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Ebrahimzadeh Kouchesfahani M, Bahrami A, Babaeipour V. Poly-γ-glutamic acid overproduction of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945 a by developing a novel optimum culture medium and glutamate pulse feeding using different experimental design approaches. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:565-583. [PMID: 38246886 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The commercial production of multifunctional, biocompatible, and biodegradable biopolymers such as poly-γ-glutamic acid via microbial fermentation requires the development of simple and cheap methods for mass production. This study optimized the poly-γ-glutamic acid production of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945a in several steps. At first, the most critical components of the culture medium, including l-glutamic acid, citric acid, and glycerol, were selected by screening nine factors through the Plackett-Burman experimental design and then were optimized using the response surface method and the central composite design algorithm. Under optimal conditions, the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid increased by more than 4.2 times from 11.2 to 47.2 g/L. This is one of the highest production rates of this strain in submerged batch fermentation reported so far using the optimized medium compared to the conventional base medium. A novel and efficient sudden pulse feeding strategy (achieved by a novel one-factorial statistical technique) of l-glutamic acid to the optimized medium increased biopolymer production from 47.2 to 66.1 g/L, the highest value reported in published literature with this strain. This simple, reproducible, and cheap fermentation process can considerably enhance the commercial applications of the poly-γ-glutamic acid synthesized by B. licheniformis ATCC 9945a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Bahrami
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valiollah Babaeipour
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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2
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He F, Gao B, Cheng X, Zhai J, Zhang X, Yang C, Jiewei T. High-level production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. YJY-8 and potential use in increasing the production of tomato. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:637-646. [PMID: 37768129 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2261058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Strain YJY-8, a new γ-polyglutamic acid producer, was separated from fermented soybean paste samples. The strain was identified as a genus of Bacillus by morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis and was named Bacillus sp. YJY-8. The optimal medium composition and cultural conditions were studied using a single-factor experiment and a response surface experiment. The optimized medium consisted of monosodium glutamate 70 g/L, glucose 54.3 g/L, glycerol 31.8 g/L, ammonium sulfate 11.1 g/L, yeast extract 3.2 g/L, tryptone 1.5 g/L, L-glutamic acid 6.8 g/L, MgSO4 7H2O 0.5 g/L, FeCl3 6H2O 0.02 g/L, KH2PO4 0.9 g/L, CaCl2 0.03 g/L, MnSO4 H2O 0.3 g/L, ammonium molybdate 0.02 g/L, pH 7.0. The optimal cultivation conditions were 35 °C and pH 7.0. Under the optimized conditions, after 48 hr of cultivation, the highest shaking flask fermentation level of γ-PGA reached 65.2 ± 0.36 g/L. In addition, through fed-batch fermentation in 30 L fermenters, the fermentation level of γ-PGA reached its highest level at 88.42 g/L and productivity was 1.23 g/(L hr) after 72 hr. Then, the effect of γ-PGA on tomato yield was investigated. At the seedling stage, the plant height and stem diameter of γ-PGA treated plants increased by 5.69 and 15.735% after spraying γ-PGA for 19 days. During the flowering and fruiting period, the stem diameter of the γ-PGA treatment group increased by 6.74%, with a maximum increase of 11.65%. The number of fruit branches increased by 0.56-16.29% and the number of fruit sets increased by 1.01-28.47%. At the fruit maturation stage, the yield of tomatoes increased by 10.51, 14.27, and 5.83%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming He
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Baojun Gao
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Zhai
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xinqing Zhang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chuanlun Yang
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tian Jiewei
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
- Shan Dong Chambroad Holding Group Co., Ltd, Binzhou, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering, Ministry of Education and College of Light Industry, Textile & Food Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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3
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Elbanna K, Alsulami FS, Neyaz LA, Abulreesh HH. Poly (γ) glutamic acid: a unique microbial biopolymer with diverse commercial applicability. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348411. [PMID: 38414762 PMCID: PMC10897055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial biopolymers have emerged as promising solutions for environmental pollution-related human health issues. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a natural anionic polymeric compound, is composed of highly viscous homo-polyamide of D and L-glutamic acid units. The extracellular water solubility of PGA biopolymer facilitates its complete biodegradation and makes it safe for humans. The unique properties have enabled its applications in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, water treatment, foods, and other domains. It is applied as a thickener, taste-masking agent, stabilizer, texture modifier, moisturizer, bitterness-reducing agent, probiotics cryoprotectant, and protein crystallization agent in food industries. γ-PGA is employed as a biological adhesive, drug carrier, and non-viral vector for safe gene delivery in tissue engineering, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. It is also used as a moisturizer to improve the quality of hair care and skincare cosmetic products. In agriculture, it serves as an ideal stabilizer, environment-friendly fertilizer synergist, plant-growth promoter, metal biosorbent in soil washing, and animal feed additive to reduce body fat and enhance egg-shell strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elbanna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Fatimah S Alsulami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leena A Neyaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein H Abulreesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Unit, Faculty of Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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4
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Qian J, Wang Y, Hu Z, Shi T, Wang Y, Ye C, Huang H. Bacillus sp. as a microbial cell factory: Advancements and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108278. [PMID: 37898328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. is one of the most distinctive gram-positive bacteria, able to grow efficiently using cheap carbon sources and secrete a variety of useful substances, which are widely used in food, pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental industries. At the same time, Bacillus sp. is also recognized as a safe genus with a relatively clear genetic background, which is conducive to the industrial production of target metabolites. In this review, we discuss the reasons why Bacillus sp. has been so extensively studied and summarize its advances in systems and synthetic biology, engineering strategies to improve microbial cell properties, and industrial applications in several metabolic engineering applications. Finally, we present the current challenges and possible solutions to provide a reliable basis for Bacillus sp. as a microbial cell factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Qian
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zijian Hu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Tianqiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Yuetong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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5
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Goldmanns J, Röhling GA, Lipa MK, Scholand T, Deitert A, May T, Haas EP, Boy M, Herold A, Büchs J. Development of a chemically defined medium for Paenibacillus polymyxa by parallel online monitoring of the respiration activity in microtiter plates. BMC Biotechnol 2023; 23:25. [PMID: 37507713 PMCID: PMC10385886 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-023-00793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One critical parameter in microbial cultivations is the composition of the cultivation medium. Nowadays, the application of chemically defined media increases, due to a more defined and reproducible fermentation performance than in complex media. In order, to improve cost-effectiveness of fermentation processes using chemically defined media, the media should not contain nutrients in large excess. Additionally, to obtain high product yields, the nutrient concentrations should not be limiting. Therefore, efficient medium optimization techniques are required which adapt medium compositions to the specific nutrient requirements of microorganisms. RESULTS Since most Paenibacillus cultivation protocols so far described in literature are based on complex ingredients, in this study, a chemically defined medium for an industrially relevant Paenibacillus polymyxa strain was developed. A recently reported method, which combines a systematic experimental procedure in combination with online monitoring of the respiration activity, was applied and extended to identify growth limitations for Paenibacillus polymyxa. All cultivations were performed in microtiter plates. By systematically increasing the concentrations of different nutrient groups, nicotinic acid was identified as a growth-limiting component. Additionally, an insufficient buffer capacity was observed. After optimizing the growth in the chemically defined medium, the medium components were systematically reduced to contain only nutrients relevant for growth. Vitamins were reduced to nicotinic acid and biotin, and amino acids to methionine, histidine, proline, arginine, and glutamate. Nucleobases/-sides could be completely left out of the medium. Finally, the cultivation in the reduced medium was reproduced in a laboratory fermenter. CONCLUSION In this study, a reliable and time-efficient high-throughput methodology was extended to investigate limitations in chemically defined media. The interpretation of online measured respiration activities agreed well with the growth performance of samples measured in parallel via offline analyses. Furthermore, the cultivation in microtiter plates was validated in a laboratory fermenter. The results underline the benefits of online monitoring of the respiration activity already in the early stages of process development, to avoid limitations of medium components, oxygen limitation and pH inhibition during the scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Goldmanns
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT - Biochemical Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Georg Andreas Röhling
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT - Biochemical Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie Kristine Lipa
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT - Biochemical Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Scholand
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT - Biochemical Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Deitert
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT - Biochemical Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias May
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Boy
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Andrea Herold
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- RWTH Aachen University, AVT - Biochemical Engineering, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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6
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Nair P, Navale GR, Dharne MS. Poly-gamma-glutamic acid biopolymer: a sleeping giant with diverse applications and unique opportunities for commercialization. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2023; 13:4555-4573. [PMID: 33824848 PMCID: PMC8016157 DOI: 10.1007/s13399-021-01467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biodegradable, non-toxic, ecofriendly, and non-immunogenic biopolymer. Its phenomenal properties have gained immense attention in the field of regenerative medicine, the food industry, wastewater treatment, and even in 3D printing bio-ink. The γ-PGA has the potential to replace synthetic non-degradable counterparts, but the main obstacle is the high production cost and lower productivity. Extensive research has been carried out to reduce the production cost by using different waste; however, it is unable to match the commercialization needs. This review focuses on the biosynthetic mechanism of γ-PGA, its production using the synthetic medium as well as different wastes by L-glutamic acid-dependent and independent microbial strains. Furthermore, various metabolic engineering strategies and the recovery processes for γ-PGA and their possible applications are discussed. Finally, highlights on the challenges and unique approaches to reduce the production cost and to increase the productivity for commercialization of γ-PGA are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nair
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Govinda R. Navale
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
| | - Mahesh S. Dharne
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
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7
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Quach NT, Vu THN, Nguyen TTA, Ha H, Ho PH, Chu-Ky S, Nguyen LH, Van Nguyen H, Thanh TTT, Nguyen NA, Chu HH, Phi QT. Structural and genetic insights into a poly-γ-glutamic acid with in vitro antioxidant activity of Bacillus velezensis VCN56. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:173. [PMID: 35920928 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03364-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly-γ‑glutamic acid (γ‑PGA) produced by Bacillus species is a natural biopolymer, which is widely used in various fields including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. In this study, the screening of 19 Bacillus isolates derived from traditionally fermented foods revealed that Bacillus velezensis VCN56 was the most potent γ‑PGA producer. The maximum concentration of crude γ‑PGA was 32.9 ± 1.5 g/L in the PGA-3 medium containing glycerol, citric acid, sodium glutamate, NH4Cl, and starch. The resulting γ-PGA was purified and then characterized by HPLC, FTIR, and 1H-NMR analyses. Molecular weight of purified γ‑PGA was estimated to be 98 kDa with a polydisperse index of 2.04. Notably, the pure γ‑PGA showed significant in vitro antioxidant scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (72.0 ± 1.5%), hydroxyl (81.0 ± 0.6%), and superoxide (43.9 ± 0.8%) radicals at the concentration of 4 mg/mL. Using whole-genome sequencing, the genetic organization of pgs operon responsible for γ‑PGA biosynthesis in B. velezensis VCN56 differs from those in other Bacillus genomes. Further genome analysis revealed metabolic pathways for γ-PGA production and degradation. For the first time, the present study provides a better understanding of γ-PGA with a promising antioxidant activity produced by B. velezensis at the phenotypic, biochemical, and genomic levels, which hold potential applications in the foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tung Quach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hanh Nguyen Vu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu An Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ha
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Phu-Ha Ho
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Son Chu-Ky
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Lan-Huong Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hai Van Nguyen
- School of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Thuy Thanh
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Ha Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Quyet-Tien Phi
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam.
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8
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Li D, Hou L, Gao Y, Tian Z, Fan B, Wang F, Li S. Recent Advances in Microbial Synthesis of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050739. [PMID: 35267372 PMCID: PMC8909396 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural, safe, non-immunogenic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly glutamic biopolymer. γ-PGA has been regarded as a promising bio-based materials in the food field, medical field, even in environmental engineering field, and other industrial fields. Microbial synthesis is an economical and effective way to synthesize γ-PGA. Bacillus species are the most widely studied producing strains. γ-PGA biosynthesis involves metabolic pathway of racemization, polymerization, transfer, and catabolism. Although microbial synthesis of γ-PGA has already been used extensively, productivity and yield remain the major constraints for its industrial application. Metabolic regulation is an attempt to solve the above bottleneck problems and meet the demands of commercialization. Therefore, it is important to understand critical factors that influence γ-PGA microbial synthesis in depth. This review focuses on production strains, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolic regulation. Moreover, it systematically summarizes the functional properties, purification procedure, and industrial application of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Lizhen Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Yaxin Gao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Zhiliang Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
| | - Bei Fan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
| | - Shuying Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuan Ming Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (Y.G.); (Z.T.); (B.F.)
- Correspondence: (F.W.); (S.L.); Tel.: +86-010-62815977 (F.W.); +86-010-62810295 (S.L.)
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9
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γ-PGA Fermentation by Bacillus subtilis PG-001 with Glucose Feedback Control pH-stat Strategy. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:1871-1880. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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10
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Azarhava H, Bajestani MI, Jafari A, Vakilchap F, Mousavi SM. Production and physicochemical characterization of bacterial poly gamma- (glutamic acid) to investigate its performance on enhanced oil recovery. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:1204-1212. [PMID: 31739030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis LMG 7559, which is capable of producing extracellular poly gamma- (glutamic acid) (PGA), was provided for the biopolymer synthesis. Using a modified PGA medium for PGA production, the isolated biopolymer, undergone dialysis process mainly for desalination and removal of other impurities. The bacteria produced high molecular weight biopolymers with a weight average molecular weight (M̅n) of 1.6 × 105 g/mole identified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Furthermore, GPC analysis was utilized to determine the poly-dispersity of PGA as well as molecular weight variation by cultivation time. The heavy weight fraction of 1.85 × 105 g/mole with poly-dispersity index of 7.42 was distinguished. For the extracted and dialyzed biopolymer, thermal properties were studied using DSC/TGA by which a mass loss of 36 percent was observed. Eventually, the biopolymer solution was injected into the oil saturated heterogeneous porous medium to evaluate the recovery factor enhancement by PGA flooding. It was found that 31.45% of oil in place was recovered by biopolymer flooding, whereas only 16.6% of oil in place was obtained by water flooding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Azarhava
- Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ijadi Bajestani
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezou Jafari
- Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farzane Vakilchap
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Mahaboob Ali AA, Momin B, Ghogare P. Isolation of a novel poly- γ-glutamic acid-producing Bacillus licheniformis A14 strain and optimization of fermentation conditions for high-level production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 50:445-452. [PMID: 31873055 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2019.1706560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, bacteria producing poly-γ-glutamic acid were isolated from marine sands, and an efficient producer identified. γ-PGA was rapidly screened by thin-layer chromatography and UV spectrophotometer assay. Media optimization was carried out, and for the cost-effective production of γ-PGA, monosodium glutamate was used as the substrate for the synthesis of γ-PGA instead of glutamic acid. Lastly, Plackett-Buman design (PB) and Response surface methodology (RSM) were used to determine significant media components and their interaction effect to achieve maximum γ-PGA production. With this integrated method, a bacterial strain with a high yield of γ-PGA was obtained rapidly, and the production was increased up to 37.8 g/L after optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Ahmed Mahaboob Ali
- Department of Microbiology, SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sion West, Mumbai, India
| | - Bilal Momin
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Pramod Ghogare
- Department of Microbiology, SIES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Sion West, Mumbai, India
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12
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Kim J, Lee JM, Jang WJ, Park HD, Kim Y, Kim C, Kong I. Efficient production of poly γ‐
d
‐glutamic acid from the bloom‐forming green macroalgae,
Ulva
sp., by
Bacillus
sp. SJ‐10. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1594-1603. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jang‐Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries SciencePukyong National UniversityBusan Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Industrial Biomaterials Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon Korea
| | - Won Je Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries SciencePukyong National UniversityBusan Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Dae Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries SciencePukyong National UniversityBusan Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Ok Kim
- Biotechnology Research DivisionNational Institute of Fisheries ScienceBusan Republic of Korea
| | - Chang‐Hoon Kim
- Department of Marine Biomaterials & AquaculturePukyong National UniversityBusan Republic of Korea
| | - In‐Soo Kong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries SciencePukyong National UniversityBusan Republic of Korea
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Mixture Design of Experiments for the Optimization of Carbon Source for Promoting Undecylprodigiosin and Actinorhodin Production. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.4.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zhan Y, Sheng B, Wang H, Shi J, Cai D, Yi L, Yang S, Wen Z, Ma X, Chen S. Rewiring glycerol metabolism for enhanced production of poly-γ-glutamic acid in Bacillus licheniformis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:306. [PMID: 30455735 PMCID: PMC6225680 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a natural polymer with great potential applications in areas of agriculture, industry, and pharmaceutical. The biodiesel-derived glycerol can be used as an attractive feedstock for γ-PGA production due to its availability and low price; however, insufficient production of γ-PGA from glycerol is limitation. RESULTS The metabolic pathway of Bacillus licheniformis WX-02 was rewired to improve the efficiency of glycerol assimilation and the supply of NADPH for γ-PGA synthesis. GlpK, GlpX, Zwf, and Tkt1 were found to be the key enzymes for γ-PGA synthesis using glycerol as a feedstock. Through combinational expression of these key enzymes, the γ-PGA titer increased to 19.20 ± 1.57 g/L, which was 1.50-fold of that of the wild-type strain. Then, we studied the flux distributions, gene expression, and intracellular metabolites in WX-02 and the recombinant strain BC4 (over-expression of the above quadruple enzymes). Our results indicated that over-expression of the quadruple enzymes redistributed metabolic flux to γ-PGA synthesis. Furthermore, using crude glycerol as carbon source, the BC4 strain showed a high productivity of 0.38 g/L/h, and produced 18.41 g/L γ-PGA, with a high yield of 0.46 g γ-PGA/g glycerol. CONCLUSIONS The approach to rewiring of metabolic pathways enables B. licheniformis to efficiently synthesize γ-PGA from glycerol. The γ-PGA productivity reported in this work is the highest obtained in glutamate-free medium. The present study demonstrates that the recombinant B. licheniformis strain shows significant potential to produce valuable compounds from crude glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Bojie Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, 368 Youyi Avenue, Wuhan, 430062 Hubei People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
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Lee JM, Kim JH, Kim KW, Lee BJ, Kim DG, Kim YO, Lee JH, Kong IS. Physicochemical properties, production, and biological functionality of poly-γ-d-glutamic acid with constant molecular weight from halotolerant Bacillus sp. SJ-10. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:598-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ryu MS, Yang HJ, Kim JW, Jeong SJ, Jeong SY, Eom JS, Jeong DY. Potential probiotics activity of Bacillus spp. from traditional soybean pastes and fermentation characteristics of Cheonggukjang. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2017.24.8.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Selection of an Effective Indicator for Rapid Detection of Microorganisms Producing γ-Polyglutamic Acid and Its Biosynthesis Under Submerged Fermentation Conditions Using Bacillus methylotrophicus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 185:270-288. [PMID: 29134509 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Improvement of glycerol catabolism in Bacillus licheniformis for production of poly-γ-glutamic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7155-7164. [PMID: 28804802 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis WX-02 is a well-studied strain to produce poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) with numerous applications. This study is to improve WX-02 strain's capability of assimilating glycerol, a major byproduct of biofuels industries, through metabolic manipulation. Through gene knockout, the GlpK pathway was identified as the sole functional glycerol catabolism pathway, while the DhaK pathway was inactive for this strain under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The enhancement of glycerol utilization was attempted by substituting the native glpFK promoter with the constitutive promoter (P43), ytzE promoter (PytzE), and bacABC operon promoter (PbacA), respectively. The glycerol consumptions of the corresponding mutant strains WX02-P43glpFK, WX02-PytzEglpFK, and WX02-PbacAglpFK were 30.9, 26.42, and 18.8% higher than that of the WX-02 strain, respectively. The γ-PGA concentrations produced by the three mutant strains were 33.71, 23.39, and 30.05% higher than that of WX-02 strain, respectively. When biodiesel-derived crude glycerol was used as the carbon source, the mutant WX02-P43glpFK produced 16.63 g L-1 of γ-PGA, with a productivity of 0.35 g L-1 h-1. Collectively, this study demonstrated that glycerol can be used as an effective substrate for producing γ-PGA by metabolic engineering B. licheniformis strains.
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Regestein Née Meissner L, Arndt J, Palmen TG, Jestel T, Mitsunaga H, Fukusaki E, Büchs J. Investigation of poly(γ-glutamic acid) production via online determination of viscosity and oxygen transfer rate in shake flasks. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:23. [PMID: 28702080 PMCID: PMC5506581 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer with many useful properties making it applicable for instance in food and skin care industries, in wastewater treatment, in biodegradable plastics or in the pharmaceutical industry. γ-PGA is usually produced microbially by different Bacillus spp. The produced γ-PGA increases the viscosity of the fermentation broth. In case of shake flask fermentations, this results in an increase of the volumetric power input. The power input in shake flasks can be determined by measuring the torque of an orbitally rotating lab shaker. The online measurement of the volumetric power input enables to continuously monitor the formation or degradation of viscous products like γ-PGA. Combined with the online measurement of the oxygen transfer rate (OTR), the respiration activity of the organisms can be observed at the same time. RESULTS Two different Bacillus licheniformis strains and three medium compositions were investigated using online volumetric power input and OTR measurements as well as thorough offline analysis. The online volumetric power input measurement clearly depicted changes in γ-PGA formation due to different medium compositions as well as differences in the production behavior of the two investigated strains. A higher citric acid concentration and the addition of trace elements to the standard medium showed a positive influence on γ-PGA production. The online power input signal was used to derive an online viscosity signal which was validated with offline determined viscosity values. The online measurement of the OTR proved to be a valuable tool to follow the respiration activity of the cultivated strains and to determine its reproducibility under different cultivation conditions. CONCLUSIONS The combination of the volumetric power input and the OTR allows for an easy and reliable investigation of new strains, cultivation conditions and medium compositions for their potential in γ-PGA production. The power input signal and the derived online viscosity directly reflect changes in γ-PGA molecular weight and concentration, respectively, due to different cultivation conditions or production strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Arndt
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas G Palmen
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Jestel
- AVT - Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Mitsunaga
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Singh V, Haque S, Niwas R, Srivastava A, Pasupuleti M, Tripathi CKM. Strategies for Fermentation Medium Optimization: An In-Depth Review. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2087. [PMID: 28111566 PMCID: PMC5216682 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimization of production medium is required to maximize the metabolite yield. This can be achieved by using a wide range of techniques from classical “one-factor-at-a-time” to modern statistical and mathematical techniques, viz. artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA) etc. Every technique comes with its own advantages and disadvantages, and despite drawbacks some techniques are applied to obtain best results. Use of various optimization techniques in combination also provides the desirable results. In this article an attempt has been made to review the currently used media optimization techniques applied during fermentation process of metabolite production. Comparative analysis of the merits and demerits of various conventional as well as modern optimization techniques have been done and logical selection basis for the designing of fermentation medium has been given in the present review. Overall, this review will provide the rationale for the selection of suitable optimization technique for media designing employed during the fermentation process of metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Singh
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and TechnologyLucknow, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)New Delhi, India; Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan UniversityJazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ram Niwas
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Akansha Srivastava
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- Microbiology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - C K M Tripathi
- Fermentation Technology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Central Drug Research InstituteLucknow, India; Department of Biotechnology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial UniversityLucknow, India
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Anju AJ, Binod P. Synthesis of multifunctional γ-PGA-based superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging and controlled drug release. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kazemipour N, Salehi Inchebron M, Valizadeh J, Sepehrimanesh M. Clotting characteristics of milk by Withania coagulans: Proteomic and biochemical study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2016.1207664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bakhtiyari M, Moosavi-Nasab M, Askari H. Optimization of succinoglycan hydrocolloid production by Agrobacterium radiobacter grown in sugar beet molasses and investigation of its physicochemical characteristics. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tork SE, Aly MM, Alakilli SY, Al-Seeni MN. Purification and characterization of gamma poly glutamic acid from newly Bacillus licheniformis NRC20. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 74:382-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Lee EJ, Lee SP. Novel bioconversion of sodium glutamate to γ-amino butyric acid by co-culture of Lactobacillus plantarum K154 in Ceriporia lacerata culture broth. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Effects of metabolic pathway precursors and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) on poly-(gamma)-glutamic acid production by Bacillus subtilis BL53. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 41:1375-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the addition of metabolic precursors and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an oxygen carrier to cultures of Bacillus subtilis BL53 during the production of γ-PGA. Kinetics analyses of cultivations of different media showed that B. subtilis BL53 is an exogenous glutamic acid-dependent strain. When the metabolic pathway precursors of γ-PGA synthesis, l-glutamine and a-ketoglutaric acid, were added to the culture medium, production of the biopolymer was increased by 20 % considering the medium without these precursors. The addition of 10 % of the oxygen carrier PDMS to cultures caused a two-fold increase in the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (kLa), improving γ-PGA production and productivity. Finally, bioreactor cultures of B. subtilis BL53 adopting the combination of optimized medium E, added of glutamine, α-ketoglutaric acid, and PDMS, showed a productivity of 1 g L−1 h−1 of g-PGA after only 24 h of cultivation. Results of this study suggest that the use of metabolic pathway precursors glutamine and a-ketolgutaric acid, combined with the addition of PDMS as an oxygen carrier in bioreactors, can improve γ-PGA production and productivity by Bacillus strains .
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Lee NR, Lee SM, Cho KS, Jeong SY, Hwang DY, Kim DS, Hong CO, Son HJ. Improved Production of Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid by Bacillus subtilis D7 Isolated from Doenjang, a Korean Traditional Fermented Food, and Its Antioxidant Activity. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:918-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Optimization of antifungal lipopeptide production from Bacillus sp. BH072 by response surface methodology. J Microbiol 2014; 52:324-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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da Silva SB, Cantarelli VV, Ayub MAZ. Production and optimization of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus subtilis BL53 isolated from the Amazonian environment. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 37:469-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-013-1016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Study on optimal conditions and adsorption kinetics of copper from water by collodion membrane cross-linked poly-γ-glutamic acid. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wu FC, Chang CW, Shih IL. Optimization of the production and characterization of milk clotting enzymes by Bacillus subtilis natto. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:33. [PMID: 23450673 PMCID: PMC3581766 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Suitable medium for production of milk clotting enzyme (MCE) by Bacillus subtilis (natto) Takahashi in submerged liquid-state fermentation was screened, the nutrient factors affecting MCE production was optimized by response surface methodology. The MCE production by B. subtilis (natto) Takahashi was increased significantly by 428% in the optimal medium developed. The MCE was filtered and concentrated by ultrafiltration. The retentate after tandem filtration carried out with the combined membranes of MWCO 50kDa and 5 kDa showed two major bands between 25kDa and 30kDa on SDS-PAGE, and the MCA and MCA/PA improved significantly in comparison with those in the initial broth. The crude enzyme thus obtained showed MCA and MCA/PA ratio of 48,000 SU/g and 6,400, which are commensurate with those (MCA 26,667 SU/g and MCA/PA 6,667) of the commercial rennet. It had optimal pH and temperature at pH 6 and 60°C, and showed excellent pH and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Chen Wu
- Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
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Zeng W, Lin Y, Qi Z, He Y, Wang D, Chen G, Liang Z. An integrated high-throughput strategy for rapid screening of poly(γ-glutamic acid)-producing bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2163-72. [PMID: 23361839 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4717-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Poly(γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) is a promising biomaterial with a wide range of unique applications. To extensively screen γ-PGA-producing bacteria with high yield and different molecular weight, we developed an integrated high-throughput strategy. Firstly, γ-PGA-producing bacteria were selected in a primary screen plate containing a basic dye (neutral red) based on the concentric zone formed through the electrostatic interaction between the dye and the secreted acidic polymer γ-PGA. Then, the isolates were cultured in 50 ml tubes instead of 250 ml flasks. A good correlation of fermentation results in 50 ml tubes and 250 ml flasks was observed. Thirdly, the γ-PGA yield and weight-average molecular weight (M (w)) were simultaneously determined by spectrophotomic assay (UV assay) and neutral red plate assay. The results showed that the diameter of the concentric zone varied among isolates and was negatively correlated with the weight-average molecular weight of γ-PGA. The accuracy of the methods was comparable to that of high-performance liquid chromatography and gel permeation chromatography assay. Lastly, γ-PGA obtained from the target isolates was rapidly identified using thin layer chromatography assay. With this strategy, 13 bacteria with high yield and various molecular weights of γ-PGA from 500 obvious single colonies on the primary screen plate were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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Eh ALS, Teoh SG. Novel modified ultrasonication technique for the extraction of lycopene from tomatoes. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2012; 19:151-9. [PMID: 21715212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene extraction was carried out via the ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) with response surface methodology (RSM). Sonication enhanced the efficiency of relative lycopene yield (enhancement of 26% extraction yield of lycopene in 6 replications at 40.0 min, 40.0 °C and 70.0% v/w in the presence of ultrasound), lowered the extraction temperature and shortened the total extraction time. The extraction was applied with the addition of oxygen-free nitrogen flow and change of water route during water bath sonication. The highest relative yield of lycopene obtained was 100% at 45.0 °C with total extraction time of 50.0 min (30:10:10) and ratio of solvent to freeze-dried tomato sample (v/w) of 80.0:1. Optimisation of the lycopene extraction had been performed, giving the average relative lycopene yield of 99% at 45.6 min, 47.6 °C and ratio of solvent to freeze-dried tomato sample (v/w) of 74.4:1. From the optimised model, the average yield of all-trans lycopene obtained was 5.11±0.27 mg/g dry weight. The all-trans lycopene obtained from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms was 96.81±0.81% with 3.19±0.81% of cis-lycopenes. The purity of total-lycopene obtained was 98.27±0.52% with β-carotene constituted 1.73±0.52% of the extract. The current improved, UAE of lycopene from tomatoes with the aid of RSM also enhanced the extraction yield of trans-lycopene by 75.93% compared to optimised conventional method of extraction. Hence, the current, improved UAE of lycopene promotes the extraction yield of lycopene and at the same time, minimises the degradation and isomerisation of lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lee-Sie Eh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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Bajaj I, Singhal R. Poly (glutamic acid)--an emerging biopolymer of commercial interest. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:5551-61. [PMID: 21377358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly (γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) is water-soluble, anionic, biodegradable, and edible biopolymer produced by Bacillus subtilis. It has multifarious potential applications in foods, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, water treatment and other fields. The production of PGA has already been established on the industrial scale. Various studies regarding the fermentative production, downstream processing and characterization of PGA have been reported in the literature. This review provides updated information on fermentative production of PGA by various bacterial strains and effect of fermentation conditions and media component on production of PGA in submerged as well as solid state fermentation. Information on the application of genetic engineering for enhancement of yield of PGA, kinetic studies for production of PGA in submerged fermentation and recovery and purification of PGA is included. An attempt has also been made to review the current and potential applications of PGA. This review may contribute to further development of this commercially and academically interesting biopolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Bajaj
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India
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Kang DH, Kim JW, Youn KS. Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Fermented Mulberry (Cudrania tricuspidata) Fruit. and Inhibitory Actions on Elastase and Tyrosinase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.2.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Huang J, Du Y, Xu G, Zhang H, Zhu F, Huang L, Xu Z. High yield and cost-effective production of poly(γ-glutamic acid) with Bacillus subtilis. Eng Life Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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37
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Cao M, Geng W, Liu L, Song C, Xie H, Guo W, Jin Y, Wang S. Glutamic acid independent production of poly-γ-glutamic acid by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3 and cloning of pgsBCA genes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:4251-7. [PMID: 21232939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A new glutamic acid independent poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) producing strain, which was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LL3 by analysis of 16S rDNA and gyrase subunit A gene (gyrA), was isolated from fermented food. The product had a molecular weight of 470, 801 and l-glutamate monomer content of 98.47%. The pre-optimal medium, based on single-factor tests and orthogonal design, contained 50 g/L sucrose, 2g/L (NH(4))(2)SO(4), 0.6g/L MgSO(4), and provided well-balanced changes in processing parameters and a γ-PGA yield of 4.36 g/L in 200 L system. The γ-PGA synthetase genes pgsBCA were cloned from LL3, and successfully expressed by pTrcLpgs vector in Escherichia coli JM109, resulting the synthesis of γ-PGA without glutamate. This study demonstrates the designedly improved yield of γ-PGA in 200 L system and the first report of pgsBCA from glutamic acid independent strain, which will benefit the metabolized mechanism investigation and the wide-ranging application of γ-PGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Jung HW, Kim JE, Seo JH, Lee SP. Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Red Ginseng Marc Fermented by Bacillus subtilis HA with Mugwort Powder Addition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2010.39.9.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Effect of aeration and agitation on synthesis of poly (γ-glutamic acid) in batch cultures of Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-0059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Jeong JH, Kim JN, Wee YJ, Ryu HW. The statistically optimized production of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) by batch fermentation of a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis RKY3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2010; 101:4533-9. [PMID: 20153177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
For the production of poly(gamma-glutamic acid), a newly isolated Bacillus sp. RKY3 was phylogenetically identified as Bacillus subtilis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The culture medium for the production of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) by B. subtilis RKY3 was optimized statistically. The parameters significantly affecting poly(gamma-glutamic acid) production were found to be glycerol, glutamic acid, yeast extract, and K(2)HPO(4). A further advanced statistical approach, central composite design, found the optimum levels of the screened variables as follows (gl(-1)): glycerol 17.6, glutamic acid 59.6; yeast extract 2.7; K(2)HPO(4) 2.3. The predicted response as poly(gamma-glutamic acid) production under the statistically optimized conditions was 48.5 g l(-1), which was only 0.4% different from the maximum poly(gamma-glutamic acid) concentration (48.7 g l(-1)) observed at the validation experiment using 7-l lab-scale fermentor containing 3 l of working volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Jeong
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Shih IL, Lin CY, Wu JY, Hsieh C. Production of antifungal lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis in submerged fermentation using shake flask and fermentor. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-009-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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43
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Strnad J, Brinc M, Spudić V, Jelnikar N, Mirnik L, Čarman B, Kravanja Z. Optimization of cultivation conditions in spin tubes for Chinese hamster ovary cells producing erythropoietin and the comparison of glycosylation patterns in different cultivation vessels. Biotechnol Prog 2010; 26:653-63. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Jung HW, Lee SP. Production of Carrot Pomace Fortified with Mucilage, Fibrinolytic Enzyme and Probiotics by Solid-state Fermentation Using the Mixed Culture of Bacillus subtilis and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2009.14.4.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Bajaj IB, Singhal RS. Flocculation Properties of Poly(γ-Glutamic Acid) Produced from Bacillus subtilis Isolate. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-009-0186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bajaj IB, Lele SS, Singhal RS. A statistical approach to optimization of fermentative production of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2009; 100:826-32. [PMID: 18676141 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the optimization of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (PGA) production by Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 using a statistical approach. One-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the effect of carbon sources, nitrogen sources and pH on PGA production. Plackett-Burman design was adopted to select the most important nutrients influencing the yield of PGA. After identifying effective nutrients, response surface methodology was used to develop a mathematical model to identify the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients for higher PGA production, and confirm its validity experimentally. PGA production increased significantly from 5.27 to 26.12 g/l when the strain was cultivated in the optimal medium developed by using statistical approach, as compared to basal medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Bajaj
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Nathlal Parikh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India.
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Shieh CJ, Phan Thi LA, Shih IL. Milk-clotting enzymes produced by culture of Bacillus subtilis natto. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bajaj IB, Singhal RS. Enhanced Production of Poly (γ-glutamic acid) from Bacillus licheniformis NCIM 2324 by Using Metabolic Precursors. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 159:133-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shih IL, Kuo CY, Hsieh FC, Kao SS, Hsieh C. Use of surface response methodology to optimize culture conditions for iturin A production by Bacillus subtilis in solid-state fermentation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcice.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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