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PET Foams Surface Treated with Graphene Nanoplatelets: Evaluation of Thermal Resistance and Flame Retardancy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040501. [PMID: 33561979 PMCID: PMC7914555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, fire-retardant systems consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and dispersant agents were designed and applied on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) foam. Manual deposition from three different liquid solutions was performed in order to create a protective coating on the specimen’s surface. A very low amount of coating, between 1.5 and 3.5 wt%, was chosen for the preparation of coated samples. Flammability, flame penetration, and combustion tests demonstrated the improvement provided to the foam via coating. In particular, specimens with PSS/GNPs coating, compared to neat foam, were able to interrupt the flame during horizontal and vertical flammability tests and led to longer endurance times during the flame penetration test. Furthermore, during cone calorimetry tests, the time to ignition (TTI) increased and the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) was drastically reduced by up to 60% compared to that of the uncoated PET foam. Finally, ageing for 48 and 115 h at 160 °C was performed on coated specimens to evaluate the effect on flammability and combustion behavior. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images proved the morphological effect of the heat treatment on the surface, showing that the coating was uniformly distributed. In this case, fire-retardant properties were enhanced, even if fewer GNPs were used.
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Hilt F, Gherardi N, Duday D, Berné A, Choquet P. Efficient Flame Retardant Thin Films Synthesized by Atmospheric Pressure PECVD through the High Co-deposition Rate of Hexamethyldisiloxane and Triethylphosphate on Polycarbonate and Polyamide-6 Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:12422-12433. [PMID: 27115773 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach to produce high-performance and halogen-free flame-retardant thin films at atmospheric pressure is reported. PDMS-based coatings with embedded dopant-rich polyphosphates are elaborated thanks to a straightforward approach, using an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (AP-DBD). Deposition conditions have been tailored to elaborate various thin films that can match the fire performance requirements. Morphology, chemical composition, and structure are investigated, and results show that the coatings performances are increased by taking advantage of the synergistic effect of P and Si flame retardant compounds. More specifically, this study relates the possibility to obtain flame retardant properties on PolyCarbonate and PolyAmide-6 thanks to their covering by a 5 μm thick coating, i.e. very thin films for this field of application, yet quite substantial for plasma processes. Hence, this approach enables deposition of flame retardant coatings onto different polymer substrates, providing a versatile fireproofing solution for different natures of polymer substrates. The presence of an expanded charred layer at the surface acts as a protective barrier limiting heat and mass transfer. This latter retains and consumes a part of the PC or PA-6 degradation byproducts and then minimizes the released flammable gases. It may also insulate the substrate from the flame and limit mass transfers of remaining volatile gases. Moreover, reactions in the condensed phase have also been highlighted despite the relatively thin thickness of the deposited layers. As a result of these phenomena, excellent performances are obtained, illustrated by a decrease of the peak of the heat release rate (pHRR) and an increase of the time to ignition (TTI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hilt
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Université de Toulouse , UPS, INP, LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, LAPLACE, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Gherardi
- Université de Toulouse , UPS, INP, LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, LAPLACE, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - David Duday
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Aurélien Berné
- Université de Toulouse , UPS, INP, LAPLACE (Laboratoire Plasma et Conversion d'Energie), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, LAPLACE, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Choquet
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology , 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Zhao C, Sun Z, Liu B, Peng G. Preparation and Flammability of a Flame-Retardant Poly(Butyl Acrylate-Vinyl Acetate) System Based on Gemin-Surfactant Modified Montmorillonite and Ammonium Polyphosphate. J MACROMOL SCI B 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2013.771003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhao
- a New Energy Center , Southwest Petroleum University , Chengdu , China
- b Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , China
| | - Zhe Sun
- c Department of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering , Chengdu University of Technology , Chengdu , China
| | - Bailing Liu
- b Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , China
| | - Gang Peng
- b Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu , China
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Alongi J, Colleoni C, Malucelli G, Rosace G. Hybrid phosphorus-doped silica architectures derived from a multistep sol–gel process for improving thermal stability and flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Alongi J, Malucelli G. State of the art and perspectives on sol–gel derived hybrid architectures for flame retardancy of textiles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32513f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sol–gel treatments on cotton fabrics for improving thermal and flame stability: Effect of the structure of the alkoxysilane precursor. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 87:627-635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 07/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wu SY, Yuen SM, Ma CCM, Chiang CL, Huang YL, Wu HH, Teng CC, Yang CC, Wei MH. Preparation, morphology, and properties of silane-modified MWCNT/epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Ou CF, Shiu MC. Epoxy composites reinforced by different size silica nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Chiu YC, Ma CCM, Liu FY, Chiang CL, Riang L, Yang JC. Effect of P/Si polymeric silsesquioxane and the monomer compound on thermal properties of epoxy nanocomposite. Eur Polym J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2008.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lin CH, Feng CC, Hwang TY. Preparation, thermal properties, morphology, and microstructure of phosphorus-containing epoxy/SiO2 and polyimide/SiO2 nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chou YC, Wang YY, Hsieh TE. Transparent photo-curableco-polyacrylate/silica nanocomposites prepared by sol-gel process. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li Q, Jiang P, Wei P. Synthesis, characteristic, and application of new flame retardant containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon. POLYM ENG SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lee TM, Ma CCM, Hsu CW, Wu HL. Syntheses of epoxy-bridged polyorganosiloxanes and the effects of terminated alkoxysilanes on cured thermal properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yuan CY, Chen SY, Tsai CH, Chiu YS, Chen-Yang YW. Thermally stable and flame-retardant aromatic phosphate and cyclotriphosphazene-containing polyurethanes: synthesis and properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Preparation and properties of epoxy/amine hybrid resins from in situ
polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu YL, Wu CS, Chiu YS, Ho WH. Preparation, thermal properties, and flame retardance of epoxy-silica hybrid resins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.10778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Weng WH, Chen H, Tsai SP, Wu JC. Thermal property of epoxy/SiO2 hybrid material synthesized by the sol-gel process. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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