The prevention of malaria

Oral preexposure anti-HIV prophylaxis for high-risk U.S. populations: current considerations in light of new findings

This article reviews the status of current research evaluating oral preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of HIV infection in high-risk populations. In animal model studies, the use of antiretrovirals has been shown to be effective in preventing HIV acquisition. Early-phase PrEP studies have established safety in humans. Currently, more than 20,000 men and women will soon be enrolled in studies of oral or topical chemoprophylaxis, testing a variety of drug delivery methods including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) gel applied vaginally or rectally, as well as oral PrEP using TDF by itself or coformulated with emtricitabine (FTC). The largest global PrEP trial in men who have sex with men (MSM), known as iPrEx has demonstrated that oral chemoprophylaxis can decrease HIV incidence in this population. Although TDF/FTC PrEP was generally well tolerated, side effects such as nausea, as well as mild and reversible renal abnormalities were increased among the men who received active medication, suggesting that PrEP users will need ongoing PrEP clinical monitoring. The prophylactic benefits of TDF/FTC were substantially attenuated by nonadherence, indicating that effective PrEP implementation programs will need to focus on this behavioral variable, in addition to safer sex counseling. This article considers biological, policy, and practical implications of large-scale oral PrEP implementation.

Malaria Primer for Clinicians in the United States

Though low, the incidence of malaria in the United States is not insignificant and can be the source of infection in febrile travelers returning from endemic areas. Clinicians practicing in the United States must have a basic understanding of the malaria life cycle and its treatments to properly diagnose and treat this potentially fatal disease. Malaria chemotherapy can be broken into clinical classes for easier understanding, and any traveler to a malaria-endemic region should be placed on prophylactic medications. Mosquito bite prevention should be undertaken by all travelers, and methods of deterring mosquito bites should be understood.