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Lana D, Ugolini F, Melani A, Nosi D, Pedata F, Giovannini MG. The neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad in CA3 after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat: Protective effect of dipyridamole. Exp Gerontol 2017; 96:46-62. [PMID: 28606482 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the quantitative and morphofunctional alterations of neuron-astrocyte-microglia triads in CA3 hippocampus, in comparison to CA1, after 2 Vessel Occlusion (2VO) and the protective effect of dipyridamole. We evaluated 3 experimental groups: sham-operated rats (sham, n=15), 2VO-operated rats treated with vehicle (2VO-vehicle, n=15), and 2VO-operated rats treated with dipyridamole from day 0 to day 7 (2VO-dipyridamole, n=15), 90days after 2VO. We analyzed Stratum Pyramidalis (SP), Stratum Lucidum (SL) and Stratum Radiatum (SR) of CA3. 1) ectopic neurons increased in SL and SR of 2VO-vehicle, and 2VO-dipyridamole rats; 2) apoptotic neurons increased in SP of 2VO-vehicle rats and dipyridamole reverted this effect; 3) astrocytes increased in SP, SL and SR of 2VO-vehicle and 2VO-dipyridamole rats; 4) TNF-α expression increased in astrocytes, blocked by dipyridamole, and in dendrites in SR of 2VO-vehicle rats; 5) total microglia increased in SL and SR of 2VO-vehicle and 2VO-dipyridamole rats; 6) triads increased in SR of 2VO-vehicle rats and dipyridamole reverted this effect. Microglia cooperated with astrocytes to phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and debris, and engulfed ectopic non-fragmented neurons in SL of 2VO-vehicle and 2VO-dipyridamole rats, through a new mechanism called phagoptosis. CA3 showed a better adaptive capacity than CA1 to the ischemic insult, possibly due to the different behaviour of astrocytes and microglial cells. Dipyridamole had neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy.
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Munshi A, Das S. Genetic Understanding of Stroke Treatment: Potential Role for Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 17:445-461. [PMID: 28956342 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) gene family is a large family having at least 21 genes and multiple versions (isoforms) of the phosphodiesterase enzymes. These enzymes catalyze the inactivation of intracellular mediators of signal transduction such as cAMP and cGMP and therefore, play a pivotal role in various cellular functions. PDE inhibitors (PDEI) are drugs that block one or more of the five subtypes of the PDE family and thereby prevent inactivation of the intracellular cAMP and cGMP by the respective PDE-subtypes. The first clinical use of PDEI was reported almost three decades ago. Studies later found the ability of these compounds to increase the levels of ubiquitous secondary messenger molecules that can cause changes in vascular tone, cardiac function and other cellular events and thus these findings paved the way for their use in various medical emergencies. PDEs are found to be distributed in many tissues including brain. Therefore, new therapeutic agents in the form of PDEI are being explored in neurodegenerative diseases including stroke. Although studies have revealed their use in cerebral infarction prevention, their full-fledged application in times of neurological emergency or stroke in specific has been very limited so far. Nevertheless, recent investigations suggest PDE4 and PDE5 inhibitors to play a vital role in mitigating stroke symptoms by modulating signaling mechanisms in PDE pathway. Further, extensive research in terms of their pharmacological properties like dosing, drug specific activities, use of simultaneous medications, ancillary properties of these compounds and studies on adverse drug reactions needs to be carried out to set them as standard drugs of use in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Munshi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
| | - Satrupa Das
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, India
- Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Lana D, Melani A, Pugliese AM, Cipriani S, Nosi D, Pedata F, Giovannini MG. The neuron-astrocyte-microglia triad in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: protective effect of dipyridamole. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:322. [PMID: 25505884 PMCID: PMC4245920 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion during aging may cause progressive neurodegeneration as ischemic conditions persist. Proper functioning of the interplay between neurons and glia is fundamental for the functional organization of the brain. The aim of our research was to study the pathophysiological mechanisms, and particularly the derangement of the interplay between neurons and astrocytes-microglia with the formation of "triads," in a model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by the two-vessel occlusion (2VO) in adult Wistar rats (n = 15). The protective effect of dipyridamole given during the early phases after 2VO (4 mg/kg/day i.v., the first 7 days after 2VO) was verified (n = 15). Sham-operated rats (n = 15) were used as controls. Immunofluorescent triple staining of neurons (NeuN), astrocytes (GFAP), and microglia (IBA1) was performed 90 days after 2VO. We found significantly higher amount of "ectopic" neurons, neuronal debris and apoptotic neurons in CA1 Str. Radiatum and Str. Pyramidale of 2VO rats. In CA1 Str. Radiatum of 2VO rats the amount of astrocytes (cells/mm(2)) did not increase. In some instances several astrocytes surrounded ectopic neurons and formed a "micro scar" around them. Astrocyte branches could infiltrate the cell body of ectopic neurons, and, together with activated microglia cells formed the "triads." In the triad, significantly more numerous in CA1 Str. Radiatum of 2VO than in sham rats, astrocytes and microglia cooperated in the phagocytosis of ectopic neurons. These events might be common mechanisms underlying many neurodegenerative processes. The frequency to which they appear might depend upon, or might be the cause of, the burden and severity of neurodegeneration. Dypiridamole significantly reverted all the above described events. The protective effect of chronic administration of dipyridamole might be a consequence of its vasodilatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory role during the early phases after 2VO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lana
- Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Section of Pharmacology and Clinical Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence Florence, Italy
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Gresele P, Momi S, Falcinelli E. Anti-platelet therapy: phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 72:634-46. [PMID: 21649691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of platelet aggregation can be achieved either by the blockade of membrane receptors or by interaction with intracellular signalling pathways. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) are two critical intracellular second messengers provided with strong inhibitory activity on fundamental platelet functions. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), by catalysing the hydrolysis of cAMP and cGMP, limit the intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides, thus regulating platelet function. The inhibition of PDEs may therefore exert a strong platelet inhibitory effect. Platelets possess three PDE isoforms (PDE2, PDE3 and PDE5), with different selectivity for cAMP and cGMP. Several nonselective or isoenzyme-selective PDE inhibitors have been developed, and some of them have entered clinical use as antiplatelet agents. This review focuses on the effect of PDE2, PDE3 and PDE5 inhibitors on platelet function and on the evidence for an antithrombotic action of some of them, and in particular of dipyridamole and cilostazol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gresele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.
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Melani A, Cipriani S, Corti F, Pedata F. Effect of intravenous administration of dipyridamole in a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1207:89-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05732.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sixma JJ, Trieschnigg AM. Inhibition of the function of human blood platelets in vitro by VK 744. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 2009; 8:417-24. [PMID: 5160302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1971.tb00894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Douglas AS. Introduction. Action of pyrimido-pyrimidine compounds on platelet behaviour in vitro. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009; 525:231-5. [PMID: 5292095 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1972.tb05832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ts'ao C, Glagov S. Effects of compound 48-80 on platelets: structural alterations and inhibition of aggregation. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY 2009; 9:73-82. [PMID: 5056482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.1972.tb00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Philp R, Francey I, McElroy F. Effects of dipyridamole and five related agents on human platelet aggregation and adenosine uptake. Thromb Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(73)90124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Slater SD, Turpie AG, Douglas AS, McNicol GP. Effect in vitro on platelet function of two compounds developed from the pyrimido-pyrimidines. J Clin Pathol 1972; 25:427-32. [PMID: 5046075 PMCID: PMC477339 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.25.5.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
VK 774 and VK 744, two new compounds developed from the pyrimido-pyrimidines, have been found to be powerful inhibitors of platelet function tested in vitro. They inhibit adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation, and the release of platelet factor 3 by kaolin, and VK 774 also reduces platelet adhesiveness and inhibits platelet aggregation (;snowstorm' effect) in the Chandler tube system. Although measured percentage whole blood clot retraction was uninfluenced by these drugs the clot produced with VK 774 was friable and soft. VK 774 appears to be the most powerful of these compounds reported so far, being active in some test systems at 10(-6)M, and, if the results of toxicity testing are satisfactory, it should be an important agent for therapeutic trial.
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Hassanein AA, Turpie AG, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. Effect of RA233 on platelet function in vitro. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1970; 2:83-6. [PMID: 5420238 PMCID: PMC1699949 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5701.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RA233, a new pyrimido-pyrimidine compound, is a powerful inhibitor of platelet function tested in vitro; it inhibits calcium and adenosine diphosphate (A.D.P.)-induced platelet aggregation, inhibits the retention of platelets by glass beads, decreases the release of platelet factor 3 by kaolin, and inhibits clot retraction. In some in-vitro systems RA233 is significantly more potent that its analogue RA433 in inhibiting platelet function.
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Soppitt GD, Mitchell JR. The effect of colchicine on human platelet behaviour. JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH 1969; 10:247-52. [PMID: 5381846 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(69)80012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Eliasson R, Bygdeman S. Effect of dipyridamole and two pyrimido-pyrimidine derivatives on the kinetics of human platelet aggregation and on platelet adhesiveness. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1969; 24:145-51. [PMID: 5383322 DOI: 10.3109/00365516909080145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Forbes CD, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. Action of a pyrimido-pyrimidine compound on platelet behaviour in vitro. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1969; 2:483-5. [PMID: 5771580 PMCID: PMC1983431 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5655.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A pyrimido-pyrimidine compound (RA433) was found in vitro to be a significantly more potent inhibitor of platelet behaviour than the previously available pyrimido-pyrimidine compound RA8-dipyridamole. In a turbidimetric system RA433 inhibits platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and noradrenaline; further, in a glass-bead-column technique it is a powerful inhiitor of platelet adhesiveness.
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Mayne EE, Bridges JM, Weaver JA. The effect of dipyridamole on increased levels of platelet adhesiveness. Report of a controlled clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS RESEARCH 1969; 9:335-8. [PMID: 4899687 DOI: 10.1016/s0368-1319(69)80027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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