1
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Jiang Y, Yang H, Lin X, Xiang S, Feng X, Wan C. Surface Flame-Retardant Systems of Rigid Polyurethane Foams: An Overview. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2728. [PMID: 37049021 PMCID: PMC10095815 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is one of the best thermal insulation materials available, but its flammability makes it a potential fire hazard. Due to its porous nature, the large specific surface area is the key factor for easy ignition and rapid fires spread when exposed to heat sources. The burning process of RPUF mainly takes place on the surface. Therefore, if a flame-retardant coating can be formed on the surface of RPUF, it can effectively reduce or stop the flame propagation on the surface of RPUF, further improving the fire safety. Compared with the bulk flame retardant of RPUF, the flame-retardant coating on its surface has a higher efficiency in improving fire safety. This paper aims to review the preparations, properties, and working mechanisms of RPUF surface flame-retardant systems. Flame-retardant coatings are divided into non-intumescent flame-retardant coatings (NIFRCs) and intumescent flame-retardant coatings (IFRCs), depending on whether the flame-retardant coating expands when heated. After discussion, the development trends for surface flame-retardant systems are considered to be high-performance, biological, biomimetic, multifunctional flame-retardant coatings.
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2
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Wei J, Yang W, Jia S, Wei J, Shao Z. N, P co-doped porous graphene with high electrochemical properties obtained via the laser induction of cellulose nanofibrils. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Chuang C, Wu C, Wu K, Sheen H. Flame retardancy of water‐based intumescent coatings with etherified melamine–formaldehyde and polyvinyl acetate copolymer hybrid resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Shen Chuang
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chieh‐Ying Wu
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kuang‐Chong Wu
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Horn‐Jiunn Sheen
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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4
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Kabir II, Sorrell CC, Mofarah SS, Yang W, Yuen ACY, Nazir MT, Yeoh GH. Alginate/Polymer-Based Materials for Fire Retardancy: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications. POLYM REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2020.1801726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imrana I. Kabir
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Charles C. Sorrell
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sajjad S. Mofarah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Muhammad Tariq Nazir
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Guan Heng Yeoh
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
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5
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Li L, Shao X, Zhao Z, Liu X, Jiang L, Huang K, Zhao S. Synergistic Fire Hazard Effect of a Multifunctional Flame Retardant in Building Insulation Expandable Polystyrene through a Simple Surface-Coating Method. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:799-807. [PMID: 31956831 PMCID: PMC6964526 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a strategy based on γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550) and graphene oxide (GO)-functionalized 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to fabricate P-N-Si integrated flame retardant [KDOPO-modified GO (DGO)] through mild Mannich and Silanization reactions to overcome the challenge of single gas-phase fire retardancy of DOPO. DGO-based phenolic epoxy resin (DGO/PER) is manufactured and coated on the surface of expandable polystyrene (EPS) foam plates to achieve fire safety, which is used as the thermally insulating external wall in buildings and constructions. The DGO/PER paintcoat imparts high fire safety to the EPS foam plate, exhibiting a high limiting oxygen index value of 29%, and a UL-94 V-0 classification is achieved with only 300 μm of layer thickness compared with the DOPO/PER paintcoat. Meanwhile, all combustion parameters such as peak heat release rate, heat release rate, total heat release, smoke release rate, total smoke rate, and ignition time present excellent promotions for EPS@DGO compared with EPS@DOPO. These dramatically reduced fire hazards are mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of DGO. Meanwhile, the DGO/PER flame-retardant paintcoat cannot deteriorate the thermal insulation performance of the EPS foam plate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zheng Zhao
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Licong Jiang
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, Ministry
of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Rubber-plastics, School
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao
University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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6
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Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Sonnier R, Dumazert L. Influence of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Lignin Ratio on Thermal and Fire Behavior of Biobased Thermoplastic: The Case of Polyamide 11. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071146. [PMID: 30965684 PMCID: PMC6479977 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy of polymers is a recurring obligation for many applications. The development trend of biobased materials is no exception to this rule, and solutions of flame retardants from agro-resources give an advantage. Lignin is produced as a waste by-product from some industries, and can be used in the intumescent formation development as a source of carbon combined with an acid source. In this study, the flame retardancy of polyamide 11 (PA) is carried out by extrusion with a kraft lignin (KL) and ammonium polyphosphate (AP). The study of the optimal ratio between the KL and the AP makes it possible to optimize the fire properties as well as to reduce the cost and facilitates the implementation of the blend by a melting process. The properties of thermal decomposition and the fire reaction have been studied by thermogravimetric analyzes, pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC) and vertical flame spread tests (UL94). KL permits a charring effect delaying thermal degradation and decreases by 66% the peak of heat release rate in comparison with raw PA. The fire reaction of the ternary blends is improved even if KL-AP association does not have a synergy effect. The 25/75 and 33/67 KL/AP ratios in PA give an intumescence behavior under flame exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Cayla
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - François Rault
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Stéphane Giraud
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Salaün
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX-Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux Textiles, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
| | - Loïc Dumazert
- IMT Mines d'Alès, Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès⁻Pôle Matériaux Polymères Avancés, 30100 Alès, France.
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7
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Abdelkhalik A, Makhlouf G, Hassan MA. Manufacturing, thermal stability, and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aksam Abdelkhalik
- National Institute for Standards; El-sadat street, El-Haram, El-Giza, PO Box 136 code 12211 Egypt
| | - Ghada Makhlouf
- National Institute for Standards; El-sadat street, El-Haram, El-Giza, PO Box 136 code 12211 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Aly Hassan
- National Institute for Standards; El-sadat street, El-Haram, El-Giza, PO Box 136 code 12211 Egypt
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8
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Ye R, James DK, Tour JM. Laser-Induced Graphene: From Discovery to Translation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1803621. [PMID: 30368919 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a 3D porous material prepared by direct laser writing with a CO2 laser on carbon materials in ambient atmosphere. This technique combines 3D graphene preparation and patterning into a single step without the need for wet chemical steps. Since its discovery in 2014, LIG has attracted broad research interest, with several papers being published per month using this approach. These serve to delineate the mechanism of the LIG-forming process and to showcase the translation into many application areas. Herein, the strategies that have been developed to synthesize LIG are summarized, including the control of LIG properties such as porosity, composition, and surface characteristics, and the advancement in methodology to convert diverse carbon precursors into LIG. Taking advantage of the LIG properties, the applications of LIG in broad fields, such as microfluidics, sensors, and electrocatalysts, are highlighted. Finally, future development in biodegradable and biocompatible materials is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruquan Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dustin K James
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute and the NanoCarbon Center, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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9
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Ghanadpour M, Carosio F, Ruda MC, Wågberg L. Tuning the Nanoscale Properties of Phosphorylated Cellulose Nanofibril-Based Thin Films To Achieve Highly Fire-Protecting Coatings for Flammable Solid Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:32543-32555. [PMID: 30148604 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrathin nanocomposite films were prepared by combining cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) prepared from phosphorylated pulp fibers (P-CNF) with montmorillonite (MMT), sepiolite (Sep) clay, or sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP). The flame-retardant and heat-protective capability of the prepared films as casings for a polyethylene (PE) film was investigated. Heating the coated PE in air revealed that the polymer film was thoroughly preserved up to at least 300 °C. The P-CNF/MMT coatings were also able to completely prevent the ignition of the PE film during cone calorimetry, but neither the P-CNF/Sep nor the P-CNF/SHMP coating could entirely prevent PE ignition. This was explained by the results from combined thermogravimetry Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which showed that the P-CNF/MMT film was able to delay the release of PE decomposition volatiles and shift its thermal degradation to a higher temperature. The superior flame-retardant performance of the P-CNF/MMT films is mainly attributed to the unique compositional and structural features of the film, where P-CNF is responsible for increasing the char formation, whereas the MMT platelets create excellent barrier and thermal shielding properties by forming inorganic lamellae within the P-CNF matrix. These films showed a tensile strength of 304 MPa and a Young's modulus of 15 GPa with 10 wt % clay so that this composite film was mechanically stronger than the previously prepared CNF/clay nanopapers containing the same amount of clay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia , Politecnico di Torino, Sede di Alessandria , Viale Teresa Michel 5 , 15121 Alessandria , Italy
| | - Marcus C Ruda
- Cellutech AB , Greenhouse Laboratories , Teknikringen 38A , 114 28 Stockholm , Sweden
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10
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Tao X, Duan H, Dong W, Wang X, Yang S. Synthesis of an acrylate constructed by phosphaphenanthrene and triazine-trione and its application in intrinsic flame retardant vinyl ester resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Nie SB, Dong X, Yang JN, Dai GL. Morphology Influence of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphate on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The morphology of nanoporous nickel phosphate (NP) has a close relationship with its properties, so in this work NP with needle-like and mushroom-like shape was synthesized. Then NP with needle-like and mushroom-like shape was applied in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. With the addition of suitable content of NP, both mushroom-like and needle-like NP can improve the combustion and thermal properties of intumescent flame retardant PP composites. Needle-like NP shows a better thermal ant flame retardant synergist effect with intumescent flame retardants compared to mushroom-like NP. However, mushroom-like NP shows a better effect on smoke suppression. With the addition of suitable content of needle-like NP, the peak heat release rate of flame retardant PP composite decreases by 68.2 % comparing with that of the pure PP, and decreases by 23.8 % comparing with that of flame retardant PP composite without NP. The maximum weight loss temperature of PP composites can be increased from 408 °C to 485 °C with the addition of needle-like NP. Furthermore, the pyrolysis products of flame retardant PP composite with needle-like NP were investigated. From the research, it provides a further understanding of the influence on synergic effects in intumescent flame retardant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.-B. Nie
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining of Ministry of Education , School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
| | - X. Dong
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining of Ministry of Education , School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
| | - J.-N. Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
| | - G.-L. Dai
- Key Laboratory of Safe and Effective Coal Mining of Ministry of Education , School of Energy Resources and Safety, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui , PRC
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12
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Wang YW, Shen R, Wang Q, Vasquez Y. ZnO Microstructures as Flame-Retardant Coatings on Cotton Fabrics. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6330-6338. [PMID: 31458815 PMCID: PMC6644380 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a unique strategy that utilizes ZnO and ZnS microparticles and rods as fire-retardant materials when coated onto cotton fabrics. ZnO and ZnO/ZnS microparticles or rods were grown or adsorbed to the surface of cotton fibers. Properties such as heat release rate, total smoke release, and mass loss rate of the materials were tested using a cone calorimeter. ZnO and ZnO/ZnS rods were able to reduce the heat release rate and total smoke release from 118 kW/m2 and 18.3 m2/m2 to about 70.0 kW/m2 and 6.00 m2/m2, respectively. The maximum average rate of heat emission and fire growth rate index, which is used to evaluate the fire spread rate, the size of the fire, and the propensity of fire development, were improved with these coatings and indicate that there are potential applications of these materials as fire retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, 107 Physical Sciences I, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Ruiqing Shen
- Departments
of Chemical Engineering and Fire Protection & Safety, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Qingsheng Wang
- Departments
of Chemical Engineering and Fire Protection & Safety, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Yolanda Vasquez
- Department
of Chemistry, 107 Physical Sciences I, Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chan Lee
- Department of Renewable Energy and Resources Engineering; Jungwon University; Goesan-eup 28024 Republic of Korea
| | - Shichoon Lee
- Department of Aero-Materials Engineering; Jungwon University; Goesan-eup 28024 Republic of Korea
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14
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Chyan Y, Ye R, Li Y, Singh SP, Arnusch CJ, Tour JM. Laser-Induced Graphene by Multiple Lasing: Toward Electronics on Cloth, Paper, and Food. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2176-2183. [PMID: 29436816 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A simple and facile method for obtaining patterned graphene under ambient conditions on the surface of diverse materials ranging from renewable precursors such as food, cloth, paper, and cardboard to high-performance polymers like Kevlar or even on natural coal would be highly desirable. Here, we report a method of using multiple pulsed-laser scribing to convert a wide range of substrates into laser-induced graphene (LIG). With the increased versatility of the multiple lase process, highly conductive patterns can be achieved on the surface of a diverse number of substrates in ambient atmosphere. The use of a defocus method results in multiple lases in a single pass of the laser, further simplifying the procedure. This method can be implemented without increasing processing times when compared with laser induction of graphene on polyimide (Kapton) substrates as previously reported. In fact, any carbon precursor that can be converted into amorphous carbon can be converted into graphene using this multiple lase method. This may be a generally applicable technique for forming graphene on diverse substrates in applications such as flexible or even biodegradable and edible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Swatantra Pratap Singh
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus, Beersheba 84990 , Israel
| | - Christopher J Arnusch
- Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research , Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Sede-Boqer Campus, Beersheba 84990 , Israel
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15
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Ghanadpour M, Wicklein B, Carosio F, Wågberg L. All-natural and highly flame-resistant freeze-cast foams based on phosphorylated cellulose nanofibrils. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4085-4095. [PMID: 29431818 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pure cellulosic foams suffer from low thermal stability and high flammability, limiting their fields of application. Here, light-weight and flame-resistant nanostructured foams are produced by combining cellulose nanofibrils prepared from phosphorylated pulp fibers (P-CNF) with microfibrous sepiolite clay using the freeze-casting technique. The resultant nanocomposite foams show excellent flame-retardant properties such as self-extinguishing behavior and extremely low heat release rates in addition to high flame penetration resistance attributed mainly to the intrinsic charring ability of the phosphorylated fibrils and the capability of sepiolite to form heat-protective intumescent-like barrier on the surface of the material. Investigation of the chemical structure of the charred residue by FTIR and solid state NMR spectroscopy reveals the extensive graphitization of the carbohydrate as a result of dephosphorylation of the modified cellulose and further dehydration due to acidic catalytic effects. Originating from the nanoscale dimensions of sepiolite particles, their high specific surface area and stiffness as well as its close interaction with the phosphorylated fibrils, the incorporation of clay nanorods also significantly improves the mechanical strength and stiffness of the nanocomposite foams. The novel foams prepared in this study are expected to have great potential for application in sustainable building construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghanadpour
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Sede di Alessandria, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. and Wallenberg Wood Science Center at the Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Nechyporchuk O, Bordes R, Köhnke T. Wet Spinning of Flame-Retardant Cellulosic Fibers Supported by Interfacial Complexation of Cellulose Nanofibrils with Silica Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:39069-39077. [PMID: 29028306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The inherent flammability of cellulosic fibers limits their use in some advanced applications. This work demonstrates for the first time the production of flame-retardant macroscopic fibers from wood-derived cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and silica nanoparticles (SNP). The fibers are made by extrusion of aqueous suspensions of anionic CNF into a coagulation bath of cationic SNP at an acidic pH. As a result, the fibers with a CNF core and a SNP thin shell are produced through interfacial complexation. Silica-modified nanocellulose fibers with a diameter of ca. 15 μm, a titer of ca. 3 dtex and a tenacity of ca. 13 cN tex-1 are shown. The flame retardancy of the fibers is demonstrated, which is attributed to the capacity of SNP to promote char forming and heat insulation on the fiber surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Bordes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology , 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Zhu ZM, Xu YJ, Liao W, Xu S, Wang YZ. Highly Flame Retardant Expanded Polystyrene Foams from Phosphorus–Nitrogen–Silicon Synergistic Adhesives. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Min Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering and ‡Center for Degradable
and Flame-Retardant
Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of
Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ying-Jun Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering and ‡Center for Degradable
and Flame-Retardant
Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of
Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wang Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering and ‡Center for Degradable
and Flame-Retardant
Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of
Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shimei Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering and ‡Center for Degradable
and Flame-Retardant
Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of
Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and ‡Center for Degradable
and Flame-Retardant
Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of
Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of
Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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18
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PLA with Intumescent System Containing Lignin and Ammonium Polyphosphate for Flame Retardant Textile. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8090331. [PMID: 30974606 PMCID: PMC6431874 DOI: 10.3390/polym8090331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using bio-based polymers to replace of polymers from petrochemicals in the manufacture of textile fibers is a possible way to improve sustainable development for the textile industry. Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the available bio-based polymers. One way to improve the fire behavior of this bio-based polymer is to add an intumescent formulation mainly composed of acid and carbon sources. In order to optimize the amount of bio-based product in the final material composition, lignin from wood waste was selected as the carbon source. Different formulations of and/or ammonium polyphosphate (AP) were prepared by melt extrusion and then hot-pressed into sheets. The thermal properties (thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)) and fire properties (UL-94) were measured. The spinnability of the various composites was evaluated. The mechanical properties and physical aspect (microscopy) of PLA multifilaments with lignin (LK) were checked. A PLA multifilament with up to 10 wt % of intumescent formulation was processed, and the fire behavior of PLA fabrics with lignin/AP formulation was studied by cone calorimeter.
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Bocz K, Simon D, Bárány T, Marosi G. Key Role of Reinforcing Structures in the Flame Retardant Performance of Self-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8080289. [PMID: 30974565 PMCID: PMC6432323 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The flame retardant synergism between highly stretched polymer fibres and intumescent flame retardant systems was investigated in self-reinforced polypropylene composites. It was found that the structure of reinforcement, such as degree of molecular orientation, fibre alignment and weave type, has a particular effect on the fire performance of the intumescent system. As little as 7.2 wt % additive content, one third of the amount needed in non-reinforced polypropylene matrix, was sufficient to reach a UL-94 V-0 rating. The best result was found in self-reinforced polypropylene composites reinforced with unidirectional fibres. In addition to the fire retardant performance, the mechanical properties were also evaluated. The maximum was found at optimal consolidation temperature, while the flame retardant additive in the matrix did not influence the mechanical performance up to the investigated 13 wt % concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Bocz
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Simon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Bárány
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
- Research Group for Composite Science and Technology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
| | - György Marosi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary.
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20
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Wen P, Tai Q, Hu Y, Yuen RKK. Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant against the Combustible Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panyue Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, PR China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qilong Tai
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, PR China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, PR China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Richard K. K. Yuen
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou 215123, PR China
- Department
of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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21
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Matar M, Azambre B, Cochez M, Vahabi H, Fradet F. Influence of modified mesoporous silica SBA-15 on the flammability of intumescent high-density polyethylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Matar
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), EA 4632, Institut Jean Barriol; Université de Lorraine; Rue Victor Demange 57500 Saint-Avold France
- LMOPS EA 4423; Université de Lorraine; Metz F-57070 France
| | - B. Azambre
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Approche Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes (LCP-A2MC), EA 4632, Institut Jean Barriol; Université de Lorraine; Rue Victor Demange 57500 Saint-Avold France
| | - M. Cochez
- LMOPS EA 4423; Université de Lorraine; Metz F-57070 France
| | - H. Vahabi
- LMOPS EA 4423; Université de Lorraine; Metz F-57070 France
| | - F. Fradet
- Laboratoire C-PIA; Université de Lorraine, PFT Plastinnov; Porcelette F-57890 France
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22
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Leistner M, Haile M, Rohmer S, Abu-Odeh A, Grunlan JC. Water-soluble polyelectrolyte complex nanocoating for flame retardant nylon-cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Zhang QA, Du CJ. Solubility of cyclohexyl-phosphoramidic acid diphenyl ester in selected solvents. J Mol Liq 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Water-based chitosan/melamine polyphosphate multilayer nanocoating that extinguishes fire on polyester-cotton fabric. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 130:227-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Haile M, Fincher C, Fomete S, Grunlan JC. Water-soluble polyelectrolyte complexes that extinguish fire on cotton fabric when deposited as pH-cured nanocoating. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Chen X, Liu L, Jiao C. Influence of Iron Oxide Brown on Smoke-Suppression Properties and Combustion Behavior of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Epoxy Composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 Peole's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 Peole's Republic of China
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao Shandong 266042 Peole's Republic of China
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27
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Abstract
This paper reviews the most significant achievements in cotton flame retardancy merging past experience and current efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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28
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One-pot synthesis of a novel s-triazine-based hyperbranched charring foaming agent and its enhancement on flame retardancy and water resistance of polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Influence of ferrite yellow on combustion and smoke suppression properties in intumescent flame-retardant epoxy composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314553644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of intumescent flame-retardant epoxy resins (IFREP) were prepared based on bisphenol A epoxy resin (EP) as matrix resin, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol as intumescent flame retardants (IFRs), and ferrite yellow (goethite) as smoke suppressant. Then, the synergistic flame-retardant and smoke suppression properties of α-FeOOH on IFR epoxy composites were intensively investigated using cone calorimeter test and scanning electron microscopy. The thermal degradation process of IFR epoxy composites were studied using thermogravimetric analysis–infrared spectrometry under nitrogen atmosphere. Then, the pyrolysis kinetics parameters were investigated using Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods. The results showed that goethite can significantly reduce heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, and total smoke release. There are obvious synergistic flame-retardant and smoke suppression effects between goethite and IFRs in epoxy composites.
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30
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31
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Jiang S, Shi Y, Qian X, Zhou K, Xu H, Lo S, Gui Z, Hu Y. Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-Containing Acrylate and Its Performance as an Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Acrylate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4028439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saihua Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People’s Republic of China
- USTC−CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People’s Republic of China
- USTC−CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Qian
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People’s Republic of China
- USTC−CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siuming Lo
- USTC−CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Wen P, Wang X, Xing W, Feng X, Yu B, Shi Y, Tang G, Song L, Hu Y, Yuen RKK. Synthesis of a Novel Triazine-Based Hyperbranched Char Foaming Agent and the Study of Its Enhancement on Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Polypropylene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie401955n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panyue Wen
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaming Feng
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Gang Tang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Richard K. K. Yuen
- Suzhou
Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department
of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee
Avenue Kowloon, Hong Kong
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33
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34
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Self-extinguishing polypropylene with a mass fraction of 9% intumescent additive - A new physical way for enhancing the fire retardant efficiency. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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35
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Li X, Yan T, Hu X, Wang K, Fu Q. Synergistic effects of polyethylene glycol and ammonium polyphosphate on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Wang DJ, Mou QL, Wan SG, Song XJ, Tian DT. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Flame Retardance of 2-(3-Silatranyl-Propylamino)-4-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-5,5-Dimethyl-1,3,2-Dioxaphosphinane-2-Sulfide. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2012.657311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- De-Jian Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Hubei University for Nationalities , Enshi , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong-Lin Mou
- a Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Hubei University for Nationalities , Enshi , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Guan Wan
- b Guangdong Tyen Chemicals Co., Ltd. , Foshan , Guangdong , People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Jian Song
- a Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Hubei University for Nationalities , Enshi , Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Ting Tian
- a Key Laboratory of Biological Resources Protection and Utilization of Hubei Province, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Hubei University for Nationalities , Enshi , Hubei , People's Republic of China
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37
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Li YL, Kuan CF, Hsu SW, Chen CH, Kuan HC, Lee FM, Yip MC, Chiang CL. Preparation, thermal stability and flame-retardant properties of halogen-free polypropylene composites. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008312443391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A flame retardant containing phosphorus and nitrogen was prepared. This halogen-free flame retardant was blended with polypropylene (PP) by hot melting to improve the flame-retardant capability and thermal stability of the composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements, and UL-94 measurements were applied to characterize the structure and thermal and flame-retardant properties of the composites. When the flame-retardant concentration was 40 wt%, the LOI value of the composite was 40, passing the V-0 rating of the UL-94 test. The LOI and UL-94 data showed the composites have an excellent flame-retardant property. For a kinetic study of thermal degradation, Ozawa’s method was applied to calculate the activation energies of pure PP and the composites. Analytical results indicate that the composites had higher values, meaning they have better thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Luen Li
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Feng Kuan
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsun Chen
- Department of Computer Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Chiang Kuan
- Department of Energy Application Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Mei Lee
- Department of Child Care and Education, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chuen Yip
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Chiang
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Hung-Kuang University, Taiwan
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38
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Zhang J, Ji Q, Wang F, Tan L, Xia Y. Effects of divalent metal ions on the flame retardancy and pyrolysis products of alginate fibres. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Wang Z, Zhang X, Bao C, Wang Q, Qin Y, Tian X. The synergistic effect of aluminum hypophosphide and nanosilica on flame-retarded ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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40
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Nguyen TMD, Chang S, Condon B, Uchimiya M, Graves E, Smith J, Easson M, Wakelyn P. Synthesis and characterization of a novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application for textile. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thach-Mien D. Nguyen
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Unit, Southern Regional Research Center; USDA-ARS; 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - SeChin Chang
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Unit, Southern Regional Research Center; USDA-ARS; 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Brian Condon
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Unit, Southern Regional Research Center; USDA-ARS; 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Minori Uchimiya
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Unit, Southern Regional Research Center; USDA-ARS; 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Elena Graves
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Unit, Southern Regional Research Center; USDA-ARS; 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Jade Smith
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Unit, Southern Regional Research Center; USDA-ARS; 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Michael Easson
- Cotton Chemistry and Utilization Unit, Southern Regional Research Center; USDA-ARS; 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd. New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Phillip Wakelyn
- Wakelyn Associates, LLC; 1521 New Hampshire Washington DC 20036 USA
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41
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Pyrolysis products and thermal degradation mechanism of intrinsically flame-retardant calcium alginate fibre. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Brancatelli G, Colleoni C, Massafra M, Rosace G. Effect of hybrid phosphorus-doped silica thin films produced by sol-gel method on the thermal behavior of cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Qiao Z, Tai Q, Song L, Hu Y, Lv P, Jie G, Huang W, Fu Y, Zhang D. Synergistic effects of cerium phosphate and intumescent flame retardant on EPDM/PP composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Zhang P, Song L, Lu H, Wang J, Hu Y. The Thermal Property and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant Paraffin System with Metal. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hongdian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China, and Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, P.R. China
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45
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Kandola BK, Biswas B, Price D, Horrocks AR. Studies on the effect of different levels of toughener and flame retardants on thermal stability of epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Dai J, Li B. Synthesis, thermal degradation, and flame retardance of novel triazine ring-containing macromolecules for intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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47
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Synergistic effect of nanoflaky manganese phosphate on thermal degradation and flame retardant properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Deng Y, Zhao CS, Wang YZ. Effects of phosphorus-containing thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester on pyrolysis of PET and its flame retardant mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Liu Y, Wang DY, Wang JS, Song YP, Wang YZ. A novel intumescent flame-retardant LDPE system and its thermo-oxidative degradation and flame-retardant mechanisms. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Effect of metal chelates on the ignition and early flaming behaviour of intumescent fire-retarded polyethylene systems. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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