in U. maydis, and that this fungus is a useful alternative model system for telomere research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Mladenov E, Magin S, Soni A, Iliakis G. DNA double-strand break repair as determinant of cellular radiosensitivity to killing and target in radiation therapy. Front Oncol 2013; 3:113. [PMID: 23675572 PMCID: PMC3650303 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy plays an important role in the management of a wide range of cancers. Besides innovations in the physical application of radiation dose, radiation therapy is likely to benefit from novel approaches exploiting differences in radiation response between normal and tumor cells. While ionizing radiation induces a variety of DNA lesions, including base damages and single-strand breaks, the DNA double-strand break (DSB) is widely considered as the lesion responsible not only for the aimed cell killing of tumor cells, but also for the general genomic instability that leads to the development of secondary cancers among normal cells. Homologous recombination repair (HRR), non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), and alternative NHEJ, operating as a backup, are the major pathways utilized by cells for the processing of DSBs. Therefore, their function represents a major mechanism of radiation resistance in tumor cells. HRR is also required to overcome replication stress – a potent contributor to genomic instability that fuels cancer development. HRR and alternative NHEJ show strong cell-cycle dependency and are likely to benefit from radiation therapy mediated redistribution of tumor cells throughout the cell-cycle. Moreover, the synthetic lethality phenotype documented between HRR deficiency and PARP inhibition has opened new avenues for targeted therapies. These observations make HRR a particularly intriguing target for treatments aiming to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy. Here, we briefly describe the major pathways of DSB repair and review their possible contribution to cancer cell radioresistance. Finally, we discuss promising alternatives for targeting DSB repair to improve radiation therapy and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School Essen, Germany
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Somyajit K, Basavaraju S, Scully R, Nagaraju G. ATM- and ATR-mediated phosphorylation of XRCC3 regulates DNA double-strand break-induced checkpoint activation and repair. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1830-44. [PMID: 23438602 PMCID: PMC3624173 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01521-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAD51 paralogs XRCC3 and RAD51C have been implicated in homologous recombination (HR) and DNA damage responses. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which these paralogs regulate HR and DNA damage signaling remains obscure. Here, we show that an SQ motif serine 225 in XRCC3 is phosphorylated by ATR kinase in an ATM signaling pathway. We find that RAD51C but not XRCC2 is essential for XRCC3 phosphorylation, and this modification follows end resection and is specific to S and G2 phases. XRCC3 phosphorylation is required for chromatin loading of RAD51 and HR-mediated repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs). Notably, in response to DSBs, XRCC3 participates in the intra-S-phase checkpoint following its phosphorylation and in the G2/M checkpoint independently of its phosphorylation. Strikingly, we find that XRCC3 distinctly regulates recovery of stalled and collapsed replication forks such that phosphorylation is required for the HR-mediated recovery of collapsed replication forks but is dispensable for the restart of stalled replication forks. Together, these findings suggest that XRCC3 is a new player in the ATM/ATR-induced DNA damage responses to control checkpoint and HR-mediated repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Somyajit
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Ralph Scully
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ganesh Nagaraju
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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The natural absence of RPA1N domain did not impair Leishmania amazonensis RPA-1 participation in DNA damage response and telomere protection. Parasitology 2013; 140:547-59. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182012002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYWe have previously shown that the subunit 1 of Leishmania amazonensis RPA (LaRPA-1) alone binds the G-rich telomeric strand and is structurally different from other RPA-1. It is analogous to telomere end-binding proteins described in model eukaryotes whose homologues were not identified in the protozoan´s genome. Here we show that LaRPA-1 is involved with damage response and telomere protection although it lacks the RPA1N domain involved with the binding with multiple checkpoint proteins. We induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in Leishmania using phleomycin. Damage was confirmed by TUNEL-positive nuclei and triggered a G1/S cell cycle arrest that was accompanied by nuclear accumulation of LaRPA-1 and RAD51 in the S phase of hydroxyurea-synchronized parasites. DSBs also increased the levels of RAD51 in non-synchronized parasites and of LaRPA-1 and RAD51 in the S phase of synchronized cells. More LaRPA-1 appeared immunoprecipitating telomeres in vivo and associated in a complex containing RAD51, although this interaction needs more investigation. RAD51 apparently co-localized with few telomeric clusters but it did not immunoprecipitate telomeric DNA. These findings suggest that LaRPA-1 and RAD51 work together in response to DNA DSBs and at telomeres, upon damage, LaRPA-1 works probably to prevent loss of single-stranded DNA and to assume a capping function.
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BRCA2 is epistatic to the RAD51 paralogs in response to DNA damage. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:306-11. [PMID: 23384538 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination plays an important role in the high-fidelity repair of DNA double-strand breaks. A central player in this process, RAD51, polymerizes onto single-stranded DNA and searches for homology in a duplex donor DNA molecule, usually the sister chromatid. Homologous recombination is a highly regulated event in mammalian cells: some proteins have direct enzymatic functions, others mediate or overcome rate-limiting steps in the process, and still others signal cell cycle arrest to allow repair to occur. While the human BRCA2 protein has a clear role in delivering and loading RAD51 onto single-stranded DNA generated after resection of the DNA break, the mechanistic functions of the RAD51 paralogs remain unclear. In this study, we sought to determine the genetic interactions between BRCA2 and the RAD51 paralogs during DNA DSB repair. We utilized siRNA-mediated knockdown of these proteins in human cells to assess their impact on the DNA damage response. The results indicate that loss of BRCA2 alone imparts a more severe phenotype than the loss of any individual RAD51 paralog and that BRCA2 is epistatic to each of the four paralogs tested.
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50
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Her YR, Chung IK. p300-mediated acetylation of TRF2 is required for maintaining functional telomeres. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:2267-83. [PMID: 23307557 PMCID: PMC3575801 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The human telomeric protein TRF2 is required to protect chromosome ends by facilitating their organization into the protective capping structure. Post-translational modifications of TRF2 such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, methylation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation have been shown to play important roles in telomere function. Here we show that TRF2 specifically interacts with the histone acetyltransferase p300, and that p300 acetylates the lysine residue at position 293 of TRF2. We also report that p300-mediated acetylation stabilizes the TRF2 protein by inhibiting its ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis and is required for efficient telomere binding of TRF2. Furthermore, overexpression of the acetylation-deficient mutant, K293R, induces DNA-damage response foci at telomeres, thereby leading to induction of impaired cell growth, cellular senescence and altered cell cycle distribution. A small but significant number of metaphase chromosomes show no telomeric signals at chromatid ends, suggesting an aberrant telomere structure. These findings demonstrate that acetylation of TRF2 by p300 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of functional telomeres as well as in the regulation of the telomere-associated DNA-damage response, thus providing a new route for modulating telomere protection function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ra Her
- Departments of Systems Biology and Integrated Omics for Biomedical Science, WCU Program of Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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