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Savadogo M, Dahourou LD, Ilboudo AK, Ilboudo SG, Zangré H, Tarnagda G, Souli Z, Combari AHB, Diarra R, Bidima M, Traoré MGB, Mandé CD, Sondo KA, de Balogh K. The Rabies Free Burkina Faso initiative: an example of how one health-oriented civil society organizations can contribute towards the achievement of the rabies zero by 30 goal. ONE HEALTH OUTLOOK 2023; 5:9. [PMID: 37480134 PMCID: PMC10362559 DOI: 10.1186/s42522-023-00086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
While technologies, tools and expertise have proven that countries can be made safe from dog-mediated human rabies, the disease remains a major public health threat in Burkina Faso. The paper reports the experience and success stories of Rabies Free Burkina Faso, an initiative established in 2020 as an example of civil society organization that promotes One Health for integrated rabies control in Africa. As recommended in the Global strategic plan, rabies elimination requires a systematic One Health approach, enhancing pre-exposure and postexposure prophylaxis, dog population management, dog vaccination, awareness raising, diagnosis, surveillance, funding as well as policies and regulations. Rabies Free Burkina Faso was established on 28 September 2020 as not-for-profit organization and aims to strengthen the use of a One Health approach as a non-governmental, multidisciplinary initiative dedicated to promoting rabies elimination. Categories of interventions developed by Rabies Free Burkina Faso cover awareness raising, training and One Health capacity building, dog rabies vaccination, seeking vaccines and providing support, including financial resource to communities to ensure that bite victims are appropriately provided with post-exposure prophylaxis, research, community engagement and joint outbreak investigation in collaboration with competent authorities. Reported success stories confirm the relevance of roles that can be played by Rabies Free Burkina Faso supporting animal health and human health authorities in the fields of rabies control and One Health development in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madi Savadogo
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Laibané Dieudonné Dahourou
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural, Université de Dédougou, Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Kader Ilboudo
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sidwatta Guy Ilboudo
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- International Livestock Research Institute, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Zangré
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Ressources Animales et Halieutiques, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Grissoum Tarnagda
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Alima Hadjia Banyala Combari
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Institut de l'Environnement et de la Recherche Agricole, Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | | | - Kongnimissom Apoline Sondo
- Rabies Free Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Katinka de Balogh
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Syntia Munung N, Ujewe SJ, Afolabi MO. Priorities for global access to life-saving interventions during public health emergencies: Crisis nationalism, solidarity or charity? Glob Public Health 2021; 17:1785-1794. [PMID: 34555300 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1977973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Access to COVID-19-vaccines by the global poor has unveiled the impact of global health and scientific inequities on access to life saving interventions during public health emergencies (PHE). Despite calls for global solidarity to ensure equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines, wealthy countries both in the north and southern hemisphere may find a charity-based approach more appealing and are using the opportunity to forge neo-colonial cooperation ties with some African countries. Solidarity is undoubtedly an ideal equity-based principle of public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). However, its application may be wanting especially as crisis nationalism is more likely to inform the public health policy of any country during a PHEIC, even when they are strong advocates of global solidarity. African countries, on the other hand, must re-appraise their heavy reliance on international aids during PHE and recognise the importance of boosting their epidemic preparedness including research and translation of its findings to practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nchangwi Syntia Munung
- Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samuel J Ujewe
- The Global Emerging Pathogen Treatment (GET) Consortium, Lagos, Nigeria.,Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ottawa, Canada
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Son KB, Kim CY, Lee TJ. Understanding of for whom, under what conditions and how the compulsory licensing of pharmaceuticals works in Brazil and Thailand: A realist synthesis. Glob Public Health 2018; 14:122-134. [PMID: 29734843 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2018.1471613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
When pharmaceuticals are not fully available mainly due to the high cost of medicines, a government can issue compulsory licensing (CL). It is well documented that Brazil and Thailand have notably attempted CL. A realist review was undertaken to understand the identical social interventions in comparative settings, and to draw practical implications for attempting CL relevant for middle-income countries in the era of high-cost medicines. CL is not only a politically well-devised measure to achieve universal health coverage, but also a tentative commitment, which is determined both at the country level and at the global level. At the country level, political will, with catalytic roles of civil activism, is important in order to guarantee the right to health. Through this will, the governments can achieve universal health coverage. In addition, electoral systems, political leaders, and a constitution are necessary to attempt CL. In addition, CL should operate along with other policy instruments, including a comprehensive essential medicines list, CL-friendly phrasing in patent law, and a competent pharmaceutical industry. At the global level, the balance of power between the WTO regime and the global justice movement is critical. This provides global-level context that can either encourage or prevent CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Bok Son
- a College of Pharmacy , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , South Korea.,b Institute of Health and Environment , Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Chang-Yup Kim
- b Institute of Health and Environment , Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea.,c Department of Health Care Management and Policy , Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- b Institute of Health and Environment , Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea.,d Department of Public Health Science , Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University , Seoul , South Korea
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Gómez EJ, Harris J. Political repression, civil society and the politics of responding to AIDS in the BRICS nations. Health Policy Plan 2015; 31:56-66. [PMID: 25858965 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The policy responses to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) nations have played out amid radically different political environments that have shaped state-civil society relations in critical ways. In contrasting these different environments, this article offers the first comparison of the policy response to AIDS in the BRICS nations and seeks to understand the way in which political context matters for conditioning the response to a major epidemic. Using a comparative historical approach, we find that while collaborative state-civil society relations have produced an aggressive response and successful outcomes in Brazil, democratic openness and state-civil society engagement has not necessarily correlated with an aggressive response or better outcomes in the other cases. Response to the epidemic has been worst by far in democratic South Africa, followed by Russia, where in the former, denialism and antagonistic state-civil society relations fuelled a delayed response and proved extremely costly in terms of human lives. In Russia, a lack of civil societal opportunity for mobilization and non-governmental organization (NGO) growth, political centralization and the state's unwillingness to work with NGOs led to an ineffective government response. Top-down bureaucratic rule and a reluctance to fully engage civil society in democratic India substantially delayed the state's efforts to engage in a successful partnership with NGOs. Nevertheless, China has done surprisingly well, in spite of its repressive approach and narrow engagement with civil society. And in all cases, we find the relationship between state and civil society to be evolving over time in important ways. These findings suggest the need for more research on the links between democratic openness, political repression and policy responses to epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Gómez
- King's College London, International Development Institute, Room 7G, Chesham Building, Strand, London, England, UK and
| | - Joseph Harris
- Department of Sociology, 100 Cummington Mall, Room 260, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Sungkanuparph S, Sukasem C, Kiertiburanakul S, Pasomsub E, Chantratita W. Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients after rapid scaling up of antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. J Int AIDS Soc 2012; 15:12. [PMID: 22410286 PMCID: PMC3334685 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-15-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After rapid scaling up of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected patients, the data of primary HIV-1 drug resistance in Thailand is still limited. This study aims to determine the prevalence and associated factors of primary HIV-1 drug resistance in Thailand. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted among antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected Thai patients from 2007 to 2010. HIV-1 subtypes and mutations were assayed by sequencing a region of HIV-1 pol gene. Surveillance drug resistance mutations recommended by the World Health Organization for surveillance of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in 2009 were used in all analyses. Primary HIV-1 drug resistance was defined as the presence of one or more surveillance drug resistance mutations. Results Of 466 patients with a mean age of 38.8 years, 58.6% were males. Risks of HIV-1 infection included heterosexual (77.7%), homosexual (16.7%), and intravenous drug use (5.6%). Median (IQR) CD4 cell count and HIV-1 RNA were 176 (42-317) cells/mm3 and 68,600 (19,515-220,330) copies/mL, respectively. HIV-1 subtypes were CRF01_AE (86.9%), B (8.6) and other recombinants (4.5%). The prevalence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance was 4.9%; most of these (73.9%) had surveillance drug resistance mutations to only one class of antiretroviral drugs. The prevalence of patients with NRTI, NNRTI, and PI surveillance drug resistance mutations was 1.9%, 2.8% and 1.7%, respectively. From logistic regression analysis, there was no factor significantly associated with primary HIV-1 drug resistance. There was a trend toward higher prevalence in females [odds ratio 2.18; 95% confidence interval 0.896-5.304; p = 0.086]. Conclusions There is a significant emergence of primary HIV-1 drug resistance in Thailand after rapid scaling up of antiretroviral therapy. Although HIV-1 genotyping prior to antiretroviral therapy initiation is not routinely recommended in Thailand, our results raise concerns about the risk of early treatment failure in patients with primary HIV-1 drug resistance. Interventions to prevent the transmission of HIV-1 drug resistance and continuation of surveillance for primary HIV-1 drug resistance in Thailand are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnuek Sungkanuparph
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Ford N, Calmy A, Mills EJ. The first decade of antiretroviral therapy in Africa. Global Health 2011; 7:33. [PMID: 21958478 PMCID: PMC3192657 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8603-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen remarkable progress in increasing access to antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings. Early concerns about the cost and complexity of treatment were overcome thanks to the efforts of a global coalition of health providers, activists, academics, and people living with HIV/AIDS, who argued that every effort must be made to ensure access to essential care when millions of lives depended on it. The high cost of treatment was reduced through advocacy to promote access to generic drugs; care provision was simplified through a public health approach to treatment provision; the lack of human resources was overcome through task-shifting to support the provision of care by non-physicians; and access was expanded through the development of models of care that could work at the primary care level. The challenge for the next decade is to further increase access to treatment and support sustained care for those on treatment, while at the same time ensuring that the package of care is continuously improved such that all patients can benefit from the latest improvements in drug development, clinical science, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ford
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Wibulpolprasert S, Chokevivat V, Oh C, Yamabhai I. Government use licenses in Thailand: The power of evidence, civil movement and political leadership. Global Health 2011; 7:32. [PMID: 21910864 PMCID: PMC3180369 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8603-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper attempts to describe and analyse the policy processes that led to the granting and implementation of the government use licenses to enable the import and production of generic versions of medicines patented in Thailand. The decision to grant the series of government use licenses was taken despite much domestic and international controversy. The paper demonstrates that the policy processes leading to the granting of government use licenses are a successful application of the concept of "the triangle that moves the mountain". This is a well-known conceptualisation of a philosophical and strategic approach to public policy advocacy in Thailand, which propounds that the effective bridging of three powers; a.) Knowledge and evidence generated by research and analysis, b.) Civil society movements and public support, and c.) Leadership of policy makers and politicians; in a synergistic "triangle" can move "mountains", meaning the resolution of seemingly insurmountable problems. The paper provides insights into the policy context for the decision and analyses the roles of key actors, their motivations and the policy processes in the country.
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Sarkar S. Community engagement in HIV prevention in Asia: going from 'for the community' to 'by the community'--must we wait for more evidence? Sex Transm Infect 2010; 86 Suppl 1:i2-3. [PMID: 20167726 PMCID: PMC3252600 DOI: 10.1136/sti.2009.039289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Van Puymbroeck RV. Basic survival needs and access to medicines--coming to grips with TRIPS: conversion + calculation. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2010; 38:520-549. [PMID: 20880239 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2010.00510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
"Access to medicines" is a broad concept. After a review of three authoritative frameworks that help to identify its constitutive components, this essay summarizes the actual situation on the ground in low- and middle-income countries on the basis of recent empirical work. An analysis of survey data from 36 countries concluded that developing countries should promote generic medicines as a key policy option for improving access to medicines. Taking an international perspective to that recommendation, this essay reviews the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and, particularly, how this agreement has been applied in practice. As shown by the experience of Thailand, Brazil, and the Philippines, in order to deal effectively with international pressures for an excessive application of the TRIPS Agreement, some sort of conversion experience appears to be required, which then leads to a switch from a private enterprise, supply-driven approach to a public health vision that insists on universal and affordable access. But moral conviction is not sufficient. In order to muster and sustain the political will to face down international forces, civil society and government offices must be able and ready to show the costs and other adverse consequences of the TRIPS-based model for medicines. This calculation needs to reach beyond the health sector and calls for new alliances, nationally as well as internationally.
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Ford N, Wilson D, Cawthorne P, Kumphitak A, Kasi-Sedapan S, Kaetkaew S, Teemanka S, Donmon B, Preuanbuapan C. Challenge and co-operation: civil society activism for access to HIV treatment in Thailand. Trop Med Int Health 2009; 14:258-66. [PMID: 19207173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Civil society has been a driving force behind efforts to increase access to treatment in Thailand. A focus on HIV medicines brought civil society and non-governmental and government actors together to fight for a single cause, creating a platform for joint action on practical issues to improve care for people with HIV/AIDS (PHA) within the public health system. The Thai Network of People with HIV/AIDS, in partnership with other actors, has provided concrete support for patients and for the health system as a whole; its efforts have contributed significantly to the availability of affordable generic medicines, early treatment for opportunistic infections, and an informed and responsible approach towards antiretroviral treatment that is critical to good adherence and treatment success. This change in perception of PHA from 'passive receiver' to 'co-provider' of health care has led to improved acceptance and support within the healthcare system. Today, most PHA in Thailand can access treatment, and efforts have shifted to supporting care for excluded populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ford
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Tantivess S, Walt G. The role of state and non-state actors in the policy process: the contribution of policy networks to the scale-up of antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. Health Policy Plan 2008; 23:328-38. [DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czn023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Maher L, Coupland H, Musson R. Scaling up HIV treatment, care and support for injecting drug users in Vietnam. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2007; 18:296-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ford N, Wilson D, Costa Chaves G, Lotrowska M, Kijtiwatchakul K. Sustaining access to antiretroviral therapy in the less-developed world: lessons from Brazil and Thailand. AIDS 2007; 21 Suppl 4:S21-9. [PMID: 17620749 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000279703.78685.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ANTIRETROVIRAL ROLLOUT IN BRAZIL AND THAILAND: Brazil and Thailand are among few developing countries to achieve universal access to antiretroviral therapy. Three factors were critical to this success: legislation for free access to treatment; public sector capacity to manufacture medicines; and strong civil society action to support government initiatives to improve access. LOCAL PRODUCTION OF AFFORDABLE, NON-PATENTED DRUGS: Many older antiretroviral drugs are not patented in either country and affordable generic versions are manufactured by local pharmaceutical institutes. EFFORTS TO ENSURE ACCESS TO EXPENSIVE, PATENTED DRUGS Developing countries were not required to grant patents on medicines until 2005, but under US government threats of trade sanctions, Thailand and Brazil began doing so at least ten years prior to this date. Brazil has used price negotiations with multi-national pharmaceutical companies to lower the price of newer patented antiretrovirals. However, the prices obtained by this approach remain unaffordable. Thailand recently employed compulsory licensing for two antiretrovirals, obtaining substantial price reductions, both for generic and brand products. Following Thailand's example, Brazil has issued its first compulsory license. LESSONS LEARNED Middle-income countries are unable to pay the high prices of multinational pharmaceutical companies. By relying on negotiations with companies, Brazil pays up to four times more for some drugs compared with prices available internationally. Compulsory licensing has brought treatment with newer antiretrovirals within reach in Thailand, but has resulted in pressure from industry and the US government. An informed and engaged civil society is essential to support governments in putting health before trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Ford
- Médecins Sans Frontières, 522 Mooban Nakorn Thai 14, Ladphrao Soi 101/1, Bangkok 10240, Thailand.
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Lyttleton C, Beesey A, Sitthikriengkrai M. Expanding community through ARV provision in Thailand. AIDS Care 2007; 19 Suppl 1:S44-53. [PMID: 17364387 DOI: 10.1080/09540120601114659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-retrovirals (ARVs) have altered the complexion of HIV/AIDS management in Thailand. In 2005, ARVs were included within a subsidised health scheme making provision widespread. Increased access has been brought about through the legal and political advocacy of the Thai Network for People Living with HIV/AIDS (TNP+) who now play a central role in expanded ARV provision. HIV-infected volunteers help the state deliver comprehensive services and assist with follow-up and adherence programs. Alongside improvements in drug provision, a focus on pharmaceutical treatment has left other issues, such as community support of orphans and the social responses to living with HIV, less central within community responses. As they take on new responsibilities, people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) groups move from activities focused on reversing local stigma to constitute a new social movement that is increasingly prominent in Thai civil society. Networks of PLHA confront new social and political challenges as they also seek to broaden access to marginalised groups who remain excluded from these services. Many ethnic minority groups without full Thai citizenship have been denied access to subsidised health services including ARVs. As part of a broadening advocacy profile, the PLHA movement is now engaging in a politics of difference defined not simply by presence or absence of HIV but also by wider issues of national identity and belonging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lyttleton
- Department of Anthropology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Sheridan DJ. Complexities of equitable drug availability. Lancet 2004; 363:1327. [PMID: 15094288 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)16016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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