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Abstract
During the past decade and a half, quantitation of plasma-associated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA level, or HIV-1 load, has been validated in clinical practice and clinical trials as an important surrogate marker of HIV-1 disease progression and of the potency and durability of antiretroviral regimens. This review highlights some of the history, accomplishments, and impact of Tom Merigan's laboratory on the use of HIV-1 load as a marker, as well as on updating technologies for determining HIV-1 load, their performance, interpretation of the results, and their use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Holodniy
- AIDS Research Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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2
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Veal N, Payan C, Fray D, Sarol L, Blanchet O, Kouyoumdjian S, Lunel F. Novel DNA assay for cytomegalovirus detection: comparison with conventional culture and pp65 antigenemia assay. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:3097-100. [PMID: 8940454 PMCID: PMC229465 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.12.3097-3100.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared conventional cytomegalovirus (CMV) isolation, rapid viral culture, a CMV pp65 antigenemia assay, and a novel CMV DNA hybrid capture system (HCS). A total of 309 blood samples from individuals in different risk groups were assessed by at least two of the methods mentioned above. Leukocytes were recovered either after centrifugation in Leucosep tubes containing 1.080 Ficoll for pp65 assay or after simple differential lysis steps for DNA detection. HCS was based on DNA hybridization with a CMV RNA probe and its capture by antibodies to DNA-RNA hybrids. The CMV pp65 lower matrix protein was detected by fluorescence with c10-c11 monoclonal antibody in formalin-fixed leukocytes. Concordant results were observed for 92.9, 78.3, and 82.7% of the patients when comparing (i) viral culture and the pp65 antigenemia assay, (ii) viral culture and HCS, and (iii) the pp65 antigenemia assay and HCS, respectively. Discordant results were observed between a positive HCS result and negative culture and/or pp65 results. These results were associated with relatively low DNA levels (< 20 pg/10(6) cells) and positive viruria. In conclusion, the pp65 antigenemia assay is a rapid and reliable method of detecting CMV and is preferable to culture, but the Murex HCS appears to be more sensitive for CMV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Veal
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers, France
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3
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De Rossi A, Ometto L, Zanotto C, Salvatori F, Masiero S, Mammano F, Chieco-Bianchi L. Mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission: quantitative assessment of viral burden as a diagnostic tool and prognostic parameter in HIV-1-infected children. ACTA PAEDIATRICA (OSLO, NORWAY : 1992). SUPPLEMENT 1994; 400:25-8. [PMID: 7833555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13329.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction was performed in 251 infants born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers to diagnose HIV-1 infection. Assay specificity was invariably > 95%, regardless of age at testing, while sensitivity ranged from 15% in neonates (within 48 h of birth) to > 95% in infants over 1 month of age. Evaluation of viral burden in 43 infected infants by means of quantitative DNA-PCR disclosed that the number of HIV-1 proviruses ranged from 5 to 947 per 100,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clinical follow-up demonstrated that a high viral burden was associated significantly with disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De Rossi
- Institute of Oncology, University of Padua, Italy
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4
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Peris K, Niedermeyer H, Cerroni L, Radaskiewicz T, Chimenti S, Höfler H. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genome in primary cutaneous T and B cell lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. Arch Dermatol Res 1994; 286:364-8. [PMID: 7818277 DOI: 10.1007/bf00371794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome has recently been identified in Hodgkin's disease (HD) and nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). In order to elucidate the possible aetiopathogenetic role of EBV in benign and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders we investigated skin specimens from 24 patients with a primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders (10 T-cell lymphomas 6 B-cell lymphomas and 8 pseudolymphomas) and from 22 normal individuals for the presence of EBV DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and in situ hybridization (ISH) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. EBV DNA was identified by PCR in one of two cases of mycosis fungoides, in one of seven cases of pleomorphic T-cell lymphomas, in one case of centroblastic (CB) lymphoma of six B-cell lymphomas, and in three of eight pseudolymphomas. The EBV genome was also found in 2 of 22 specimens of normal skin. The small EBV-encoded nuclear RNAs, EBERs, were not detected in any PCR-positive sample by ISH. Based on our PCR and ISH findings, EBV does not seem to play a significant role in the development of cutaneous lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Biopsy
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Genome, Viral
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/chemistry
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/chemistry
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/chemistry
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin Neoplasms/chemistry
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Peris
- Department of Dermatology, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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5
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Kunisada T, Ando S, Saito K, Eshita Y, Röder W, Kruse M, Müller WE, Ushijima H. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus-1 nucleic acid on inactivated filter paper disks by polymerase chain reaction and microtiter plate assay. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:649-54. [PMID: 7799838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01835.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cultured cells, peripheral blood samples and sera were adsorbed on filter paper disks and inactivated by heat or ethanol. Two procedures, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microtiter plate assay (HMPA) were used to detect the nucleic acid. The sensitivity after different heat treatments with nested PCR for HIV-1 DNA (or nested reverse transcription-PCR for HIV-1 RNA) was identical regardless of whether the samples were examined immediately or one month later. Inactivation by ethanol treatment resulted in a slight loss of sensitivity. The HMPA proved to be as reliable and specific as the conventional PCR technique. We conclude that the heat-treated filter paper disk assay is suitable for identifying HIV nucleic acid in clinical samples sent to the laboratory from a distance, e.g. in an envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kunisada
- Division of AIDS Virus, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Freymuth F, Gennetay E, Petitjean J, Eugene G, Hurault de Ligny B, Ryckelynck JP, Legoff C, Hazera P, Bazin C. Comparison of nested PCR for detection of DNA in plasma with pp65 leukocytic antigenemia procedure for diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus infection. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:1614-8. [PMID: 8077418 PMCID: PMC264054 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.32.6.1614-1618.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A nested PCR was used for the detection of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in plasma. The presence of HCMV DNA and its correlation to pp65 leukocytic antigenemia were investigated with 299 blood samples from 45 organ transplant recipients and 63 AIDS patients. Of the 53 samples positive by nested PCR, 52 (98%) were also positive for leukocytic antigenemia and 23 had high levels of antigenemia (> 50 positive cells per 2 x 10(5) leukocytes). Of the 246 samples negative in PCR, only 3 (1.2%) had highly positive antigenemia. For 15 patients having a high antigenemia level in the course of their disease, consecutive blood samples were studied and also assessed for viremia in culture. The extent to which HCMV DNA, detected by PCR, was present in plasma correlated with increased levels of HCMV leukocytic antigenemia for six of the eight AIDS patients and for all the organ transplant recipients. Positivity for HCMV DNA in PCR and for viremia in cell culture was usually restricted to the highest antigenemia levels. From a total of 69 blood samples, PCR and culture gave positive results, respectively, for 17 of 32 samples (53%) and 14 of 32 samples (43%) from transplant recipients and for 15 of 37 samples (40%) and 9 of 37 samples (24%) from AIDS patients. Our findings have shown a strong correlation between high levels of leukocytic antigenemia and HCMV DNA in plasma. The detection of HCMV DNA in plasma by this nested PCR can prove HCMV dissemination in blood, but it lacks the rapidity and simplicity of the leukocytic pp65 antigenemia procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Freymuth
- Virus Laboratory, University Hospital Caen, France
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7
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Sison AV, Campos JM. Laboratory methods for early detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in newborns and infants. Clin Microbiol Rev 1992; 5:238-47. [PMID: 1498766 PMCID: PMC358242 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.5.3.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative data on serological testing of newborns and infants have shown that (i) maternal and newborn anti-HIV-1 IgG titers are high at delivery, which may explain the persistence of antibody in the infants of seropositive mothers; (ii) in some situations, serial HIV-1 antibody testing may identify infected infants; and (iii) detection of anti-HIV-1 IgA or IgM is specific for infection but the sensitivity of this assay may be compromised in certain situations, such as when infected infants are hypogammaglobulinemic or when the rise and fall of HIV-1-specific IgM synthesis following acute infection has been completed before delivery of the infant. Cumulative data on PCR, viral culture, and tests for antigen in newborns and infants have shown that (i) among all age groups, viral culture is probably the most specific test available for detection of HIV-1, as PCR and the p24 antigen test may (though rarely) give false-positive results; (ii) the sensitivity of these tests increases in the order of antigen, culture, and PCR, with relatively insensitive results in the first 3 months of life for all of these tests; (iii) the sensitivity of all of these tests improves and approximates 90 to 100% when infants over 6 months of age are tested; and (iv) data regarding the sensitivity, specificity, and usefulness of these virological assays in infants under 3 months of age are very scant and inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sison
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007
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8
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Portincasa P, Conti G, Re MC, Chezzi C. Detection of IgA and IgM antibodies to HIV-1 in neonates by radioimmune western blotting. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1992; 304:1539-42. [PMID: 1628052 PMCID: PMC1882425 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.304.6841.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect infection with HIV-1 by IgA and IgM response at birth in children born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers. DESIGN Western blotting and radioimmune western blotting on stored sera from infected and uninfected babies born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers. Sera were pretreated to remove IgG. SETTING Parma and Bologna, Italy. SUBJECTS 12 infected and five uninfected babies born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers and three babies born to seronegative mothers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Effectiveness of western blotting and radioimmune western blotting in detecting antibodies to HIV-1 gene products. RESULTS With conventional western blotting we found IgA class antibodies to HIV-1 proteins in serum from three out of 12 infected children; in two of these three the serum was collected at age 3 months (positive controls). Radioimmune western blotting detected both IgA and IgM antibodies in serum from all infected children tested, whereas all serum from uninfected children born to seropositive and seronegative mothers showed no such antibodies. CONCLUSION Although the technique should be tested on more patients, radioimmune western blotting seems to be a valuable tool for serological diagnosis of congenital HIV-1 infection at birth in neonates born to seropositive mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Portincasa
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
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9
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Abstract
Since AIDS was first described in children, much has been learnt about the epidemiology, clinical presentations and natural history of perinatally acquired HIV disease. As yet, several questions remain unanswered about the pathogenesis of vertical transmission, the relative risk associated with each mode of transmission, the rate of transmission from mother to child, and the factors that might contribute to the efficiency of transmission. Data presented thus far suggest that intrauterine exposure poses the greatest risk, but more recent reports have reopened speculation that infection could occur at or around the time of delivery. The prospects for intervention, to stop transmission from mother to child, rest on the ability to identify HIV-infected women; the knowledge of how and when the virus infects the fetus; and how to identify, as early as possible, those truly infected infants. Resources should therefore be set aside for routine screening for HIV in antenatal women. There is also a need to quantify the contribution made by intrauterine versus intrapartum events. Lastly, promising new techniques designed to detect neonatal HIV infection must be properly evaluated against standard methods, and correlated with clinical outcome. Only then can the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy be tried, to prevent vertical transmission.
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10
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Re MC, Furlini G, Vignoli M, Zauli G, Dallacasa P, Masi M, La Placa M. Immunoblotting analysis of IgA and IgM antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) polypeptides in seropositive infants. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11:27-32. [PMID: 1563380 DOI: 10.1007/bf01971267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Seventy infants born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive mothers were studied for specific antibody (IgA, IgM and IgG) production and the presence of active infection (detectable level of virus in peripheral blood lymphocytes). Among these children, followed for up to 15-40 months after birth, 11 presented unequivocal signs of HIV-1 infection (persistent p24 antigenemia and/or positive virus isolation). Analysis of sera by immunoblotting showed that IgA antibody to HIV-1 p24 core protein, alone or associated with envelope glycoproteins (gp120, gp41), was present in the majority of infected babies (7 of 11), while IgM was found in a lower percentage of cases (4 of 11). No IgA and or IgM antibody to HIV-1 was ever found in babies, born to seropositive mothers, who seroreverted after birth or in the control group enrolled in this study. Our results indicate that immunoblotting analysis of IgA antibody to HIV-1 polypeptides may represent a useful complementary prognostic marker in children born to HIV-1 seropositive mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Re
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Bologna, St. Orsola Hospital, Italy
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11
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Brandt CD, Rakusan TA, Sison AV, Josephs SH, Saxena ES, Herzog KD, Parrott RH, Sever JL. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in young pediatric patients by using polymerase chain reaction and biotinylated probes. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:36-40. [PMID: 1734067 PMCID: PMC264992 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.1.36-40.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing using up to four primer pairs and biotinylated probes was 97.9% sensitive (188 of 192 specimens positive) and 100% specific (267 of 267 specimens negative) for detecting the presence or absence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pediatric patients whose HIV status has been confirmed. SK38/39 and SK145/150 were the most sensitive primer pairs, respectively detecting HIV DNA in 95.6 and 95.9% of peripheral blood mononuclear cell specimens from HIV-infected children and collectively detecting all adequately tested PCR-positive specimens. Primer pairs SK29/30 and SK68/69 respectively detected HIV DNA in only 76.4 and 76.6% of HIV-positive specimens. Among infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers, 30 who subsequently were confirmed to be infected were sampled when they were less than or equal to 6 months of age; in all but one infant, HIV DNA was found in the first specimen collected. Among the nine youngest infected infants tested, all were PCR positive by 38 days of age. PCR methods thus have reliably detected vertically transmitted HIV infection early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Brandt
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20010
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12
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Kaye S, Loveday C, Tedder RS. Storage and preservation of whole blood samples for use in detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 by the polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1991; 35:217-26. [PMID: 1816254 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(91)90137-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods used in the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) usually require the separation of lymphocytes from a whole-blood sample within 24 hours of patient sampling. A method is described in which blood samples are mixed with a cryopreservative ('Glycigel'), stored frozen, and DNA suitable for use in an HIV PCR recovered. Samples can be stored at -20 degrees C for up to 3 months and still give positive results with all samples from infected patients; storage at -80 degrees C for at least 3 months shows no loss of titre. The method shows no loss of sensitivity compared to previously described sample preparation methods. Deglycerolised Glycigel supernatants were found to be suitable for conventional anti-HIV-1 serological studies and loss of sensitivity only represented the dilution effect due to sample preparation. Application of the method as a means of storing samples frozen at the point of sampling and transporting them to a central laboratory for processing is demonstrated using samples taken from HIV-1-infected mothers and their babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaye
- Division of Virology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, U.K
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13
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Ishigaki S, Takeda M, Kura T, Ban N, Saitoh T, Sakamaki S, Watanabe N, Kohgo Y, Niitsu Y. Cytomegalovirus DNA in the sera of patients with cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Br J Haematol 1991; 79:198-204. [PMID: 1659861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb04522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We attempted to detect cytomegalovirus DNA (CMV-DNA) in the sera of four leukaemia patients who underwent an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT), in six leukaemia patients who suffered from pneumonia and in 16 healthy subjects, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Three of the four BMT patients subsequently developed CMV pneumonia. In two cases, CMV-DNA was detected in the sera at about the time the pneumonia occurred, and the amount of DNA increased with disease progression. The serum of the third patient became positive for CMV-DNA before he developed pneumonia. The fourth patient did not develop CMV pneumonia, but his urine became persistently positive for CMV-DNA soon after the BMT, whereas the serum was negative. A relationship was found between the occurrence of pneumonia and the serum level of CMV-DNA. CMV-DNA was also detected in three of six pneumonia patients whose anti-CMV IgM antibodies were elevated in the circulation. Sera from the 16 normal subjects were negative for CMV-DNA, regardless of their being seropositive or seronegative for CMV. While it had been previously thought that CMV did not exist in serum, we detected CMV-DNA in serum by PCR in the active disease stage. Our results suggest that PCR would be useful for the early diagnosis of CMV pneumonia and in monitoring its course.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ishigaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical College, Japan
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14
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Coutlée F, Viscidi RP, Saint-Antoine P, Kessous A, Yolken RH. The polymerase chain reaction: a new tool for the understanding and diagnosis of HIV-1 infection at the molecular level. Mol Cell Probes 1991; 5:241-59. [PMID: 1791846 DOI: 10.1016/0890-8508(91)90046-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is at present the most powerful analytical tool for detection of specific nucleic acid sequences. The method is based on the in vitro amplification of DNA segments before detection with conventional hybridization techniques or visualization following electrophoresis and staining. The current diagnostic methods for HIV-1 do not allow easy identification of subgroups of infected patients including infants born to seropositive mothers, individuals with delayed serological responses to the virus, infected patients with indeterminate serology results, and patients with dual retroviral infections. Furthermore, response to antiviral therapy cannot be evaluated with serological assays. The rationale for applying PCR in those situations is elaborated here. The applications of this technique for HIV-1 as a diagnostic test and for the understanding of the pathogenesis of this retrovirus are described. Potential limitations of this technique for diagnostic purposes include mainly the possibility of false-positive results due to contamination and false-negative reactions caused by Taq polymerase inhibition. Non-isotopic means for detection of amplified products have been described and should allow for a wider application of this technology. Modifications of PCR which make use of internal standards seem promising for quantitative analysis of nucleic acids. PCR has great potential for viral diagnosis but still requires further studies and better characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Coutlée
- Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Hopital Notre-Dame, Montréal, PQ, Canada
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15
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Retroviral Infections. Dermatol Clin 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(18)30395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Courgnaud V, Lauré F, Brossard A, Bignozzi C, Goudeau A, Barin F, Bréchot C. Frequent and early in utero HIV-1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:337-41. [PMID: 2064830 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated in utero human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission by analyzing human fetal tissues for the presence of viral DNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Thirty three fetal samples: thymus, spleen, and peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PMBC) were obtained at abortion (16 to 24 weeks) from HIV-1-infected asymptomatic women. The results of HIV-1-DNA detection were considered only in 9 cases where contamination of fetal samples by infected mother cells could be definitely eliminated by using primers specific for a polymorphic cellular locus. PCR allowed the identification of HIV-1 DNA sequences in 6/8, 8/9, and 5/9 of specimens from thymus, spleen, and PMBC, respectively. Positive results were shown in fetuses as early as 16 weeks. Viral cultures as well as assays for serum p24 HIV-1 antigen were negative in 9.9 and 33/33 tested, respectively. Therefore, our results indicate early and frequent in utero HIV-1 infection. Different patterns of viral activation after birth might then lead to either rapid or delayed onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Courgnaud
- INSERM U75-CHU Laennec-Necker, Paris, France
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17
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Ou CY, McDonough SH, Cabanas D, Ryder TB, Harper M, Moore J, Schochetman G. Rapid and quantitative detection of enzymatically amplified HIV-1 DNA using chemiluminescent oligonucleotide probes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990; 6:1323-9. [PMID: 2078413 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A hybridization protection assay (HPA) that uses acridinium ester (AE) labeled oligonucleotide probes which are specific for a conserved gag gene region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was developed to measure the amount of HIV-1 nucleic acid. Hybridization of the single-stranded probes with their target HIV-1 sequences protected the chemiluminescent AE group from subsequent alkaline hydrolysis. The chemiluminescence from the residual AE could be easily quantitated in a luminometer. The entire process comprising template dissociation, hybridization, alkaline hydrolysis, and chemiluminescence measurement can be completed in less than one hour and does not require the separation of hybridized probe from unhybridized probe. We demonstrated that HPA could quantitatively measure the amount of DNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction. A comparative study using amplified DNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of HIV seropositive and seronegative persons showed that HPA was as sensitive as the previous methods using 32P-labeled DNA probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Ou
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA
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18
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Jestin A, Foulon T, Pertuiset B, Blanchard P, Labourdet M. Rapid detection of pseudorabies virus genomic sequences in biological samples from infected pigs using polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification. Vet Microbiol 1990; 23:317-28. [PMID: 2169679 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(90)90162-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) genome in infected hosts has previously been studied by standard hybridization techniques, which showed the viral genome to be present at very low levels in infected tissues. The recently introduced polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure provides an alternative and rapid means of amplifying small quantities of specific DNA sequences. We applied this technique to a study of pigs infected by PRV. The sequence selected for amplification consisted of 222 base pairs lying in the gene coding for the glycoprotein gp50. We used a pair of 20-mer oligonucleotides flanking this sequence as primer and a cloned Stu-Nde fragment containing the sequence as target DNA. To avoid the tedious DNA extraction procedure we performed PCR directly on disrupted cells and detected specific amplification after 25 cycles of PCR with the thermostable Taq DNA polymerase. Amplified products were detected by gel electrophoresis directly. Nasal samples from experimentally and naturally infected pigs were tested by this PCR technique. When compared with tissue culture and serological tests, detection by gel electrophoresis of PCR amplified fragments provided excellent specificity and sensitivity. We concluded that PCR amplification will be a valuable tool for rapid diagnosis of PRV infection in pigs, taking less than 1 h to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jestin
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, CNEVA, Ploufragan, France
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19
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Lefrère JJ, Mariotti M, Rouger P, Salmon C. [The polymerase chain reaction and infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)]. REVUE FRANCAISE DE TRANSFUSION ET D'HEMOBIOLOGIE : BULLETIN DE LA SOCIETE NATIONALE DE TRANSFUSION SANGUINE 1989; 32:431-49. [PMID: 2698162 DOI: 10.1016/s1140-4639(89)80010-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J Lefrère
- Institut National de Transfusion Sanguine, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris, France
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Lee FK, Nahmias AJ, Lowery S, Nesheim S, Reef S, Thompson S, Oleske J, Vahlne A, Czerkinsky C. ELISPOT: a new approach to studying the dynamics of virus-immune system interaction for diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989; 5:517-23. [PMID: 2590555 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1989.5.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach to detect and enumerate HIV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) in the peripheral blood was developed using the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) methodology. ASC to an HIV envelope recombinant protein were demonstrated in 75% of 16 adults and 72% of 21 children with untreated AIDS or ARC and in 63% of 34 asymptomatically infected adults but in none of the 51 HIV antibody-negative individuals. Only 1 of the 13 adults receiving AZT therapy yielded a positive reaction, and 27% of the 30 infants born to seropositive mothers were found to have HIV-ASC. The number of HIV-ASC in positive individuals varied from 8 to 202 per 10(6) circulating mononuclear cells. The reactivity was specifically inhibited by soluble HIV antigen and was abrogated by cycloheximide, indicating that the observed reaction was the result of de novo synthesis of HIV-specific antibodies. Nonspecific polyclonal B cell activation was unlikely to be responsible for the results observed as no reactivity was found to a common antigen, tetanus toxoid. Since circulating antigen-specific ASC reflect persistent or recent antigenic stimulation, our findings indicate that this new approach could provide a dynamic perspective of the natural course of virus-immune system interactions in individuals infected with HIV, as well as in those undergoing prophylactic or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Lee
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Clewley JP. The polymerase chain reaction, a review of the practical limitations for human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis. J Virol Methods 1989; 25:179-87. [PMID: 2674182 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(89)90031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful method for the in vitro amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences. As very small amounts of a virus genome can be detected it has obvious diagnostic applications. The background to the reaction and its use for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection are described. The problems likely to be encountered in using PCR as a diagnostic assay (false positives and negatives) and the practical measures which can be taken to overcome them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Clewley
- Virus Reference Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, London, U.K
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Rogers MF, Ou CY, Rayfield M, Thomas PA, Schoenbaum EE, Abrams E, Krasinski K, Selwyn PA, Moore J, Kaul A. Use of the polymerase chain reaction for early detection of the proviral sequences of human immunodeficiency virus in infants born to seropositive mothers. New York City Collaborative Study of Maternal HIV Transmission and Montefiore Medical Center HIV Perinatal Transmission Study Group. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:1649-54. [PMID: 2725615 DOI: 10.1056/nejm198906223202503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in infants born to infected mothers is essential for early treatment, but current tests cannot detect HIV infection in newborns because of the presence of maternal antibodies. We used the polymerase chain reaction, a new technique that amplifies proviral sequences of HIV within DNA, to detect HIV infection in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells obtained from infants of seropositive women during the neonatal (age less than 28 days) and postneonatal periods. In blood obtained during the neonatal period, the polymerase chain reaction was positive in five of seven infants in whom the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) later developed (a mean of 9.8 months after the test). The test was also positive in one of eight newborns who later had nonspecific signs and symptoms suggestive of HIV infection (mean follow-up, 12 months). No proviral sequences were detected in neonatal samples from nine infants who remained well (mean follow-up, 16 months). HIV proviral sequences were detected in samples obtained during the postneonatal period (median age, five months) in all of 6 infants tested who later had AIDS and in 4 of 14 infants with nonspecific findings suggestive of HIV infection. No proviral sequences were detected in 25 infants who remained well (mean follow-up, 17 months) after being born to HIV-seropositive mothers, or in 15 infants born to HIV-seronegative mothers. We conclude that the polymerase chain reaction will be a useful technique to diagnose HIV infection in newborns and to predict the subsequent development of AIDS. However, larger studies will be required to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Rogers
- AIDS Program, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA 30333
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