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Leung AKC, Lam JM, Alobaida S, Leong KF, Wong AHC. Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Advances in Pathogenesis, Assessment, and Management. Curr Pediatr Rev 2021; 17:273-287. [PMID: 33902423 DOI: 10.2174/1573396317666210426105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile dermatomyositis is the most common inflammatory myopathy in the pediatric age group and a major cause of mortality and morbidity in individuals with childhood rheumatic diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that early diagnosis and timely aggressive treatment are associated with better outcomes. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to provide readers with an update on the evaluation, diagnosis, and the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis. METHODS A PubMed search was performed in Clinical Queries using the key term "juvenile dermatomyositis" in the search engine. The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to English literature. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article. RESULTS Juvenile dermatomyositis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory condition characterized by systemic capillary vasculopathy that primarily affects the skin and muscles with possible involvement of other organs. In 2017, the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) developed diagnostic criteria for juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and juvenile dermatomyositis. In the absence of muscle biopsies which are infrequently performed in children, scores (in brackets) are assigned to four variables related to muscle weakness, three variables related to skin manifestations, one variable related to other clinical manifestations, and two variables related to laboratory measurements to discriminate idiopathic inflammatory myopathies from non-idiopathic inflammatory myopathies as follows: objective symmetric weakness, usually progressive, of the proximal upper extremities (0.7); objective symmetric weakness, usually progressive, of the proximal lower extremities (0.8); neck flexors relatively weaker than neck extensors (1.9); leg proximal muscles relatively weaker than distal muscles (0.9); heliotrope rash (3.1); Gottron papules (2.1); Gottron sign (3.3); dysphagia or esophageal dysmotility (0.7); the presence of anti-Jo-1 autoantibody (3.9); and elevated serum levels of muscle enzymes (1.3). In the absence of muscle biopsy, a definite diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy can be made if the total score is ≥7.5. Patients whose age at onset of symptoms is less than 18 years and who meet the above criteria for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy and have a heliotrope rash, Gottron papules or Gottron sign are deemed to have juvenile dermatomyositis. The mainstay of therapy at the time of diagnosis is a high-dose corticosteroid (oral or intravenous) in combination with methotrexate. CONCLUSION For mild to moderate active muscle disease, early aggressive treatment with high-dose oral prednisone alone or in combination with methotrexate is the cornerstone of management. Pulse intravenous methylprednisolone is often preferred to oral prednisone in more severely affected patients, patients who respond poorly to oral prednisone, and those with gastrointestinal vasculopathy. Other steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents such as cyclosporine and cyclophosphamide are reserved for patients with contraindications or intolerance to methotrexate and for refractory cases, as the use of these agents is associated with more adverse events. Various biological agents have been used in the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis. Data on their efficacy are limited, and their use in the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis is considered investigational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta,Canada
| | - Joseph M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia,Canada
| | - Saud Alobaida
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh,Saudi Arabia
| | - Kin F Leong
- Pediatric Institute, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia
| | - Alex H C Wong
- Department of Family Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,Canada
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Giancane G, Lavarello C, Pistorio A, Oliveira SK, Zulian F, Cuttica R, Fischbach M, Magnusson B, Pastore S, Marini R, Martino S, Pagnier A, Soler C, Staņēvicha V, Ten Cate R, Uziel Y, Vojinovic J, Fueri E, Ravelli A, Martini A, Ruperto N. The PRINTO evidence-based proposal for glucocorticoids tapering/discontinuation in new onset juvenile dermatomyositis patients. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019; 17:24. [PMID: 31118099 PMCID: PMC6530070 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-019-0326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prednisone (PDN) in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), alone or in association with other immunosuppressive drugs, namely methotrexate (MTX) and cyclosporine (CSA), represents the first-line treatment option for new onset JDM patients. No clear evidence based guidelines are actually available to standardize the tapering and discontinuation of glucocorticoids (GC) in JDM. Aim of our study was to provide an evidence-based proposal for GC tapering/discontinuation in new onset juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), and to identify predictors of clinical remission and GC discontinuation. METHODS New onset JDM children were randomized to receive either PDN alone or in combination with methotrexate (MTX) or cyclosporine (CSA). In order to derive steroid tapering indications, PRINTO/ACR/EULAR JDM core set measures (CSM) and their median absolute and relative percent changes over time were compared in 3 groups. Group 1 included those in clinical remission who discontinued PDN, with no major therapeutic changes (MTC) (reference group) and was compared with those who did not achieve clinical remission, without or with MTC (Group 2 and 3, respectively). A logistic regression model identified predictors of clinical remission with PDN discontinuation. RESULTS Based on the median change in the CSM of 30/139 children in Group 1, after 3 pulses of methyl-prednisolone, GC could be tapered from 2 to 1 mg/kg/day in the first two months from onset if any of the CSM decreased by 50-94%, and from 1 to 0.2 mg/kg/day in the following 4 months if any CSM further decreased by 8-68%, followed by discontinuation in the ensuing 18 months. The achievement of PRINTO JDM 50-70-90 response after 2 months of treatment (ORs range 4.5-6.9), an age at onset > 9 years (OR 4.6) and the combination therapy PDN + MTX (OR 3.6) increase the probability of achieving clinical remission (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence-based proposal for glucocorticoid tapering/discontinuation based on the change in JDM CSM of disease activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial full title: Five-Year Single-Blind, Phase III Effectiveness Randomized Actively Controlled Clinical Trial in New Onset Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Prednisone versus Prednisone plus Cyclosporine A versus Prednisone plus Methotrexate. EUDRACT registration number: 2005-003956-37 . CLINICAL TRIAL gov is NCT00323960 . Registered on 17 August 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Giancane
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Clinica Pediatrica – Reumatologia, PRINTO, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Lavarello
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Clinica Pediatrica – Reumatologia, PRINTO, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angela Pistorio
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Servizio di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sheila K. Oliveira
- 0000 0001 2294 473Xgrid.8536.8Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira (IPPMG), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francesco Zulian
- 0000 0004 1757 3470grid.5608.bDepartment of Woman and Child Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Ruben Cuttica
- Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Unidad de Reumatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michel Fischbach
- 0000 0004 0593 6932grid.412201.4Hôpital Universitaire Hautepierre, Pédiatrie I, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bo Magnusson
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cPediatric Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Serena Pastore
- 0000 0004 1760 7415grid.418712.9IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Marini
- 0000 0001 0723 2494grid.411087.bDepartamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Silvana Martino
- 0000 0001 2336 6580grid.7605.4Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anne Pagnier
- 0000 0001 0792 4829grid.410529.bMédecine Infantile, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble-Alpes (CHU de Grenoble), Grenoble, France
| | - Christine Soler
- grid.413770.6Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital de l’Archet, Nice, France
| | - Valda Staņēvicha
- Department of Pediatrics, Bērnu Klīniskā Universitātes Slimnīca, Riga, Latvia
| | - Rebecca Ten Cate
- 0000000089452978grid.10419.3dAfdelingkindergeneeskunde, Academisch Ziekenhuis Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Yosef Uziel
- 0000 0004 1937 0546grid.12136.37Meir Medical Centre, Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Kfar Saba and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jelena Vojinovic
- 0000 0001 0942 1176grid.11374.30Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia ,0000 0004 0517 2741grid.418653.dClinic of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Clinical Center Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Elena Fueri
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Clinica Pediatrica – Reumatologia, PRINTO, Genoa, Italy
| | - Angelo Ravelli
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Clinica Pediatrica – Reumatologia, Genoa, Italy ,0000 0001 2151 3065grid.5606.5Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili (DiNOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberto Martini
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Clinica Pediatrica – Reumatologia, Genoa, Italy ,0000 0001 2151 3065grid.5606.5Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili (DiNOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicolino Ruperto
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Clinica Pediatrica - Reumatologia, PRINTO, Genoa, Italy.
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