1
|
Kiljańczyk A, Matuszczak M, Marciniak W, Derkacz R, Stempa K, Baszuk P, Bryśkiewicz M, Cybulski C, Dębniak T, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, Lener MR, Jakubowska A, Cheriyan A, Szwiec M, Stawicka-Niełacna M, Godlewski D, Prusaczyk A, Jasiewicz A, Kluz T, Tomiczek-Szwiec J, Kilar-Kobierzycka E, Siołek M, Wiśniowski R, Posmyk R, Jarkiewicz-Tretyn J, Sun P, Scott RJ, Narod SA, Lubiński J. Blood Iodine as a Potential Marker of the Risk of Cancer in BRCA1 Carriers. Nutrients 2024; 16:1788. [PMID: 38892720 PMCID: PMC11174800 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer and ovarian cancer pose a significant risk for BRCA1 carriers, with limited risk-reduction strategies. While improved screening helps in the early detection of breast cancer, preventive measures remain elusive. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between iodine levels and modulation of cancer risk, but comprehensive studies are scarce. We conducted a prospective study among 989 BRCA1 carriers to assess the association between blood iodine levels and breast and ovarian cancer risk. Using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we measured blood iodine levels and observed a negative association with breast cancer risk, with a significantly lower risk observed in quartile 4 (iodine > 38.0 µg/L) compared with quartile 1 (iodine < 30 µg/L) (HR = 0.49; 95%CI: 0.27-0.87; p = 0.01). Conversely, a suggestive increase in ovarian cancer risk was observed at higher iodine levels (HR = 1.91; 95%CI: 0.64-5.67; p = 0.25). No significant association was found between iodine levels and overall cancer risk. Our results suggest the potential of iodine to reduce breast cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers after prophylactic oophorectomy but require further validation and investigation of its effect on ovarian cancer risk and overall mortality. These findings highlight the need for personalized strategies to manage cancer risk in BRCA1 carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kiljańczyk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Milena Matuszczak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Róża Derkacz
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
| | - Klaudia Stempa
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Piotr Baszuk
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
| | - Marta Bryśkiewicz
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Dębniak
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Zyty 28, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Marcin R. Lener
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
| | - Angela Cheriyan
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Marek Szwiec
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, University of Zielona Góra, Zyty 28, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stawicka-Niełacna
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University of Zielona Góra, ul. Zyty 28, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Jasiewicz
- Genetic Counseling Center, Subcarpatian Oncological Hospital, 18 Bielawskiego St, 36-200 Brzozów, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kluz
- Department of Gynecology, Gynecology Oncology and Obstetrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Joanna Tomiczek-Szwiec
- Department of Histology, Department of Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland
| | - Ewa Kilar-Kobierzycka
- Department of Oncology, District Specialist Hospital, Leśna 27-29 St, 58-100 Świdnica, Poland
| | - Monika Siołek
- Holycross Cancer Center, Artwińskiego 3 St, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Rafał Wiśniowski
- Regional Oncology Hospital, Wyzwolenia 18 St, 43-300 Bielsko Biała, Poland
| | - Renata Posmyk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Ping Sun
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Rodney J. Scott
- Medical Genetics, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Priority Research Centre for Cancer Research, Innovation and Translation, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Pathology North, John Hunter Hospital, King and Auckland Streets, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia;
| | - Steven A. Narod
- Women’s College Research Institute, Women’s College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, ul. Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.); (M.M.)
- Read-Gene, Grzepnica, ul. Alabastrowa 8, 72-003 Dobra, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peng S, Dong S, Gong C, Chen X, Du H, Zhan Y, Yang Z. Evidence-based identification of breast cancer and associated ovarian and uterus cancer risk components in source waters from high incidence area in the Pearl River Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166060. [PMID: 37543346 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterus cancer are among the most common female cancers. They are suspected to associate with exposures to specific environmental pollutants, which remain unidentified in source waters. In this work, we focused on the Pearl River Basin region in China, which experienced a high incidence of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers. Combining cancer patient data, mammalian cell cytotoxicity analyses, and exhaustive historical and current chemical assessments, we for the first time identified source water components that promoted proliferation of mammalian cells, and confirmed their association with these female cancers via the estrogen receptor mediated pathway. Therefore, the components that have previously been found to enhance the proliferation of estrogen receptor-containing cells through endocrine disruption could be the crucial factor. Based on this, components that matched with this toxicological characteristic (i.e., estrogen-like effect) were further identified in source waters, including (1) organic components: phthalates, bisphenol A, nonylphenols, and per-/polyfluoroalkyls; (2) inorganic components: Sb, Co, As, and nitrate. Moreover, these identified water components were present at levels comparable to other regions with high female cancer prevalence, suggesting that the potential risk of these components may not be exclusive to the study region. Together, multiple levels of evidence suggested that long-term co-exposures to source water estrogenic components may be important to the development of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhan Peng
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong High Education Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shengkun Dong
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong High Education Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chang Gong
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong High Education Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hongyu Du
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuehao Zhan
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhifeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fraser RA, Lipsitz SR, Sinha D, Fitzmaurice GM. A note on median regression for complex surveys. Biostatistics 2021; 23:1074-1082. [PMID: 34718422 DOI: 10.1093/biostatistics/kxab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great need for statistical methods for analyzing skewed responses in complex sample surveys. Quantile regression is a logical option in addressing this problem but is often accompanied by incorrect variance estimation. We show how the variance can be estimated correctly by including the survey design in the variance estimation process. In a simulation study, we illustrate that the variance of the median regression estimator has a very small relative bias with appropriate coverage probability. The motivation for our work stems from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey where we demonstrate the impact of our results on iodine deficiency in females compared with males adjusting for other covariates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael A Fraser
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Debajyoti Sinha
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Is There an Ideal Diet to Protect against Iodine Deficiency? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020513. [PMID: 33557336 PMCID: PMC7914421 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine deficiency is a global issue and affects around 2 billion people worldwide, with pregnant women as a high-risk group. Iodine-deficiency prevention began in the 20th century and started with global salt iodination programmes, which aimed to improve the iodine intake status globally. Although it resulted in the effective eradication of the endemic goitre, it seems that salt iodination did not resolve all the issues. Currently, it is recommended to limit the consumption of salt, which is the main source of iodine, as a preventive measure of non-communicable diseases, such as hypertension or cancer the prevalence of which is increasing. In spite of the fact that there are other sources of iodine, such as fish, seafood, dairy products, water, and vegetables, the high consumption of processed food with a high content of unionised salt, alternative diets or limited salt intake can still lead to iodine deficiency. Thus, iodine deficiency remains a relevant issue, with new, preventive solutions necessary. However, it appears that there is no diet which would fully cover the iodine requirements, and iodine food supplementation is still required.
Collapse
|
5
|
Waugh DT. Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1086. [PMID: 30917615 PMCID: PMC6466022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) is the plasma membrane glycoprotein that mediates active iodide transport in the thyroid and other tissues, such as the salivary, gastric mucosa, rectal mucosa, bronchial mucosa, placenta and mammary glands. In the thyroid, NIS mediates the uptake and accumulation of iodine and its activity is crucial for the development of the central nervous system and disease prevention. Since the discovery of NIS in 1996, research has further shown that NIS functionality and iodine transport is dependent on the activity of the sodium potassium activated adenosine 5'-triphosphatase pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). In this article, I review the molecular mechanisms by which F inhibits NIS expression and functionality which in turn contributes to impaired iodide absorption, diminished iodide-concentrating ability and iodine deficiency disorders. I discuss how NIS expression and activity is inhibited by thyroglobulin (Tg), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and how fluoride upregulates expression and activity of these biomarkers. I further describe the crucial role of prolactin and megalin in regulation of NIS expression and iodine homeostasis and the effect of fluoride in down regulating prolactin and megalin expression. Among many other issues, I discuss the potential conflict between public health policies such as water fluoridation and its contribution to iodine deficiency, neurodevelopmental and pathological disorders. Further studies are warranted to examine these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Declan Timothy Waugh
- EnviroManagement Services, 11 Riverview, Doherty's Rd, Bandon, Co. Cork, P72 YF10, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oyama K, Shimoda T, Miyagawa M, Sone M, Yokoyama J, Nishimori K, Fukuda T. Dietary intake of iodine-enriched eggs decreases the incidence of mouse mammary tumors caused by the activated ErbB2 oncogene. Anim Sci J 2018; 89:1169-1177. [PMID: 29770537 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human epigenetic studies suggest that consumption of seaweed prevents mammary cancer, which possibly is explained by iodine daily intake. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of dietary intake of iodine-enriched eggs on mammary tumor incidence caused by the expression of activated type ErbB2. Female transgenic mice were divided into three groups, and fed a basic diet, a diet supplemented with ordinary eggs, or with iodine-enriched eggs. The number of mammary tumors greater than 5 mm in diameter was recorded in mice at 6 months of age. We report that the average number of mammary tumors per mouse was significantly lower in the iodine-enriched egg-added diet group than in either the basic diet or ordinary egg diet groups. These results indicate that iodine intake through livestock-derived products can reduce the incidence of mammary cancers caused by the expression of activated type ErbB2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Oyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyagawa
- Central Experimental Animal Center, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sone
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jiro Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Nishimori
- Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda, Morioka, Japan.,Soft-Path Engineering Research Center (SPERC), Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Enhanced secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) has been linked with increased risk of thyroid carcinoma. Diet can increase TSH secretion in various ways: 1) low iodine intake, 2) high goitrogen intake, especially in subjects living in iodine-deficiency areas and 3) direct stimulation of anterior pituitary gland. Excessive iodine intake, however, has also been shown to increase risk of goitre and, perhaps, also thyroid carcinoma. Epidemiological evidence on the role of diet in the etiology of thyroid carcinoma is reviewed here. Ad hoc studies in affluent countries are few and often conflicting. A case-control study conducted in the North of Italy suggests that perhaps dietary aspects other than iodine or goitrogens (i.e. fresh fruit and vegetables and animal fat) may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Franceschi
- Epidemiology Unit, Aviano Cancer Center, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kargar S, Shiryazdi SM, Atashi SR, Neamatzadeh H, Kamali M. Urinary Iodine Concentrations in Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:819-821. [PMID: 28441792 PMCID: PMC5464505 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.3.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been suggested that incidence of some cancers, especially examples in the breast and stomach
may be influenced by the iodine intake. However, only few studies are available at present. Therefore, we have conducted
the present assessment of iodine status in Iranian patients diagnosed with a malignancy. Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 85 patients diagnosed with different types of cancer at Shahid Sadoughi
Hospital, Yazd, Iran. The method used was based on the Sandell–Kolthoff reaction. Results: The median urinary iodine
concentration (UIC) was 17.4 μg/L, with ≤20 μg/L indicative of severe iodine deficiency. According to the WHO/IC C
IDD/UNIC EF classification, 88.1%, 7.1% and 2.4% of patients had a UIC <20 (severe), 20–49 (mild), and 50–99 μg/L
(moderate), respectively. There was no statistically significant differences in UIC between men and women. Conclusion:
The UIC values indicate that Iranian cancer patients were seriously iodine deficient according to WHO/UNIC EF/
IC C IDD, and that this is a suitable index to assess iodine status in Iranians. Daily consumption of salt fortified with
iodine or other approaches to increase intake might be effective strategies for prevention or reduction of malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Kargar
- Department of General Surgery, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rappaport J. Changes in Dietary Iodine Explains Increasing Incidence of Breast Cancer with Distant Involvement in Young Women. J Cancer 2017; 8:174-177. [PMID: 28243321 PMCID: PMC5327366 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Rappaport
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine Temple University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fraser RA, Lipsitz SR, Sinha D, Fitzmaurice GM, Pan Y. Approximate median regression for complex survey data with skewed response. Biometrics 2016; 72:1336-1347. [PMID: 27062562 DOI: 10.1111/biom.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ready availability of public-use data from various large national complex surveys has immense potential for the assessment of population characteristics using regression models. Complex surveys can be used to identify risk factors for important diseases such as cancer. Existing statistical methods based on estimating equations and/or utilizing resampling methods are often not valid with survey data due to complex survey design features. That is, stratification, multistage sampling, and weighting. In this article, we accommodate these design features in the analysis of highly skewed response variables arising from large complex surveys. Specifically, we propose a double-transform-both-sides (DTBS)'based estimating equations approach to estimate the median regression parameters of the highly skewed response; the DTBS approach applies the same Box-Cox type transformation twice to both the outcome and regression function. The usual sandwich variance estimate can be used in our approach, whereas a resampling approach would be needed for a pseudo-likelihood based on minimizing absolute deviations (MAD). Furthermore, the approach is relatively robust to the true underlying distribution, and has much smaller mean square error than a MAD approach. The method is motivated by an analysis of laboratory data on urinary iodine (UI) concentration from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael André Fraser
- Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A
| | | | - Debajyoti Sinha
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, U.S.A
| | | | - Yi Pan
- Department of Biostatistics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
KEMAL YASEMIN, DEMIRAG GUZIN, EKIZ KUBILAY, YUCEL IDRIS. Antithyroid peroxidase antibody positivity is associated with lower incidence of metastasis in breast cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:629-632. [PMID: 26137279 PMCID: PMC4471579 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid extracts were first used to treat patients with metastatic breast cancer over a century ago. Since then, a number of studies have investigated the association between thyroid disorders and breast cancer. The presence of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase (TPOab) was recently reported to be associated with improved outcome in these patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between TPOab positivity and clinicopathological characteristics in breast cancer patients. The study included 318 newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer treated at Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital, Samsun, Turkey, between 2008 and 2012. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels were measured at the time of diagnosis. Of the 318 patients, 253 were considered to be TPOab-negative (TPOab ≤34 IU/ml) and 65 TPOab-positive (TPOab >34 IU/ml). No cases with distant metastases were found in the TPOab-positive group. However, 20 (7.9%) of the 253 patients displayed distant metastases in the TPOab-negative group (P=0.01). Therefore, TPOab positivity was found to be associated with a lower incidence of metastasis in breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YASEMIN KEMAL
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - GUZIN DEMIRAG
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - KUBILAY EKIZ
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - IDRIS YUCEL
- Department of Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55139, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rasool M, Naseer MI, Zaigham K, Malik A, Riaz N, Alam R, Manan A, Sheikh IA, Asif M. Comparative Study of Alterations in Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) Hormone Levels in Breast and Ovarian Cancer. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30:1356-60. [PMID: 25674138 PMCID: PMC4320730 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.306.5294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective : The present study was designed to investigate variations in the levels of thyroid hormones (T3, T4) in breast and ovarian cancers patients. Methods : A total 120 subjects were recruited (without thyroid history) divided into three groups; A, B and C. Group A as control with healthy individuals. While group B and group C were consisting of breast cancer and ovarian cancer patient respectively. Blood samples (5 ml) were taken and analyzed to estimate the levels of serum T3 (tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxin) hormones. R esults : Statistically significant difference (P=0.000* and P=0.017*) was obtained among all groups. A significant increase in T3 (P=0.000*) and T4 (0.005*) levels was observed among breast cancer patients as compared to healthy controls. While for ovarian cancer patients conflicting results were found for T3 and T4 levels in the serum i.e. insignificant difference was found in T3 (P=0.209) and T4 (P=0.050) as compared to control. Our results showed that in the breast cancer and ovarian cancer patients the thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) level has been altered from the normal ranges as compared to the normal healthy individuals. Conclusion : We conclude that hyperthyroidism has profound effects on breast cancer and ovarian cancer cells proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Rasool
- Mahmood Rasool, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Muhammad Imran Naseer, Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kalsoom Zaigham
- Kalsoom Zaigham, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arif Malik
- Arif Malik, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naila Riaz
- Naila Riaz, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabail Alam
- Rabail Alam, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Manan
- Abdul Manan, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Asif
- Muhammad Asif, Department of Biotechnology and Informatics, (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Braverman ER, Blum K, Loeffke B, Baker R, Kreuk F, Yang SP, Hurley JR. Managing terrorism or accidental nuclear errors, preparing for iodine-131 emergencies: a comprehensive review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4158-200. [PMID: 24739768 PMCID: PMC4025043 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110404158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chernobyl demonstrated that iodine-131 (131I) released in a nuclear accident can cause malignant thyroid nodules to develop in children within a 300 mile radius of the incident. Timely potassium iodide (KI) administration can prevent the development of thyroid cancer and the American Thyroid Association (ATA) and a number of United States governmental agencies recommend KI prophylaxis. Current pre-distribution of KI by the United States government and other governments with nuclear reactors is probably ineffective. Thus we undertook a thorough scientific review, regarding emergency response to 131I exposures. We propose: (1) pre-distribution of KI to at risk populations; (2) prompt administration, within 2 hours of the incident; (3) utilization of a lowest effective KI dose; (4) distribution extension to at least 300 miles from the epicenter of a potential nuclear incident; (5) education of the public about dietary iodide sources; (6) continued post-hoc analysis of the long-term impact of nuclear accidents; and (7) support for global iodine sufficiency programs. Approximately two billion people are at risk for iodine deficiency disorder (IDD), the world's leading cause of preventable brain damage. Iodide deficient individuals are at greater risk of developing thyroid cancer after 131I exposure. There are virtually no studies of KI prophylaxis in infants, children and adolescents, our target population. Because of their sensitivity to these side effects, we have suggested that we should extrapolate from the lowest effective adult dose, 15-30 mg or 1-2 mg per 10 pounds for children. We encourage global health agencies (private and governmental) to consider these critical recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Braverman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Florida and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Bernard Loeffke
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Robert Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Florian Kreuk
- Department of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY 10010, USA.
| | - Samantha Peiling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, National University Hospital of Singapore, 119228 Singapore.
| | - James R Hurley
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dolińska B, Opaliński S, Zieliński M, Chojnacka K, Dobrzański Z, Ryszka F. Iodine concentration in fodder influences the dynamics of iodine levels in hen's egg components. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:747-52. [PMID: 21773719 PMCID: PMC3241913 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study we determined the availability and accumulation of iodine in selected structures in hen's eggs: yolk, albumen, and eggshells. Iodine was administered as a yeast-derived biological complex mixed in standard fodder mix "DJ" to laying hens in their maximum egg yield period. The feeding period was sustained for 12 weeks, resulting in iodine enrichment in yolk and eggshells. These results suggest that iodine-enriched yeast can be added to fodder mix and premix (mineral-vitamin) given to monogastric animals such as poultry and pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dolińska
- Department of Applied Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Iodine levels in the United States have dropped precipitously over the past few decades, whereas antagonists such as bromine, perchlorate, and fluoride have become more ubiquitous. These changes have placed a nutritional burden on the human body and increased the potential for pathophysiological change at the cellular level. This review examines the clinical and peer-reviewed literature and provides perspective related to health-compromising trends that warrant close scrutiny in clinical practice and future research mandates.
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Gulaboglu M, Borekci B, Halici Z. Placental tissue iodine level and blood magnesium concentration in pre-eclamptic and normal pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2007; 98:100-4. [PMID: 17582415 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess iodine concentration in the placental tissue and magnesium concentration in the blood of women with severe pre-eclampsia in northeast Anatolia and compare these values with those of healthy pregnant women from the same region. METHODS Placental tissue and blood specimens were obtained from 20 severely pre-eclamptic and 15 healthy pregnant women. Iodine levels in placental tissue were determined by the Foss method based on the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. RESULTS Placental tissue iodine levels were lower in women with severe pre-eclampsia than in healthy pregnant women (4.30+/-1.36 ng of iodine/mg protein vs. 7.71+/-2.84 ng of iodine/mg tissue protein; P<0.001), as were blood magnesium levels (1.63+/-0.05 mg/dL vs. 1.87+/-0.05 mg/dL; P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between placental tissue iodine levels and blood magnesium levels in women with severe pre-eclampsia (r=0.55, P<0.05), but no such correlation was observed in healthy pregnant women (r=0.23, P=0.41). CONCLUSION Magnesium assimilation is known to be defective when iodine levels are insufficient. In northeast Anatolia, where iodine deficiency is common, clinical trials of iodine supplementation should be considered for pre-eclamptic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gulaboglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial was conducted with 111 otherwise healthy euthyroid women with a history of breast pain. Patients had to document moderate or severe breast pain by recording a score > or =5 on a visual analog scale (VAS) of pain for > or =6 days per cycle and had to present with fibrosis involving at least 25% of both breast surfaces. Subjects could not be effectively treated with more conservative measures such as local heat or nonprescription analgesics. There was not a statistically significant difference in the dropout rate for patients on placebo (11.8%), 1.5 mg/day (31.3%), 3.0 mg/day (18.4%), or 6.0 mg/day (25%) of molecular iodine for 6 months. Physicians assessed breast pain, tenderness, and nodularity each cycle; patients assessed breast pain and tenderness with the Lewin breast pain scale at 3-month intervals and with a VAS at each cycle. A statistically significant improvement (p < 0.01) associated with dose was observed in the Lewin overall pain scale for all treated groups compared to placebo. Reductions in all three physician assessments were observed in patients after 5 months of therapy in the 3.0 mg/day (7/28; 25%) and 6.0 mg/day (15/27; 18.5%) treatment groups, but not the 1.5 mg/day or placebo group. Patients recorded statistically significant decreases in pain by month 3 in the 3.0 and 6.0 mg/day treatment groups, but not the 1.5 mg/day or placebo group; more than 50% of the 6.0 mg/day treatment group recorded a clinically significant reduction in overall pain. All doses were associated with an acceptable safety profile. No dose-related increase in any adverse event was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack H Kessler
- Symbollon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Framingham, Massachusetts 01702, USA. Jack_
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fierabracci P, Pinchera A, Tonacchera M, Agretti P, De Marco G, Albertini S, Conforti G, Seregni E, Agresti R, Grasso L, Giani C. Absence of interference of serum IgGs from patients with breast cancer and thyroid autoimmunity on the function of human iodide symporter gene stably transfected in CHO cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27:862-5. [PMID: 15648551 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cause of the association between breast cancer (BC) and thyroid autoimmunity is still unknown. Na+/I- symporter (NIS) is highly expressed in BC cells, and previous studies demonstrated that iodine content in BC is lower than in remote normal breast tissue, suggesting a disorder of iodide uptake in BC. In this study, we evaluated the presence of putative serum autoantibodies able to block the function of NIS in BC patients with thyroid autoimmunity. IgGs were obtained from: a) 11 patients with BC and high antithyroglobulin (TgAb) and antithyroperoxidase (TPOAb) autoantibodies serum concentration; b) 34 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) (1 was euthyroid, 4 had subclinical hypothyroidism and 29 were overtly hypothyroid); c) 15 control subjects. The biological activity of NIS was studied using a chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably expressing NIS (NIS-CHO). The course of iodide accumulation in NIS-CHO was studied after addition of Na125 I in culture medium. The accumulation of iodide linearly increased between 2 and 10 min, reaching a plateau at 45 min. The preincubation of NIS-CHO with IgGs purified from sera of BC with the highest levels of TPOAb and TgAb caused an inhibition of iodine uptake of no more than 5%. Similar results were obtained using IgGs purified from patients with HT and control subjects. Our data showed no interference of autoantibodies on iodine uptake in patients with BC and thyroid autoimmunity and the very low percentage of inhibition of iodine uptake cannot explain the lower content of iodine in BC tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fierabracci
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Venturi S. Is there a role for iodine in breast diseases? Breast 2001; 10:379-82. [PMID: 14965610 DOI: 10.1054/brst.2000.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2000] [Accepted: 11/08/2000] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that dietary iodine deficiency is associated with the development of mammary pathology and cancer. A review of the literature on this correlation and of the author's own work on the antioxidant function of iodide in iodide-concentrating extrathyroidal cells is reported. Mammary gland is embryogenetically derived from primitive iodide-concentrating ectoderm, and alveolar and ductular cells of the breast specialize in uptake and secretion of iodine in milk in order to supply offsprings with this important trace-element. Breast and thyroid share an important iodide-concentrating ability and an efficient peroxidase activity, which transfers electrons from iodide to the oxygen of hydrogen peroxide, forming iodoproteins and iodolipids, and so protects the cells from peroxidative damage. The mammary gland has only a temporary ability to concentrate iodides, almost exclusively during pregnancy and lactation, which are considered protective conditions against breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Venturi
- Servizio di Igiene, ASL n1, Regione Marche, Pennabilli (Pesaro), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
de Launoit Y, Kiss R. Influence of L-thyroxine, L-triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone, or estradiol on the cell kinetics of cultured mammary cancer cells. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1989; 25:585-91. [PMID: 2753847 DOI: 10.1007/bf02623627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the in vitro influence of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), L-thyroxine (T4), a thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and/or estradiol (E2: chosen as the control of the methodology) on the cell kinetics (cell distribution in the S + G2 + M phases) of mouse MXT and human MCF-7 mammary cancer cells. Experiments were performed by means of a cell image processor, analyzing MCF-7 or MXT cells that had been grown on glass cover slips and whose nuclei had been stained by the Feulgen reaction, which is selective and quantitative (stoichiometric) with respect to DNA. We show that T3, T4, and TSH at 0.01 microM dramatically stimulate the cell kinetics of the MXT mouse and the MCF-7 human mammary cancer cell lines. Indeed, the three hormones bring about a significant transient increase in the S + G2 + M fraction as does E2. Furthermore, our data indicate that E2 and TSH are antagonistic with regards to MXT or MCF-7 cell kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y de Launoit
- Laboratoire d'Histologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Clur A. Di-iodothyronine as part of the oestradiol and catechol oestrogen receptor--the role of iodine, thyroid hormones and melatonin in the aetiology of breast cancer. Med Hypotheses 1988; 27:303-11. [PMID: 3067061 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(88)90012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism and low iodine intake may be important aetiological factors in oestrogen dependent tumours of the breast, uterus and ovary. They are preventable risk factors. Iodine supplementation will hopefully lead to a decreased incidence of these cancers in future generations. The present author proposes that the tyrosyl residue in the hydrophobic oestrogen binding site of the oestrogen receptor is post translationally modified to monoiodotyrosine and hence 3,3' di-iodothyronine monoamine (T2) by peroxidase activity. He has previously proposed that various monoamine receptors are also T2 based. The densities of these receptors are increased in hypothyroidism and they exert control over release of prolactin and other hormones, including melatonin at multiple sites in the hypothalamic--pituitary axis. Melatonin is a metabolite of serotonin and hence melatonin receptors may be T2 or rT3 based as well. These factors could be significant in the aetiology of breast cancer as high prolactin and melatonin levels may be protective. Oestrogen receptor density may be increased in hypothyroidism as is certain monoamine receptor density. This would amplify the effect of high circulation oestrogen levels in hypothyroidism and may help explain why hypothyroidism and low iodine intake are risk factors for breast, uterine and ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Clur
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Thomas BS, Bulbrook RD, Goodman MJ, Russell MJ, Quinlan M, Hayward JL, Takatani O. Thyroid function and the incidence of breast cancer in Hawaiian, British and Japanese women. Int J Cancer 1986; 38:325-9. [PMID: 3744589 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910380305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum-free thyroxine (FT4) concentrations are lower in Hawaiian and Hawaiian Caucasian women than in Hawaiian Japanese, Hawaiian Filipino, Hawaiian Chinese, and English and Japanese mainland women. There is a high inverse correlation between FT4 and risk of breast cancer in these ethnic groups. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations, which are inversely correlated with FT4, generally show the same relationship.
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
One hundred and seven patients with epithelial carcinoma of the ovaries were studied in an Israeli population in the Tel Aviv area. The women under study belonged mainly to two ethnic groups: European and North American (Ashkenazi) and Afro-Asian immigrants. The highest incidence of this neoplasm was found in the Ashkenazi group and the lowest in the Afro-Asian (less than 50%). It has been found that there is an age variation in the onset of the disease between the two ethnic groups. The average age of all the patients was 57 years, but in the Afro-Asian group of patients, the malignancy was more commonly found in the 45-54 age group (P less than 0.05). A tendency of a shorter survival rate due to more aggressive disease in the Afro-Asian group was observed. Survival rate for patients with FIGO stages I and II was lower in the Afro-Asian group. These conclusions were supported by the statistical significance of the data.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
A case-control study of 80 women with ovarian epithelial carcinoma and 160 individually age-matched controls were conducted to assess various factors associated with the incidence of ovarian cancer in Hokkaido, Japan. Among the characteristics studied, the following factors were significantly greater in the cases than in the controls: (1) blood group A; (2) never married or married late in life; (3) more frequent surgery for retroflexion of the uterus; (4) less use of contraceptive appliances; and (5) less daily use of cosmetics. It was inferred from these observations that ovarian cancer patients had a genetic predisposition and dysfunctional ovaries. Gonadal dysfunction among ovarian cancer patients presumably explained not only altered personality and behavior patterns, but also facilitated the pituitary gonadotropin activity which has been suggested as increasing the incidence of the disease experimentally.
Collapse
|
26
|
Brinton LA, Hoffman DA, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF. Relationship of thyroid disease and use of thyroid supplements to breast cancer risk. JOURNAL OF CHRONIC DISEASES 1984; 37:877-93. [PMID: 6526927 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(84)90062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
An interview study of 1362 breast cancer cases and 1250 controls identified through a multi-center screening program allowed evaluation of effects of thyroid disease and supplementation on breast cancer risk. A previous diagnosis of treated thyroid disease was not associated with an excess risk (RR = 1.0), nor were any specific diagnoses, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or goiter. Although based on limited numbers, women with untreated hypothyroidism or goiter had a significantly reduced risk of breast cancer (RR = 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.7). Thyroid supplementation for non-disease reasons (primarily weight loss and fertility problems) was associated with a slight elevation in breast cancer risk (RR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.7), but patterns of risk by duration and latency generally failed to provide evidence of causality. Elevated risks were noted among women who received thyroid medications for fertility problems (RR = 4.2) and among those with a family history of breast cancer (RR = 2.6) or a late age at first childbirth (RR = 2.4), possibly indicating an hormonal interaction.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Abstract
The occurrence of breast and thyroid multiple primary cancers was evaluated using data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry. The study population consisted of 1618 women with primary thyroid cancer and 39,194 women with primary breast cancer diagnosed between 1935 and 1978. Thirty-four thyroid cancer patients subsequently developed breast cancer and 24 breast cancer patients later had thyroid cancer. A significantly elevated risk of thyroid cancer following breast cancer (SIR = 1.68) and breast cancer following thyroid cancer (SIR = 1.89) was demonstrated. The finding was even more notable when compared with the risks obtained for other sites. The elevated risk was particularly evident in women under 40 years of age at time of diagnosis of the first cancer. Analysis by histologic type revealed that the highest risk of second primary breast cancer was found among patients with follicular or mixed papillary-follicular thyroid cancer. Women under age 40 with follicular carcinoma had a 10-fold risk of developing breast cancer (4 observed, 0.4 expected). An enhanced risk of second primary tumours was evident for the entire period after treatment of the first primary, although it was highest within one year after diagnosis of the first primary. This may be due to the close medical surveillance of cancer patients which would increase early diagnosis of second tumours. Our findings suggest that breast and thyroid cancer may share common aetiologic features.
Collapse
|
29
|
Strum JM. Effect of iodide-deficiency on rat mammary gland. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1979; 30:209-20. [PMID: 38565 DOI: 10.1007/bf02889103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When rats are kept iodide-deficient, atrophy and necrosis takes place in the mammary gland and areas of dysplasia and atypia are seen. Administration of estradiol to iodide-deficient rats stimulates cell division in the gland and leads to the formation of alveoli. Continued stimulation by estradiol produces changes in the newly-formed alveolar cells. Their nucleoli are altered and show a separation of components. Ribosomes and lipid droplets increase and the cells synthesize large vacuoles containing protein. The secretion of great quantities of this material into areas of the tissue where regressive changes have occurred undoubtedly contributes to the formation of cysts within the gland. The present findings indicate that iodide-deficiency alters the structure and function of mammary gland alveolar cells and makes them highly sensitive to stimulation by estradiol.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
A controversy exists in regard to thyroid function and breast cancer. Hypothyroidism has been suggested as being either protective from breast cancer or predisposing to the disease. It has been hypothesized that a deficiency in circulating thyroid hormones may hypersensitize the mammary glandular epithelium toward prolactin and estrogens, thus aiding the development of breast neoplasia. On the other hand, thyroid hormone replacement therapy has been connected with an increased risk of breast cancer, but this has been contested. At this time the American Thyroid Association recommends that, if indicated, hypothyroid patients should take their thyroid hormone medication. Hyperthyroidism has been associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. Also, in hyperthyroid patients with inoperable breast cancer, the malignant growth is thought to be slowed. However, this, too has been disputed. Moreover, hyperthyroidism has been connected with the development of breast cancer in premenopausal women. At present no role of thyroid hormone in the pathobiology of breast cancer can be defined. It seems that the "thyroid-breast cancer controversy" can only be resolved by a prospective study preferably on postmenopausal women correlating thyroid (T3, T4, PBI), pituitary (TSH, TRH, Prolactin), and adrenocortical (androgens) function tests with the clinical examination of thyroid, breast, and genital apparatus and determination of the estrogen status (vaginal smear, plasma estrogens) as well.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
From laboratory studies presented, iodine appears to be a requisite for the normalcy of breast tissue in higher vertebrates. When lacking, the parenchyma in rodents and humans show atypia, dysplasia, and even neoplasia. Iodine-deficient breast tissues are also more susceptible to carcinogen action and promote lesions earlier and in greater profusion. Metabolically, iodine-deficient breasts show changes in RNA/DNA ratios, estrogen receptor proteins, and cytosol iodine levels. Clinically, radionuclide studies have shown that breast atypia and malignancy have increased radioactive iodine uptakes. Imaging of the breasts in high-risk women has localized breast tumors. The potential use of breast iodine determination to determine estrogen dependence of breast cancer has been considered and the role of iodide therapy discussed. In conclusion, iodine appears to be a compulsory element for the breast tissue growth and development. It presents great potential for its use in research directed toward the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
|
32
|
Gorman CA, Becker DV, Greenspan FS, Levy RP, Oppenheimer JH, Rivlin RS, Robbins J, van der Laan WP. American Thyroid Association statement on breast cancer and thyroid hormone therapy. Am J Surg 1977; 134:622-3. [PMID: 920893 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(77)90449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
33
|
Newhouse ML, Pearson RM, Fullerton JM, Boesen EA, Shannon HS. A case control study of carcinoma of the ovary. BRITISH JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE & SOCIAL MEDICINE 1977; 31:148-153. [PMID: 588853 PMCID: PMC479015 DOI: 10.1136/jech.31.3.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There is increased concern over the apparent rise in incidence of patients with carcinoma of the ovary, particularly in older women. In an attempt to identify aetiological factors 300 women with cancer of the ovary diagnosed at laparatomy were studied. A questionnaire was administered to these women (Group A) and to two control groups matched by age. The first control group (Group B) comprised patients in a gynaecological ward and the second (Group C) comprised were shown in the obstetric history of the three groups. Fewer of the women in Group A had married and fewer had ever been pregnant and the family size was smaller. Significantly fewer of them recollected an attack of mumps, measles, or rubella. In all, only 81 of the whole series of 900 had used oral contraceptives, 19 of Group A and 31 in each of the control groups, a statistically significant deficiency. These findings support those of other investigations and suggest lines of further inquiry.
Collapse
|