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Knights AW, Nascimento MA, Manners I. An investigation of polyphosphinoboranes as flame-retardant materials. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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2
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Aromatic vs. Aliphatic Hyperbranched Polyphosphoesters as Flame Retardants in Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213901. [PMID: 31671913 PMCID: PMC6864611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trend for future flame retardants (FRs) goes to novel efficient halogen-free materials, due to the ban of several halogenated FRs. Among the most promising alternatives are phosphorus-based FRs, and of those, polymeric materials with complex shape have been recently reported. Herein, we present novel halogen-free aromatic and aliphatic hyperbranched polyphosphoesters (hbPPEs), which were synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization and investigated them as a FR in epoxy resins. We compare their efficiency (aliphatic vs. aromatic) and further assess the differences between the monomeric compounds and the hbPPEs. The decomposition and vaporizing behavior of a compound is an important factor in its flame-retardant behavior, but also the interaction with the pyrolyzing matrix has a significant influence on the performance. Therefore, the challenge in designing a FR is to optimize the chemical structure and its decomposition pathway to the matrix, with regards to time and temperature. This behavior becomes obvious in this study, and explains the superior gas phase activity of the aliphatic FRs.
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Sykam K, Meka KKR, Donempudi S. Intumescent Phosphorus and Triazole-Based Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams from Castor Oil. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1086-1094. [PMID: 31459384 PMCID: PMC6647972 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and triazole-functionalized flame-retardant (FR) monomer (PTFM) using azide-alkyne "click" reaction between triprop-2-ynyl phosphate and 2-azidoethanol that can impart intumescent FR property to polyurethane foams (PUFs) has been reported. Polyurethane triazole foams (PUTFs) were prepared using the as-synthesized PTFM and a hydroxylated castor polyol with a hydroxyl value of ∼310 mg KOH/g for application as reactive FR rigid foams. PTFM and the castor polyol were characterized for structural elucidation using Fourier transform infrared and 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR. PUTFs with a varying loading content of PTFM were subjected to the lab-scale flame test, cone calorimetry test, Underwriters Laboratory 94 Vertical burning test (UL 94V), and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. A significant increase in the char yields, reduction in heat release rates, V-1 rating, and 27% of LOI were observed for PUTFs compared to PUFs and proportional to the percentage loading of PTFM. The cumulative effect of nitrogen and phosphorus in PUTFs on their intumescent behavior was evident from the thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy micrographs, which were further supplemented by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies, indicating expulsion of N2 and overall improvement in compression strength as well. Such environment-friendly reactive FRs can be good replacements to the halogenated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers
& Functional Materials Division, Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Kiran Kumar Reddy Meka
- Polymers
& Functional Materials Division, Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers
& Functional Materials Division, Indian
Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
- E-mail: . Phone: 040-27193992 (S.D.)
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4
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Li Z, Liu C, Cao W, Yao Q. Reactive cyclic phosphonamide flame retardant for epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhun Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanchuan Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Cao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer MaterialsNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo 315201 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
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Müller P, Morys M, Sut A, Jäger C, Illerhaus B, Schartel B. Melamine poly(zinc phosphate) as flame retardant in epoxy resin: Decomposition pathways, molecular mechanisms and morphology of fire residues. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Men X, Cheng Y, Chen G, Bao J, Yang J. Curing behaviour and thermal properties of epoxy resin cured by aromatic diamine with carborane. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314557049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new kind of carborane-containing aromatic diamine, 1,2-bis (4-aminophenyl)-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane (HPPA), as a curing agent for epoxy resins was synthesized and confirmed by proton, carbon and boron nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The compatibility, thermal curing behaviour and thermal properties of HPPA/epoxy resin E51 system were investigated. HPPA exhibited good compatibility with E51. Compared with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulphone (DDS)/E51, HPPA/E51 system had higher reaction activity and lower curing temperature. When the ratio of amine protons versus epoxy groups was 1:1 in resin systems, the epoxy resin cured by HPPA exhibited the highest glass transition temperature of 207°C. The residual weight ratios of cured HPPA/E51 at 800°C under argon and in air atmospheres were 43.7% and 50.5%, respectively, which were 28.6% and 47.2% higher than that of DDS/E51, respectively, indicating that the HPPA/E51 system had good heat resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Men
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwen Bao
- Composite Technology Centre, Aviation Industry of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aerospace Advanced Materials and Performance (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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7
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Dogan M, Murat Unlu S. Flame retardant effect of boron compounds on red phosphorus containing epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Lightweight liquid oxygen (LOX) tank has attracted much attention recently, and epoxy resin is considered to be one of the most likely candidate materials. In this work, polymer wafer made from bisphenol-A epoxy resin was firstly treated with LOX, and then its macroscopic morphology, microscopic structure, and chemical composition were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Finally, its compatibility with LOX was studied by mechanical impact test. The results showed that LOX treatment has little influence on the macroscopic morphology and chemical composition of the epoxy resin wafer, but has a large influence on its microstructure and compatibility with LOX. With the increase of immersion time, the surface roughness, the number, length, and depth of the cracks appeared on the sample surface were all increased. The reaction caused by mechanical impact became more frequent and intense. Finally, possible damage mechanism was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Fan
- School of Physics and Materials Engineering, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanjun Wu
- Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Hutchinson JM, Shiravand F, Calventus Y, Fernández-Francos X, Ramis X. Highly exfoliated nanostructure in trifunctional epoxy/clay nanocomposites using boron trifluoride as initiator. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Hutchinson
- Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; Centre for NanoEngineering, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Fatemeh Shiravand
- Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; Centre for NanoEngineering, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Yolanda Calventus
- Departament de Màquines i Motors Tèrmics; Centre for NanoEngineering, ETSEIAT, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08222 Terrassa Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory; ETSEIB, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; 08028 Barcelona Spain
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10
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Zhao W, Li B, Xu M, Liu F, Guan L. Synthesis of a phenylene phenyl phosphine oligomer and its flame retardancy for polycarbonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Zhao W, Li B, Xu M, Zhang L, Liu F, Guan L. Synthesis of a novel flame retardant containing phosphorus and sulfur and its application in polycarbonate. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Murias P, Maciejewski H, Galina H. Epoxy resins modified with reactive low molecular weight siloxanes. Eur Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Joseph P, Tretsiakova-Mcnally S. Reactive modifications of some chain- and step-growth polymers with phosphorus-containing compounds: effects on flame retardance-a review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Frache A, Monticelli O, Nocchetti M, Tartaglione G, Costantino U. Thermal properties of epoxy resin nanocomposites based on hydrotalcites. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Schartel B. Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms-Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 3:4710-4745. [PMID: 28883349 PMCID: PMC5445781 DOI: 10.3390/ma3104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Different kinds of additive and reactive flame retardants containing phosphorus are increasingly successful as halogen-free alternatives for various polymeric materials and applications. Phosphorus can act in the condensed phase by enhancing charring, yielding intumescence, or through inorganic glass formation; and in the gas phase through flame inhibition. Occurrence and efficiency depend, not only on the flame retardant itself, but also on its interaction with pyrolysing polymeric material and additives. Flame retardancy is sensitive to modification of the flame retardant, the use of synergists/adjuvants, and changes to the polymeric material. A detailed understanding facilitates the launch of tailored and targeted development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schartel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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16
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Effect of nanosilica on the kinetics of cure reaction and thermal degradation of epoxy resin. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-010-1003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Recent Developments in Halogen Free Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resins for Electrical and Electronic Applications. MATERIALS 2010; 3:4300-4327. [PMID: 28883331 PMCID: PMC5445825 DOI: 10.3390/ma3084300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The recent implementation of new environmental legislations led to a change in the manufacturing of composites that has repercussions on printed wiring boards (PWB). This in turn led to alternate processing methods (e.g., lead-free soldering), which affected the required physical and chemical properties of the additives used to impart flame retardancy. This review will discuss the latest advancements in phosphorus containing flame retardants for electrical and electronic (EE) applications and compare them with commercially available ones. The mechanism of degradation and flame retardancy of phosphorus flame retardants in epoxy resins will also be discussed.
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18
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Ai H, Xu K, Liu H, Chen M, Zhang X. Synthesis, characterization, and curing properties of novel phosphorus-containing naphthyl epoxy systems. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Sudhakara P, Kannan P. Diglycidylphenylphosphate based fire retardant liquid crystalline thermosets. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Spontón M, Ronda J, Galià M, Cádiz V. Development of flame retardant phosphorus- and silicon-containing polybenzoxazines. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Toldy A, Szabó A, Novák C, Madarász J, Tóth A, Marosi G. Intrinsically flame retardant epoxy resin – Fire performance and background – Part II. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Musto P, Ragosta G, Abbate M, Scarinzi G. Photo-Oxidation of High Performance Epoxy Networks: Correlation between the Molecular Mechanisms of Degradation and the Viscoelastic and Mechanical Response. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8005334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino Musto
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ragosta
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Mario Abbate
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Gennaro Scarinzi
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, National Research Council of Italy, via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
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23
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Gao LP, Wang DY, Wang YZ, Wang JS, Yang B. A flame-retardant epoxy resin based on a reactive phosphorus-containing monomer of DODPP and its thermal and flame-retardant properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Ciesielski M, Schäfer A, Döring M. Novel efficient DOPO-based flame-retardants for PWB relevant epoxy resins with high glass transition temperatures. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Finocchiaro P, Consiglio GA, Imbrogiano A, Failla S. Synthesis and Characterization of New Organic Phosphonates Monomers as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500701290748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Finocchiaro
- a Dipartimento di Metodologie Fisiche e Chimiche per l'Ingegneria, Facoltà di Ingegneria , Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Giuseppe A. Consiglio
- a Dipartimento di Metodologie Fisiche e Chimiche per l'Ingegneria, Facoltà di Ingegneria , Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Andrea Imbrogiano
- a Dipartimento di Metodologie Fisiche e Chimiche per l'Ingegneria, Facoltà di Ingegneria , Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Salvatore Failla
- a Dipartimento di Metodologie Fisiche e Chimiche per l'Ingegneria, Facoltà di Ingegneria , Università di Catania , Catania , Italy
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Spontón M, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Flame retardant epoxy resins based on diglycidyl ether of (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)diphenyl phosphine oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Perez RM, Sandler JKW, Altstädt V, Hoffmann T, Pospiech D, Artner J, Ciesielski M, Döring M, Balabanovich AI, Knoll U, Braun U, Schartel B. Novel phosphorus-containing hardeners with tailored chemical structures for epoxy resins: Synthesis and cured resin properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Bourbigot S, Duquesne S. Fire retardant polymers: recent developments and opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1039/b702511d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites. POLYMER 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Braun U, Knoll U, Schartel B, Hoffmann T, Pospiech D, Artner J, Ciesielski M, Döring M, Perez-Graterol R, Sandler JKW, Altstädt V. Novel Phosphorus-Containing Poly(ether sulfone)s and Their Blends with an Epoxy Resin: Thermal Decomposition and Fire Retardancy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200600182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Mercado LA, Ribera G, Galià M, Cádiz V. Curing studies of epoxy resins with phosphorus-containing amines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Wu T, Piotrowski AM, Yao Q, Levchik SV. Curing of epoxy resin with poly(m-phenylene methylphosphonate). J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Spadaro G, Dispenza C, Alessi S, Tartaglione G, Camino G. Radiation curing of diacrylate glycerolate of bisphenol-A in the presence of an organically modified montmorillonite for the production of flame-resistant polymer–clay composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Lligadas G, Ronda JC, Galià M, Cádiz V. Synthesis and properties of thermosetting polymers from a phosphorous-containing fatty acid derivative. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.21691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Liu Y, Du Z, Zhang C, Li C, Li H. Curing behavior and thermal properties of multifunctional epoxy resin with methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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37
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Hergenrother PM, Thompson CM, Smith JG, Connell JW, Hinkley JA, Lyon RE, Moulton R. Flame retardant aircraft epoxy resins containing phosphorus. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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38
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39
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Liu W, Varley RJ, Simon GP. A phosphorus-containing diamine for flame-retardant, high-functionality epoxy resins. I. Synthesis, reactivity, and thermal degradation properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Levchik SV, Weil ED. Thermal decomposition, combustion and flame-retardancy of epoxy resins?a review of the recent literature. POLYM INT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Frigione M, Maffezzoli A, Finocchiaro P, Failla S. Cure kinetics and properties of epoxy resins containing a phosphorous-based flame retardant. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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