Creeping eruption due to Spirurina type X larva

Larva Currens: Report of Seven Cases and Literature Review

Strongyloidiasis is a frequent and often unrecognized parasitic disease because of the frequently asymptomatic nature and lack of sensitivity of diagnostic tests. Under conditions of immunosuppression (particularly systemic corticosteroid treatment), potentially fatal dissemination may occur. Thus, prevention and early diagnosis are important. Larva currens is a rare and pathognomonic cutaneous sign of strongyloidiasis, but is poorly described because of its unpredictable and fleeting occurrence. We report seven imported cases of larva currens seen in Paris between 1990 and 2020. We illustrate the clinical and biological features of this specific but uncommon sign of strongyloidiasis with clinical pictures. There were three males and four females, aged between 29 and 58 years. There were five migrants from endemic countries, one tourist and one expatriate. Digestive disorders were the main extracutaneous signs. All patients had eosinophilia above 0.5 G/L. All cases were confirmed by stool tests. All were cured with ivermectin. The rapidity and the short duration of the creeping eruption distinguish it from other parasitoses. Ivermectin is a treatment of choice. The key point is to think about preventing disseminated strongyloidiasis before giving corticosteroids not only among migrants but also among expatriates and tourists in endemic countries.

Molecular characterization of the parasitic nematode genus Crassicauda; larvae parasitic on the firefly squid and adults on beaked whales off the coast of Japan

The Spirurina type X larvae, which infect firefly squid (Watasenia scintillans), are known to cause cutaneous creeping eruption and intestinal obstruction in humans. Although it has been reported that the adult of this larva is Crassicauda giliakiana, which was recovered from a Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii), it is not well known internationally. In this study, to reconfirm the identification of this species, we determined the mitochondrial cox1 gene and the partial sequence of 18S-28S ribosomal DNA from larvae recovered from firefly squid. As the results, we confirmed that the larvae were C. giliakiana, and partial ribosomal DNA sequences were also performed for phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, to determine the distribution of the genus Crassicauda in Japan as a definitive host, DNA was extracted from archival specimens of adult worms recovered from the kidneys of family Ziphiidae that had stranded on the coast in Japan, and phylogenetic analysis using ITS2 region was conducted. As a result, C. giliakiana were detected from not only B. bairdii but also Mesoplodon stejnegeri, and Ziphius cavirostris, and C. anthonyi was also detected in Z. cavirostris. Furthermore, the kidney parasitic nematoda Crassicauda sp., which is not registered in the database, was found in both M. densirostris and M. gingkodens. This study provides new insights into the distribution and the lifecycle of genus Crassicauda in Japan based on the phylogenetic relationship between larvae and adults.

Dermal, but not Epidermal, Immune Reaction in Cutaneous Spiruroid Larva Migrans: Involvement of Basophils in Dermal Interleukin-33 and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Expression

Abstract is missing (Short communication)

An annotated checklist of the eukaryotic parasites of humans, exclusive of fungi and algae

The classification of "parasites" in the medical field is a challenging notion, a group which historically has included all eukaryotes exclusive of fungi that invade and derive resources from the human host. Since antiquity, humans have been identifying and documenting parasitic infections, and this collective catalog of parasitic agents has expanded considerably with technology. As our understanding of species boundaries and the use of molecular tools has evolved, so has our concept of the taxonomy of human parasites. Consequently, new species have been recognized while others have been relegated to synonyms. On the other hand, the decline of expertise in classical parasitology and limited curricula have led to a loss of awareness of many rarely encountered species. Here, we provide a comprehensive checklist of all reported eukaryotic organisms (excluding fungi and allied taxa) parasitizing humans resulting in 274 genus-group taxa and 848 species-group taxa. For each species, or genus where indicated, a concise summary of geographic distribution, natural hosts, route of transmission and site within human host, and vectored pathogens are presented. Ubiquitous, human-adapted species as well as very rare, incidental zoonotic organisms are discussed in this annotated checklist. We also provide a list of 79 excluded genera and species that have been previously reported as human parasites but are not believed to be true human parasites or represent misidentifications or taxonomic changes.

Pruritic Cutaneous Nematodiasis Caused by Avian Eyeworm Oxyspirura Larvae, Vietnam

A 41-year-old man from Son La Province, Vietnam, sought care for disseminated prurigo-like skin lesions from which nematode larvae were emerging. We morphologically and molecularly identified the larvae as Oxyspirura sp. Our findings confirm this nematode species as a zoonotic pathogen for emerging disease.

[What's new in clinical dermatology?]

Significant advances have been performed in cutaneous adverse reactions leading to primary prevention strategy and implication of new signaling pathways. Histological features of DRESS and methotrexate toxicity are detailed. New emerging infectious agents are reported including Zika Virus, an arbovirus which can be confused with dengue or chikungunya, a new cowpox virus transmitted by domestic cat leading to lymphadenitis, Spirurina type X larva transmitted in Japan by eating raw squid or fish. Malignancies in pemphigus and pemphigoid are emphasized. Expert recommandations are developped on definitions, diagnosis and disease activity of mucous membrane pemphigoid, bubllous pemphigoid and pemphigus. Psoriasis and cardiometabolic association are discussed. This risk association appears higher in hidradenitis suppurativa, which seems more frequent in patients of African ancestry. IgG4-related disease is an immune mediated entity characterized by fibroinflammatory lesions often misdiagnosed. Pruritus, heat sensations, numbness could be recognized as a small-fiber neuropathy symptoms. Burden impact in common dermatosis is demonstrated and should be integrated in our daily practice.