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Koc G, Akgul K, Yilmaz Y, Dirik A, Un S. The effects of cigarette smoking on prostate-specific antigen in two different age groups. Can Urol Assoc J 2013; 7:E704-7. [PMID: 24282461 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using 2 different age groups. METHODS The study was carried out between January 2007 and October 2011 with men; the 2 sets of age groups were: 25 to 35 years and 50 to 70 years old. The participants were divided into 4 groups. Of the 25 to 35 age range, smokers were Group 1, and non-smokers were Group 2; of the 50 to 70 age range, smokers were Group 3 and non-smokers Group 4. In addition, for the 50 to 70 age group, the International Prostate Symptom Score was completed, digital rectal examination was performed, and transabdominal prostate volume was measured. We wanted to see whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels showed a difference between the 2 age groups. RESULTS There were 114 patients in Group 1, 82 in Group 2, 90 in Group 3, and 102 in Group 4. The mean PSA level was 0.7 ± 0.28 ng/mL for Group 1, and 0.6 ± 0.27 ng/mL for Group 2 (p = 0.27), and there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. The mean PSA was 2.5 ± 1.8 ng/mL for Group 3, and 2.1 ± 2.0 ng/mL (p = 0.59) for Group 4, and there was no statistically significant difference between the these 2 age groups. INTERPRETATION Cigarette smoking effects various hormone levels. Different from previous studies, the PSA level was higher in smokers compared to nonsmokers, although it was not statistically significant. Our study is limited by the small numbers in our study groups and the lack of PSA velocity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Koc
- Tepecik Teaching and Research Hospital Urology Department, Yenisehir, Izmir, Turkey
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Magbanua MJM, Roy R, Sosa EV, Weinberg V, Federman S, Mattie MD, Hughes-Fulford M, Simko J, Shinohara K, Haqq CM, Carroll PR, Chan JM. Gene expression and biological pathways in tissue of men with prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of lycopene and fish oil supplementation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24004. [PMID: 21912659 PMCID: PMC3164676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies suggest that micronutrients may modify the risk or delay progression of prostate cancer; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We examined the effects of lycopene and fish oil on prostate gene expression in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. Methods Eighty-four men with low risk prostate cancer were stratified based on self-reported dietary consumption of fish and tomatoes and then randomly assigned to a 3-month intervention of lycopene (n = 29) or fish oil (n = 27) supplementation or placebo (n = 28). Gene expression in morphologically normal prostate tissue was studied at baseline and at 3 months via cDNA microarray analysis. Differential gene expression and pathway analyses were performed to identify genes and pathways modulated by these micronutrients. Results Global gene expression analysis revealed no significant individual genes that were associated with high intake of fish or tomato at baseline or after 3 months of supplementation with lycopene or fish oil. However, exploratory pathway analyses of rank-ordered genes (based on p-values not corrected for multiple comparisons) revealed the modulation of androgen and estrogen metabolism in men who routinely consumed more fish (p = 0.029) and tomato (p = 0.008) compared to men who ate less. In addition, modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism (p = 0.01) was observed after 3 months of fish oil supplementation compared with the placebo group; and modulation of nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2) factor 2 or Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress response for either supplement versus placebo (fish oil: p = 0.01, lycopene: p = 0.001). Conclusions We did not detect significant individual genes associated with dietary intake and supplementation of lycopene and fish oil. However, exploratory analyses revealed candidate in vivo pathways that may be modulated by these micronutrients. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00402285
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jesus M. Magbanua
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ritu Roy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics and Computational Biology Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eduardo V. Sosa
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vivian Weinberg
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Biostatistics and Computational Biology Core, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Federman
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Mattie
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Millie Hughes-Fulford
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katsuto Shinohara
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Haqq
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Carroll
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - June M. Chan
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tamler R, Mechanick JI. Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals in the management of andrologic disorders. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2007; 36:533-52. [PMID: 17543734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals are commonly used by men with erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, BPH, and concerns about developing prostate cancer. Many preparations do not contain the advertised dosages of the active ingredient or are contaminated. Dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, particularly those addressing erectile dysfunction and libido, need to undergo rigorous testing before they can be wholeheartedly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Tamler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1055, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) includes various practices, measures and products which are not presently considered to be a part of conventional (mainstream) medicine. Herbal products, vitamins, minerals and amino acids are increasingly popular as dietary supplements for the treatment, improvement and prophylaxis of urological diseases, and to improve general health and well-being. As these products are freely available without prescription, conventional healthcare providers are often unaware that their patients are using CAM. It is essential to know that some herbal supplements may act in the same way as chemical drugs, and that they originate 'from nature' does not mean that they are safe and/or with no potential harmful effects and/or toxicity. Eventual interactions with conventional medications and contamination with prescription drugs and metals have been reported. The active components of many phytotherapeutic preparations and their mechanism(s) of action are still being determined and evaluated. There is scientific evidence for the effectiveness of some CAM treatments, but for most there are important key questions yet to be answered through basic research and well-designed studies according to established guidelines. Because of the increasing popularity and use of CAM, conventional healthcare providers, including urologists, should not ignore it, and be well informed about the benefits and potential risks of dietary supplements, so that they can advise their patients about this developing field. Whenever necessary and possible, lifestyle and behavioural changes should be recommended before using CAM, and eventually be supplemented by CAM as a second step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Dreikorn
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany.
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Moyad MA, Carroll PR. Lifestyle recommendations to prevent prostate cancer, part II: time to redirect our attention? Urol Clin North Am 2004; 31:301-11. [PMID: 15123409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2004.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article provides a foundation for men who want to incorporate lifestyle changes to reduce their risk for prostate cancer and, more importantly, impact all-cause mortality. Table 1 summarizes some of these lifestyle changes that can be recommended to patients in most settings. Minimal time is required to suggest these changes, and a copy of Table 1 can be provided as a reminder to patients. Although these recommendations may seem simple, past studies of men have demonstrated that few (less than 5%) adhere to numerous healthy behaviors simultaneously. It seems to be more common to follow one healthy change in excess than to make multiple changes in moderation. This may be the result of past studies focusing on one lifestyle change to affect disease risk; poor compliance; lack of attention, time, or understanding to this detail; or lack of motivation on the part of the health professional and the patient. Clinical trials of combined moderate lifestyle changes, however, demonstrate that the total effort to make healthy lifestyle changes is more important than one or two behavioral changes in affecting cardiovascular markers, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Recommending a pill is an easy answer, but few supplements for prostate-cancer prevention or total mortality reduction can be recommended, and long-term compliance is a concern with any agent. Additionally, the potential for supplements to increase the risk for prostate cancer or interfere with conventional treatment continues to be a concern, and no dietary supplement has come close to matching the reduction in all-cause mortality observed in clinical trials of lifestyle changes. The time seems ripe to redirect our attention regarding lifestyle changes and prostate cancer risk. What is heart-healthy is prostate-healthy, which makes it more likely that any man concerned about the risk for prostate cancer will make healthy lifestyle changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Moyad
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA.
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Messing EM, Thompson I. Follow-up of conservatively managed prostate cancer: watchful waiting and primary hormonal therapy. Urol Clin North Am 2004; 30:687-702, viii. [PMID: 14680308 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(03)00050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer choose not to undergo curative treatment, including patients who cannot be helped by local curative therapies (especially those with metastatic disease) and patients with clinically localized disease who opt for expectant management or noncurative treatments such as androgen ablation. This article reviews the selection of patients for these noncurative approaches, strategies for clinical monitoring, the choices of intervention therapies upon progression, and when to start these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Messing
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 656, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Moyad MA. The use of complementary/preventive medicine to prevent prostate cancer recurrence/progression following definitive therapy: part I--lifestyle changes. Curr Opin Urol 2003; 13:137-45. [PMID: 12584474 DOI: 10.1097/00042307-200303000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The number one cause of death in the United States and in most countries around the world is cardiovascular disease. The number one or number two cause of death in prostate cancer patients is also cardiovascular disease. These observations do not serve to belittle the impact of prostate cancer, but are a reminder that the ultimate goal of healthy lifestyle recommendations is to reduce the burden of both of these major causes of death, especially after definitive prostate therapy. Patients need to be encouraged to know their cholesterol levels and other cardiovascular markers including blood pressure, as well as being aware of their prostate-specific antigen values. RECENT FINDINGS Patients should not smoke, they should reduce their intake of saturated and trans fats, increase their consumption of a diversity of fruit and vegetables, consume moderate quantities of dietary soy or flaxseed, increase their consumption of fish or fish oils and other omega-3 fatty acids, as well as maintaining a healthy weight, getting at least 30 min/day of physical activity, and lifting weights several times a week. When in doubt it is important for the clinician and patient to realize that what is healthy for the heart is generally found to be healthy for the prostate. Many of these lifestyle changes, when accomplished on a regular basis, may dramatically reduce the risk of overall early mortality. Despite the simplistic and moderate recommendations in this manuscript, research suggests that few individuals are currently following these suggestions. SUMMARY Clinicians need to constantly emphasize these basic changes in order to truly impact the overall health of any patient following definitive prostate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Moyad
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA.
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