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Majder-Łopatka M, Węsierski T, Ankowski A, Ratajczak K, Duralski D, Piechota-Polanczyk A, Polanczyk A. Thermal Analysis of Plastics Used in the Food Industry. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:248. [PMID: 35009394 PMCID: PMC8746179 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fires in landfills, where used plastic packaging waste is discarded, have shown how great a fire hazard these types of materials pose. In this study, the course of thermo-oxidation of samples made of polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based plastics was determined. Based on an analysis of the dissociation energy of bonds between atoms in a polymer molecule, the mechanisms responsible for the character and course of degradation were observed. It was found that the degradation rate of PP and PS could be a result of the stability of C-H bonds on the tertiary carbon atom. In the case of PS, due to facilitated intramolecular hydrogen transfer, stabilization of hydroperoxide, and formation of a stable tertiary alcohol molecule, the onset of degradation is shifted towards higher temperatures than in the case of PP. Notably, the PP fragmentation occurs to a greater extent due to the easier course of β-scission. In addition, it was found that during a fire, the least amount of heat would be generated by thermo-oxidation of PS-based plastics. This is a result of the formation of a styrene molecule during decomposition that, due to the high stability of bonds in the aromatic ring, escapes from the combustion zone without oxidation. It has been proven that the greatest thermal effect accompanies PET decomposition, during which a phenyl radical is produced, where the C-H bonds break more easily in comparison with the bonds of an intact ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka
- Institute of Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (T.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Tomasz Węsierski
- Institute of Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (T.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Artur Ankowski
- Institute of Safety Engineering, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (T.W.); (A.A.)
| | - Kamil Ratajczak
- Faculty of Safety Engineering and Civil Protection, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Dominik Duralski
- Institute of Internal Security, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Piechota-Polanczyk
- Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Gronostajowa 7 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Polanczyk
- Faculty of Safety Engineering and Civil Protection, The Main School of Fire Service, 52/54 Slowackiego Street, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland; (K.R.); (A.P.)
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Feng J, Zhang J, Zheng Z, Zhou T. New Strategy to Achieve Laser Direct Writing of Polymers: Fabrication of the Color-Changing Microcapsule with a Core-Shell Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41688-41700. [PMID: 31601102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposed an efficient and environmentally friendly strategy to prepare a new color-changing microcapsule with a core-shell structure for laser direct writing of polymers, and only the physical melt blending of polymers was employed. The laser absorber (SnO2) and the easily carbonized polymer (PC) were designed as the "core" and the "shell" of the microcapsule, respectively. The microcapsules were in situ formed during melt blending. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometry confirmed the successful preparation of SnO2/PC microcapsules with a core-shell structure. Their average diameter was 2.2 μm, and the "shell" thickness was 0.21-0.24 μm. As expected, these SnO2/PC microcapsules endowed polymers with an outstanding performance of near-infrared (NIR) laser direct writing. Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the color change was ascribed to the polymer carbonization because of the instantaneous high temperature caused by the SnO2 absorption of NIR laser energy. Optical microscopy observed a thick carbonization layer of 234 μm. Moreover, Raman depth imaging revealed the carbonization distribution, confirming that the amorphous carbon produced by the carbonization of the PC "shell" is the key factor of SnO2/PC microcapsules to provide polymers an outstanding performance of laser direct writing. This color-changing microcapsule has no selectivity to polymers because of providing a black color source (the carbonization of PC) itself, ensuring the high contrast and precision of patterns or texts after laser direct writing for all general-purpose polymers. We believe that this novel strategy to achieve laser direct writing of polymers will have broad application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Jihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Zhuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
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Wen L, Zhou T, Zhang J, Zhang A. Local Controllable Laser Patterning of Polymers Induced by Graphene Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:28077-28085. [PMID: 27668688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been successfully applied to the field of polymer laser patterning. As an efficient 1064 nm near-infrared (NIR) pulsed laser absorber, only 0.005 wt % (50 ppm) of graphene prepared by mechanical exfoliation endowed polymer materials with very good NIR pulsed laser patterning. Optical microscopy observed that the generated black patterns came from the local discoloration of the polymer surface subjected to the laser irradiation, and the depth of the discolored layer was determined to be within 221-348 μm. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the polymer surface discoloration was contributed by the local carbonization of polymers caused by graphene due to its high photothermal conversion capacity. Raman depth imaging successfully detected that the generated carbon in the discolored layer was composed of amorphous carbon and complex sp/sp2-carbon compounds containing C≡C or conjugated C═C/C≡C structures. This study also provides a simple guideline to fabricate laser-patterning polymer materials based on graphene. We believe that graphene has broad application prospects in the field of polymer laser patterning. Importantly, this work opens up a valuable, feasible direction for the practical application of this new carbon material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Aiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
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Collin S, Bussière PO, Therias S, Lacoste J. The role of hydroperoxides in the chemiluminescence of oxidized polymers reconsidered. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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François-Heude A, Richaud E, Guinault A, Desnoux E, Colin X. Impact of oxygen transport properties on polypropylene thermal oxidation, part 1: Effect of oxygen solubility. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre François-Heude
- Arts et Metiers ParisTech, PIMM Laboratory; (CNRS UMR 8006) Paris France
- Renault, DETC-A department; Guyancourt France
| | - Emmanuel Richaud
- Arts et Metiers ParisTech, PIMM Laboratory; (CNRS UMR 8006) Paris France
| | - Alain Guinault
- Arts et Metiers ParisTech, PIMM Laboratory; (CNRS UMR 8006) Paris France
| | | | - Xavier Colin
- Arts et Metiers ParisTech, PIMM Laboratory; (CNRS UMR 8006) Paris France
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Liland KB, Hvidsten S, Øysaed H. Micro Calorimetric Measurements of Stabilized and Unstabilized Polypropylene Under Wet and Dry Conditions. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Brede Liland
- SINTEF Energy Research; P.O. Box 4761 Sluppen N-7465 Trondheim Norway
| | - Sverre Hvidsten
- SINTEF Energy Research; P.O. Box 4761 Sluppen N-7465 Trondheim Norway
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Yano A, Akai N, Ishii H, Satoh C, Hironiwa T, Millington KR, Nakata M. Thermal oxidative degradation of additive-free polypropylene pellets investigated by multichannel Fourier-transform chemiluminescence spectroscopy. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hamskog M, Klügel M, Forsström D, Terselius B, Gijsman P. The effect of adding virgin material or extra stabilizer on the recyclability of polypropylene as studied by multi-cell imaging chemiluminescence and microcalorimetry. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jipa S, Setnescu R, Zaharescu T, Setnescu T, Kaci M, Touati N. Chemiluminescence of isotactic polypropylene induced by photo-oxidative degradation and natural weathering. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Many oxidation reactions of organic materials, including polymers, are accompanied by the emission of weak chemiluminescence (CL). From a study of the mechanism of this weak CL, it is shown that the time development of the CL intensity may provide the kinetics of the oxidation reaction and is thus a sensitive probe of the degradation of the material. The intensity of emission reflects the concentration of peroxidic species in the material. Whereas the kinetics of the oxidation may be described by a series of elementary, homogeneous free radical reactions, the use of imaging techniques has shown that the oxidation of polymers such as polypropylene is highly heterogeneous. A model that describes the oxidation as spreading through the material as an infection from a number of initiating sites is able to rationalize these observations and provide a new approach to the prediction of the useful lifetime of a polymeric material.
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Hamskog M, Klügel M, Forsström D, Terselius B, Gijsman P. The effect of base stabilization on the recyclability of polypropylene as studied by multi-cell imaging chemiluminescence and microcalorimetry. Polym Degrad Stab 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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