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Robert M, Betuel H, Revillard JP. Inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction by sera from multipara. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 3:39-56. [PMID: 4140588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1973.tb00976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Papadogiannakis N. Traffic of leukocytes through the maternofetal placental interface and its possible consequences. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997; 222:141-57. [PMID: 9257490 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60614-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Papadogiannakis
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Pathology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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Ahmed SA, Talal N. Sex hormones and the immune system--Part 2. Animal data. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL RHEUMATOLOGY 1990; 4:13-31. [PMID: 2282659 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones have physiological and pathological (autoimmune conditions) effects on the immune system. Studies in experimental animal models of human autoimmune diseases have clearly shown that sex hormones regulate the expression, severity and course of autoimmune diseases. Sex hormones affect the function of T, B and NK cells, and macrophages. Precisely how sex hormones affect lymphocytes is a highly complex question. Sex hormones can modulate the immune system, perhaps directly (e.g. thymic reticular tissue), or indirectly via host and many oestrogen target tissues, including the central nervous system hypothalamic-pituitary axis (the neuroendocrine tissues). The effects of sex hormones on the immune system (immunosuppression or immunopotentiation) may vary, even with the same hormone. For example, oestrogen can increase IgA levels in the uterus, but decrease IgA levels in the vagina or have no effect in lacrimal tissues (Sullivan, 1989). Therefore the effects of sex hormones on the immune system cannot be generalized but must be evaluated independently. Some of the reasons for variability in results have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (Steinberg et al, 1979; Ansar Ahmed et al, 1985b). These include, dose of hormones, age and sex-hormonal status of animals, route and time of administration, the immunocompetence of the host, stress, the metabolism of hormones (e.g. metabolism of testosterone to oestrogen) resulting in alteration of biological activity, and differential response to various antigens. The initial encounter of sex hormones with the type of target cells, the variability of secondary messengers and gene activation events are other important considerations. The effects of sex hormones on the immune system to modulate immune responses are unequivocal. The burgeoning advances in cellular immunology, endocrinology and molecular biology, should provide a better understanding of: (1) the interactions of hormones with the immune system; (2) how hormones activate specific genes; and (3) how hormones influence intracellular communication. In a clinical situation, it is hoped that androgenic compounds which lack virilizing effects, but possessing the desired immunomodulatory effects, will eventually be synthesized. These hormone analogues, in combination with specific (non-toxic) oestrogen antagonists, may offer new therapeutic avenues.
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Abstract
Placental transfer of maternal IgG is known to be an active process resulting in a concentration on the fetal side of the circulation--at the apparent expense of that in the mother--at full term. However, when this apparent decrease in maternal IgG is related to the actual hemodilution occurring in parallel, the total inventory of the mother's IgG appears to be constant throughout pregnancy. Therefore, conclusions regarding the variations in IgG concentrations cannot be drawn without simultaneous information about plasma volume fluctuations.
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Combe B, Cosso B, Clot J, Bonneau M, Sany J. Human placenta-eluted gammaglobulins in immunomodulating treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1985; 78:920-8. [PMID: 2409794 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-one patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis were treated with intravenous perfusion of human placenta-eluted gammaglobulins. These gammaglobulins, which are IgG eluted from placental tissue, have strong immunomodulating properties in vitro. Several clinical trials were tested to find the optimal useful dosage. A 50 percent improvement was considered a good result and was obtained in 60 percent of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The best results were obtained in patients receiving 1,500 mg daily seven days each month. Six subjects had a long remission of their disease after the end of treatment. The side effects were usually minor. In all patients, an immunostimulation of lymphocyte function was shown, even when they had no improvement. A control group of patients underwent perfusion with IgG from placental blood without any clinical or immunologic effect. It is suggested that the in vivo effects of placenta-eluted gammaglobulins might be mediated by polyspecific anti-HLA-DR antibodies.
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Pattillo RA. Genetic origin, immunobiology, and gonadotropin expression in trophoblast and nontrophoblast neoplasms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1984; 176:53-79. [PMID: 6093475 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4811-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Pattillo RA. Histocompatibility antigens in pregnancy, abortions, infertility, preeclampsia, and trophoblast neoplasms. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY : AJRI : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THE IMMUNOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION AND THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION COMMITTEE FOR IMMUNOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 1980; 1:29-34. [PMID: 6278967 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1980.tb00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The genetic makeup of an individual may determine the capacity of the individual to combat successfully cancer and other disease states, eg abnormal pregnancies, abortions, infertility, and preeclampsia. These factors appear to be based upon the individual's immunogenetics, as histocompatibility-restricted T-cell cytotoxicity may be deficient in the observed instances of increased histocompatibility between husband and wife found in trophoblast tumor patients and in other instances of abnormal pregnancies.
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Fedosov EA, Fedorov GN, Kostyukov AA. Role of genetic differences between mother and fetuses in the development of a graft versus host reaction induced in the mother. Bull Exp Biol Med 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00834250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stites DP, Pavia CS, Clemens LE, Kuhn RW, Siiteri PK. Immunologic regulation in pregnancy. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1979; 22:1300-7. [PMID: 92318 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780221119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Theories to explain the failure of rejection of the fetus by the mother during pregnancy include immunologic privilege of the uterus as a graft site, lack of transplantation antigen expression on the trophoblast, weakening of maternal cellular immunity during pregnancy, and separation of maternal and fetal circulations. Evidence for and against each of these theories is discussed. Local concentration of a variety of hormones, including human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), sex steroids, alpha-fetoprotein, and immunoglobulins, could provide a blocking mechanism to prevent maternal cellular immune attack. Possibly, progesterone, antibodies, and immune complexes are important in protecting the placenta and ultimately the fetus from rejection. Elucidation of regulatory mechanisms in pregnancy may be applicable to other problems in immunology.
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Davis JC, Hipkin LJ, Finn R, St Hill CA. Do plasma glycoproteins induce lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness and insulin resistance? Lancet 1978; 2:1343-5. [PMID: 82844 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Depression of lymphocyte transformation and an increase in insulin resistance are common to pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, widespread malignancy, infection, and tissue destruction. We suggest that these abnormalities are caused by a rise in the plasma-glycoprotein level which is also common to these clinical states. There is evidence that glycoproteins can inhibit cell division, lymphocyte transformation, and the action of hormones on target cells. Because of the increase in plasma glycoprotein the cells in many organs and their hormone receptors may have a thicker coating of glycoproteins which blunts their response to variuos stimuli.
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Björksten B, Söderström T, Damber MG, von Schoultz B, Stigbrand T. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function during pregnancy. Scand J Immunol 1978; 8:257-62. [PMID: 151912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1978.tb00518.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function was studied in pregnant women and related to the serum concentration of pregnancy zone protein (PZP) and to mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity. Neutrophil chemotaxis was depressed in pregnant women. Pregnancy serum inhibited the MLC-reaction. The serum levels of PZP were inversely related to chemotactic responsiveness (P less than 0.05) and depression of MLC reactivity (P less than 0.01). The capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium was depressed in PMNs from pregnant women, and pregnancy serum inhibited phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by control PMNs. Neutrophils from pregnant women showed increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of zymosan. The results may be explained by depression of ingestion by pregnancy serum and increased oxidative metabolism in PMNs from pregnant women.
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Armstrong-Esther CA, Lacey JH, Crisp AH, Bryant TN. An investigation of the immune response of patients suffering from anorexia nervosa. Postgrad Med J 1978; 54:395-9. [PMID: 683907 PMCID: PMC2425160 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.54.632.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from anorexia nervosa rarely appear to develop the common cold or influenza. This study examines the immunological response of fifteen female anorexia nervosa patients of both the vomiting and carbohydrate-abstaining type and compares them with a control population matched for age and occupation. Both anorectics and control populations received the admune influenza vaccine. Initially both groups had similar haemagglutination inhibition titres against the three different viral antigens: A/HK; A/PC; A/Eng. However, the anorectics showed over a 2-month period a higher titre of antibody especially to the Hong Kong virus: this was sigignificant. Cellular immune responses were measured using a tuberculin and a macrophage inhibition test, no significant difference between the two groups was obderved. These results which support the clinical findings are discussed.
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Cerni C, Tatra G, Bohn H. Immunosuppression by human placenta lactogen (HPL) and the pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP-1). Inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation. ARCHIV FUR GYNAKOLOGIE 1977; 223:1-7. [PMID: 578671 DOI: 10.1007/bf00675078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effect of human placental lactogen (HPL) and the gravidity-specific beta1-Glycoprotein (SP-1) on the lymphocyte transformation was investigated in 20 healthy women. It was shown that simultaneous incubation of the lymphocytes with HPL or SP-1 together with PHA has no influence on the incorporation rate of H3-Thymidine. When the fetal calf serum (FCS) in the lymphocyte cultures was substituted by a 3% human albumin-solution, there was a reduction of the incorporation rate of the radioactive nucleic acid precursors to 20%, as compared to the controls with FCS. After addition of HPL and SP-1 to the cultures there was a further dosis dependent decrease of the incorporation rate. When lymphocytes were preincubated with the proteins for 24 h, there was a marked reduction of the blastogenesis after additon of PHA, HPL and SP-1 under these conditions had a immunosuppressive effect on the lymphocyte transformation.
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Herva E, Jouppila P. Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions between parental cells in pregnancy and puerperium. ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SECTION C, IMMUNOLOGY 1977; 85:99-106. [PMID: 140587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1977.tb03618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells, inhibition of these reactions with maternal serum, and cytotoxic antibodies in maternal serum were studied in 36 couples through pregnancy and puerperium. Average MLC reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells were not significantly different, nor did the MLC responses of maternal cells clearly differ from those of other cells in their time-course kinetics. However, the response of maternal cells to paternal cells was weaker than to control cells in 15 of 18 couples studied during the first week postpartum; this may suggest some specific alteration in maternal immunity to paternal antigens. The sera of pregnant women suppressed MLC reactions. This suppressive effect disappeared during the first week postpartum, whereafter only about 20% of the sera studied caused clear inhibition of MLC reactions. Nine per cent of the postpartum sera studied contained cytotoxic antibodies against paternal cells.
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Abstract
Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses were assessed in mice at mid-term (day 10) in pregnancy. A significant but selective suppression of the primary in vivo antibody (plaque-forming cell) response to SRBC was observed, with the most pronounced effect being on the gammaA response. Similar results were obtained for secondary in vitro antibody synthesis by antigen-primed spleen cells from pregnant mice, demonstrating the intrinsic nature of the inhibition. Pregnant mouse serum (PMS) was shown to suppress primary in vitro antibody synthesis, and the inhibitory effect was abrogated by the selective removal of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) using affinity chromatography. Normal mouse serum became similarly suppressive in vitro when purified AFP of fetal origin was added to it in concentrations approximating that found in PMS. Spleen cells from pregnant mice showed a suppressed mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin, a lowered response to concanavalin. A, and a normal response to lipopolysaccharide. In contrast, the allogeneic response of these animals as measured in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture was enhanced. PMS suppressed both allogeneic and mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation by spleen cells from nonpregnant mice, and the effect was eliminated by the selective removal of AFP. These findings indicate an important functional role for AFP in normal embryological development.
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Jha P, Talwar GP, Hingorani V. Depression of blast transformation of peripheral leukocytes by plasma from pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 122:965-8. [PMID: 1155533 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The blast transformation of peripheral leukocytes from pregnant and nonpregnant women has been studied at different time intervals with graded concentrations of phytohemagglutinin. The transformation is markedly depressed during pregnancy. Leukocytes from nonpregnant women and men show diminished transformation when cultured in a medium containing plasma from pregnant women.
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Khoo SK, Tillack SV, Mackay EV. Cell-mediated Immunity: Effect of Female Genital Tract Cancer, Pregnancy and Immunosuppressive Drugs. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1975. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.1975.tb00878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gundert D, Merz WE, Hilgenfeldt U, Brossmer R. Inability of highly purified preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin to inhibit the phytohemagglutinin-induced stimulation of lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 1975; 53:309-12. [PMID: 1169164 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Thong YH, Steele RW, Vincent MM, Hensen SA, Bellanti JA. Impaired in vitro cell-mediated immunity to rubella virus during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1973; 289:604-6. [PMID: 4269242 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197309202891203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Vandeputte M, Sobis H, Billiau A, Van de Maele B, Leyten R. In utero tumor induction by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in the rat. I. Biological characteristics. Int J Cancer 1973; 11:536-42. [PMID: 4791222 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910110305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rocklin RE, Zuckerman JE, Alpert E, David JR. Effect of multiparity on human maternal hypersensitivity to foetal antigen. Nature 1973; 241:130-1. [PMID: 4695541 DOI: 10.1038/241130a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Watkins SM. Lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutin in pregnancy. THE JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY OF THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTH 1972; 79:990-3. [PMID: 4404892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1972.tb11876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Finn R, St Hill CA, Govan AJ, Ralfs IG, Gurney FJ, Denye V. Immunological responses in pregnancy and survival of fetal homograft. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1972; 3:150-2. [PMID: 5039778 PMCID: PMC1788602 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5819.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunological responses were studied in pregnant women and controls using as tests phytohaemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation and the tuberculin reaction. Significantly reduced responses were found to both tests in the pregnant women. These results suggest that a reduction in T-cell activity during pregnancy may help protect the fetus from rejection by its mother's immunological mechanisms.
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