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Nabavizadeh MR, Moazzami F, Gholami A, Mehrabi V, Ghahramani Y. Cytotoxic Effect of Nano Fast Cement and ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate on L-929 Fibroblast Cells: an in vitro Study. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2022; 23:13-19. [PMID: 35291684 PMCID: PMC8918640 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2021.87208.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Statement of the Problem: Endodontic materials that are placed in direct contact with living tissues should be biocompatible. The cytotoxicity of Nano Fast Cement (NFC)
compared to ProRoot Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (ProRoot MTA) must be evaluated. Purpose: This In vitro study aimed to assess the cytotoxic effects of NFC in comparison to ProRoot MTA on L-929 mouse fibroblast cells. Materials and Method: In this animal study, L-929 mouse fibroblast cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in an atmosphere
of 5% co2/95% air at 37 C̊. A total of 104 cells from the fourth collection were plated in each well of a 96-well micro-titer plate. Materials were mixed according to the
manufacturer’s instruction and placed into the related plastic molds with 5 mm diameter and 3 mm height. After 24 hours and a complete setting, the extracts of the tested
materials were produced at six different concentrations and placed in the related wells. Cells in DMEM served as the negative control group. DMEM alone was used as the positive control group.
Methyl-thiazoltetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay was conducted after 24, 48, and 72 hours. The absorbance values were measured by ELISA plate reader at 540 nm wavelength.
Three-way analysis of variance, post-hoc Tukey, LSD, and independent t-test were used for the statistical analyses using SPSS software, version 16.0. Results: There was no statically significant difference between MTA and NFC in cell viability values at different concentrations and different time intervals (p= 0.649).
Viability values were significantly decreased after 72 hours, but there was no significant difference between the first and second MTT assays (p= 0.987).
Cytotoxicity significantly increased at concentrations higher than 6.25 µɡ/ml. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity depends on time, concentration, and cement composition. There was no statistically significant difference between NFC and MTA concerning their cytotoxic
effects on L-929 mouse fibroblast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fariborz Moazzami
- Dept. of Endodontic, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Mehrabi
- Dept. of Endodontic, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yasamin Ghahramani
- Dept. of Endodontic, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Portland Cement: An Overview as a Root Repair Material. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3314912. [PMID: 35036431 PMCID: PMC8758263 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3314912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Portland cement (PC) is used in challenging endodontic situations in which preserving the health and functionality of pulp tissue is of considerable importance. PC forms the main component of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and demonstrates similar desirable properties as an orthograde or retrograde filling material. PC is able to protect pulp against bacterial infiltration, induce reparative dentinogenesis, and form dentin bridge during the pulp healing process. The biocompatibility, bioactivity, and physical properties of PC have been investigated in vitro and in animal models, as well as in some limited clinical trials. This paper reviews Portland cement's structure and its characteristics and reaction in various environments and eventually accentuates the present concerns with this material. This bioactive endodontic cement has shown promising success rates compared to MTA; however, considerable modifications are required in order to improve its characteristics and expand its application scope as a root repair material. Hence, the extensive chemical modifications incorporated into PC composition to facilitate preparation and handling procedures are discussed. It is still important to further address the applicability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness of PC before transferring into day-to-day clinical practice.
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Sealing Efficiency of MTA, Accelerated MTA, Biodentine and RMGIC as Retrograde Filling Materials. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2021-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Background/Aim: This in-vitro study evaluated the apical-sealing ability of MTA, MTA+10% CaCl2, Biodentine™ and RMGIC when used as retrograde material.
Material and Methods: A total of 80 single-rooted bovine incisors were decoronated, instrumented, and divided into 4 groups according to retrograde material, as follows: Group 1: MTA (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply); Group 2: MTA (ProRoot MTA, Dentsply) + 10% CaCl2; Group 3: Biodentine (Biodentine®, Septodont); Group 4: RMGIC (Nova Glass -LC, Imicryl). Root surfaces were isolated with nail polish, and teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye at 37°C for 48 h. The extent of dye penetration (mm) was measured under a stereomicroscope.
Results: RMGIC had the highest mean-rank dye penetration score (MP=49.05), followed by MTA (MP=43.65), Biodentine (35.95) and MTA+CaCl2 (MP=33.35). The results of paired comparison tests found the mean microleakage value of MTA+10% CaCl2 and Biodentine (Group 3) to be significantly lower than that of RMGIC (respectively; p=0,020, p=0,019). No significant difference was found in the other group comparisons (p> 0.05).
Conclusions: These results suggest that the addition of an accelerator to MTA may reduce microleakage following endodontic surgery. Biodentine can be used as an alternative to MTA on retrograde obturation.
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Chitosan-Based Accelerated Portland Cement Promotes Dentinogenic/Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization Activity of SHED. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193358. [PMID: 34641172 PMCID: PMC8512062 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium silicate-based cements (CSCs) are widely used in various endodontic treatments to promote wound healing and hard tissue formation. Chitosan-based accelerated Portland cement (APC-CT) is a promising and affordable material for endodontic use. This study investigated the effect of APC-CT on apoptosis, cell attachment, dentinogenic/osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activity of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). APC-CT was prepared with various concentrations of chitosan (CT) solution (0%, 0.625%, 1.25% and 2.5% (w/v)). Cell attachment was determined by direct contact analysis using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM); while the material extracts were used for the analyses of apoptosis by flow cytometry, dentinogenic/osteogenic marker expression by real-time PCR and mineralization activity by Alizarin Red and Von Kossa staining. The cells effectively attached to the surfaces of APC and APC-CT, acquiring flattened elongated and rounded-shape morphology. Treatment of SHED with APC and APC-CT extracts showed no apoptotic effect. APC-CT induced upregulation of DSPP, MEPE, DMP-1, OPN, OCN, OPG and RANKL expression levels in SHED after 14 days, whereas RUNX2, ALP and COL1A1 expression levels were downregulated. Mineralization assays showed a progressive increase in the formation of calcium deposits in cells with material containing higher CT concentration and with incubation time. In conclusion, APC-CT is nontoxic and promotes dentinogenic/osteogenic differentiation and mineralization activity of SHED, indicating its regenerative potential as a promising substitute for the commercially available CSCs to induce dentin/bone regeneration.
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Alves TO, Lopes FC, Yamin PA, Navas EA, da Cruz Filho AM, De-Deus G, Sousa-Neto MD, Silva RG. An ultrasonic-based experimental model to evaluate the setting time of endodontic sealers. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1948-1956. [PMID: 34181754 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate an ultrasonic-based experimental model (US), to assess the setting time of AH Plus® , Bio-C Sealer® and MTA Fillapex® , and compare the results obtained with ANSI/ADA specifications (2012). METHODS To determine the setting time according to the ANSI/ADA specification, moulds measuring 10 mm (diameter) × 2 mm (thickness) were used, and for the US tests a transducer (1 MHz) and an oscilloscope were used. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to evaluate the changes on chemical structure at the different setting times found by the US and ANSI/ADA methods. After checking the normal distribution, setting time data were analysed using unilateral analysis of variance with Tukey-HSD post-test to compare the methods. RESULTS AH Plus® and Bio-C Sealer® had longer mean setting time values for the US method than for the ANSI/ADA (p < .05), whilst for MTA Fillapex® no significant difference was found between the methods (p < .05). FTIR spectra demonstrated that at the setting time determined by the US method, AH Plus® and Bio-C Sealer® were in a more advanced stage of polymerization than at the ANSI/ADA, whilst there was no significant difference for MTA Fillapex® . CONCLUSIONS The use of US was effective for setting time determination and measured longer values than ANSI/ADA specification for AH Plus® and Bio-C Sealer® , identifying the entire (and not only superficial) setting of the endodontic sealers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Oliveira Alves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Carneiro Lopes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo André Yamin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Elcio Aparecido Navas
- Faculty of Philosophy Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda da Cruz Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo De-Deus
- Department of Oral Surgery, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Gariba Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Zn-doping of silicate and hydroxyapatite-based cements: Dentin mechanobiology and bioactivity. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 114:104232. [PMID: 33290910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to state zinc contribution in the effectiveness of novel zinc-doped dentin cements to achieve dentin remineralization, throughout a literature or narrative exploratory review. Literature search was conducted using electronic databases, such as PubMed, MEDLINE, DIMDI, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. Both zinc-doping silicate and hydroxyapatite-based cements provoked an increase of both bioactivity and intrafibrillar mineralization of dentin. Zinc-doped hydroxyapatite-based cements (oxipatite) also induced an increase in values of dentin nano-hardness, Young's modulus and dentin resistance to deformation. From Raman analyses, it was stated higher intensity of phosphate peaks and crystallinity as markers of dentin calcification, in the presence of zinc. Zinc-based salt formations produced low microleakage and permeability values with hermetically sealed tubules at radicular dentin. Dentin treated with oxipatite attained preferred crystal grain orientation with polycrystalline lattices. Thereby, oxipatite mechanically reinforced dentin structure, by remineralization. Dentin treated with oxipatite produced immature crystallites formations, accounting for high hydroxyapatite solubility, instability and enhanced remineralizing activity.
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Abaszadeh M, Mohammadi M, Mohammadzadeh I. Biocompatibility of a New Antibacterial Compound and its Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Flowable Dental Composites (Animal Study). JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2020; 21:56-62. [PMID: 32158785 PMCID: PMC7036352 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2019.77826.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Recently, new compound of 3, 5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole has been composed with excellent antibacterial property. Biocompatibility and its effects on mechanical properties of dental composites should be considered before clinical use. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of 3, 5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole as a new antibacterial compound and its effect on the mechanical properties of dental composites. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this experimental study, a new antibacterial compound was synthesis by reaction between Thiosemicarbazide and 2, 4-Pentandione and tested on thirty male albino Wistar rats weighting 200-250gr. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10, each rat received 3 implants of 3,5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole, penicillin v and empty polyethylene tube. A pathologist, who was unaware of types of tested materials and timing, performed the examination of specimens. The depth of cure and flexural strength of resin composite was measured using Iso4049 standard technique. Compressive strength was determined according to Iso9917 standard. RESULTS This compound was biocompatible and there was no significant difference in flexural strength and compressive strength of the composites containing 1% of this compound with the control group (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION The 3, 5-dimethyl-1-thiocarboxamide pyrazole with a concentration of 1% in flowable composites can be very effective in preventing secondary caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Abaszadeh
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Meisam Mohammadi
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Iman Mohammadzadeh
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Al-Sherbiny IM, Farid MH, Abu-Seida AM, Motawea IT, Bastawy HA. Chemico-physical and mechanical evaluation of three calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials. Saudi Dent J 2020; 33:207-214. [PMID: 34025083 PMCID: PMC8119770 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim This study compared biointeractivity (pH of soaking water and calcium ions), porosity, water sorption, solubility, compressive strength, lap shear strength, as well as the apatite forming ability of three calcium silicate-based capping materials: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine (BD) and Tech Biosealer capping (BS). Methods One hundred and five discs of the tested materials were prepared in compliance with the manufacturer's instructions. The materials' pastes were placed in Teflon molds and allowed to set before testing. The pH and Ca+2 ions were measured by a potentiometric method. Porosity, water sorption, and solubility were calculated through the measurement of initial mass, mass, saturated mass and dry mass. Apatite forming ability was measured by an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope that was connected to a secondary electron detector for energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Meanwhile compressive strength was measured by a computer controlled universal testing machine. Lap shear strength was measured by computer software on the testing machine. All data were statistically analyzed. Results The tested materials showed Ca ions release and alkalization, which decreased with soaking time. The BD exhibited a very high Ca release at both short (3 h) and long times (28 days). Significant high values of open and apparent porosities, water sorption, and solubility were measured for BS, which was followed by the MTA then BD (P < .05). The BD had significant higher compressive and lap shear bond strength than the MTA and BS (P < .05). Conclusion MTA, BD and BS are biointeractive bioactive materials that possess the ability to release ions and form calcium phosphate deposits. Unlike BD, BS is incapable of alternating MTA in pulp capping due to its high porosities, water sorption and solubility, as well as poor compressive and lap shear bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas M Al-Sherbiny
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona H Farid
- Oral Biology Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Abu-Seida
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Inas T Motawea
- Dental Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hagar A Bastawy
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Shah T, Banga KS. Effect of commonly used irrigants on the colour stabilities of two calcium-silicate based material. Eur Oral Res 2019; 53:141-145. [PMID: 31579896 PMCID: PMC6761490 DOI: 10.26650/eor.20190085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of present study was to evaluate the color stability of calcium-silicate
based cements (CSC) Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and BiodentineTM when
exposed to endodontic irrigating solutions 5% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 2%
Chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and methods: A total of 60 (n=30) cylindrical samples (10 mm diameter, 2 mm height) were
prepared by manipulating white MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil)
and BiodentineTM (Septodent, Saint Maur, France) according to manufacturer's
instructions. These samples were immersed in 5% sodium hypochlorite (Prime Dental
Products Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Dentochlor, Saronno
VA, Italia), or distilled water for 24 hours. Color changes were measured using UV
spectrophotometer (UV-1650, Shimadzu, Europe) and the values were tabulated. Results: A significant difference was observed between group I and II with respect to both
parameters A & B (p<0.05). Both the calcium-silicate-based materials exhibited
significant discoloration when immersed in NaOCl and CHX. Distilled water did not
cause clinically perceptible discoloration of any material. Conclusion: A significant discoloration was observed with a specific combination of calciumsilicate-
based cement and irrigant. BiodentineTM exhibited significant discoloration
with CHX whereas, MTA showed more discoloration with NaOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trusha Shah
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai,India
| | - Kulvinder Singh Banga
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai,India
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Sauro S, Babbar A, Gharibi B, Feitosa VP, Carvalho RM, Azevedo Rodrigues LK, Banerjee A, Watson T. Cellular differentiation, bioactive and mechanical properties of experimental light-curing pulp protection materials. Dent Mater 2018; 34:868-878. [PMID: 29555096 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Materials for pulp protection should have therapeutic properties in order to stimulate remineralization and pulp reparative processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, cell differentiation and bioactivity of experimental light-curable resin-based materials containing bioactive micro-fillers. METHODS Four calcium-phosphosilicate micro-fillers were prepared and incorporated into a resin blend: 1) Bioglass 45S5 (BAG); 2) zinc-doped bioglass (BAG-Zn); 3) βTCP-modified calcium silicate (β-CS); 4) zinc-doped β-CS (β-CS-Zn). These experimental resins were tested for flexural strength (FS) and fracture toughness (FT) after 24h and 30-day storage in simulated body fluid (SBF). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay, while bioactivity was evaluated using mineralization and gene expression assays (Runx-2 & ALP). RESULTS The lowest FS and FT at 24h was attained with β-CS resin, while all the other tested materials exhibited a decrease in FS after prolonged storage in SBF. β-CS-Zn maintained a stable FT after 30-day SBF aging. Incorporation of bioactive micro-fillers had no negative effect on the biocompatibility of the experimental materials tested in this study. The inclusion of zinc-doped fillers significantly increased the cellular remineralization potential and expression of the osteogenic genes Runx2 and ALP (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE The innovative materials tested in this study, in particular those containing β-CS-Zn and BAG-Zn may promote cell differentiation and mineralization. Thus, these materials might represent suitable therapeutic pulp protection materials for minimally invasive and atraumatic restorative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sauro
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Departmento de Odontologia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain; Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics Research Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's Health Partners, London, UK.
| | - Ashvin Babbar
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics Research Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Borzo Gharibi
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics Research Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Victor Pinheiro Feitosa
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Marins Carvalho
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Division of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Avijit Banerjee
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics Research Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's Health Partners, London, UK; Department of Conservative & MI Dentistry, King's College London Dental Institute, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Timothy Watson
- Tissue Engineering and Biophotonics Research Division, King's College London Dental Institute, King's Health Partners, London, UK; Department of Conservative & MI Dentistry, King's College London Dental Institute, King's Health Partners, London, UK
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Pedano MS, Li X, Li S, Sun Z, Cokic SM, Putzeys E, Yoshihara K, Yoshida Y, Chen Z, Van Landuyt K, Van Meerbeek B. Freshly-mixed and setting calcium-silicate cements stimulate human dental pulp cells. Dent Mater 2018. [PMID: 29525357 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of the eluates from 3 freshly-mixed and setting hydraulic calcium-silicate cements (hCSCs) on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and to examine the effect of a newly developed hCSC containing phosphopullulan (PPL) on HDPCs. METHODS Human dental pulp cells, previously characterized as mesenchymal stem cells, were used. To collect the eluates, disks occupying the whole surface of a 12-well plate were prepared using an experimental hCSC containing phosphopullulan (GC), Nex-Cem MTA (GC), Biodentine (Septodont) or a zinc-oxide (ZnO) eugenol cement (material-related negative control). Immediately after preparing the disks (non-set), 3ml of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were added. The medium was left in contact with the disks for 24h before being collected. Four different dilutions were prepared (100%, 50%, 25% and 10%) and cell-cytotoxicity, cell-proliferation, cell-migration and odontogenic differentiation were tested. The cell-cytotoxicity and cell-proliferation assays were performed by XTT-colorimetric assay at different time points. The cell-migration ability was tested with the wound-healing assay and the odontogenic differentiation capacity of hCSCs on HDPCs was tested with RT-PCR. RESULTS Considering all experimental data together, the eluates from 3 freshly-mixed and setting hCSCs appeared not cytotoxic toward HDPCs. Moreover, all three cements stimulated proliferation, migration and odontogenic differentiation of HDPCs. SIGNIFICANCE The use of freshly-mixed and setting hCSCs is an appropriate approach to test the effect of the materials on human dental pulp cells. The experimental material containing PPL is non-cytotoxic and positively stimulates HDPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano S Pedano
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xin Li
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shuchen Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zeyi Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Stevan M Cokic
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eveline Putzeys
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kumiko Yoshihara
- Okayama University Hospital, Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yashuhiro Yoshida
- Department of Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
| | - Zhi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Kirsten Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, BIOMAT, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Dentistry, Campus Sint-Raphaël, block A - box 7001, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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The Repair of Furcal Perforations in Different Diameters with Biodentine, MTA, and IRM Repair Materials: A Laboratory Study Using an E. Faecalis Leakage Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5478796. [PMID: 29568756 PMCID: PMC5820666 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5478796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the microleakage of repair materials MTA, IRM, and Biodentine applied on furcal perforations with different diameters. One hundred and forty extracted human teeth were used in this study. The teeth were divided into 2 main groups (60 teeth in each) which were then divided into 3 subgroups (n = 20). The remaining 20 teeth were divided into 2 groups (10 in each) to serve as controls. The furcal areas of the teeth were perforated with #2 cylindrical burs in Group 1 whereas perforations were made using #4 cylindrical burs in Group 2. Each subgroup of both Groups 1 and 2 received ProRoot MTA (ProRoot, USA), Biodentine (Septodont), or IRM (Dentsply, USA) to repair the perforations. An experimental set-up was established to contaminate repaired perforations with E. Faecalis (ATCC29212). The turbidity of bacteria was observed on the 7th, 15th, 30th, and 45th days. The data was analysed by chi-square test (p > 0.05). The number of bacteria in the group perforated by bur #2 and closed by MTA was found to be lower than the other groups on the 7th day (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the bacterial counts of other groups on the 15th, 30th, and 45th days (p > 0.05). ProRoot MTA was found to be more successful in the prevention of bacterial leakage compared to IRM and Biodentine in smaller perforations during the 1st week.
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13
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Shokouhi MM, Abbaszadegan A, Ameri A, Sharifian SM, Nabavizadeh M. The Effect of Calcium Chloride on Push-Out Bond Strength of Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2017; 12:334-337. [PMID: 28808461 PMCID: PMC5527210 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v12i3.15242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: This in vitro study investigated the effect of adding 10% calcium chloride (CaCl2) on push out bond strength of calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) to root canal dentin. Methods and Materials: A total of 120 root dentin slices with 2 mm thickness were prepared from sixty single-rooted human teeth. Dentinal discs were enlarged to achieve 1.3 mm diameter. The specimens were randomly allocated into eight groups (n=15). Dentin discs were filled with either CEM cement or MTA with or without CaCl2 and the push out test was performed after 3 and 21 days. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: There was an interaction effect amongst all groups (P=0.028). After 3 days, CEM cement showed a significantly lower bond strength than other groups (P<0.05) while MTA demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than CEM cement with or without CaCl2 (P=0.001). After 21 days, CEM cement with or without CaCl2 had no significant difference with other groups (P>0.05). However, the bond strength of MTA decreased when CaCl2 was added (P=0.011). Conclusion: The addition of 10% CaCl2 increased the push out bond strength of CEM cement and improved it over time; while, this substance aggravated this property for MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Shokouhi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Abbaszadegan
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Ameri
- Undergraduate Student, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Masih Sharifian
- Undergraduate Student, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nabavizadeh
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Zuleta F, Murciano A, Gehrke SA, Maté-Sánchez de Val JE, Calvo-Guirado JL, De Aza PN. A New Biphasic Dicalcium Silicate Bone Cement Implant. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10070758. [PMID: 28773119 PMCID: PMC5551801 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the processing parameters and biocompatibility of a novel biphasic dicalcium silicate (C2S) cement. Biphasic α´L + β-C2Sss was synthesized by solid-state processing, and was used as a raw material to prepare the cement. In vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility studies were assessed by soaking the cement samples in simulated body fluid (SBF) and human adipose stem cell cultures. Two critical-sized defects of 6 mm Ø were created in 15 NZ tibias. A porous cement made of the high temperature forms of C2S, with a low phosphorous substitution level, was produced. An apatite-like layer covered the cement’s surface after soaking in SBF. The cell attachment test showed that α´L + β-C2Sss supported cells sticking and spreading after 24 h of culture. The cement paste (55.86 ± 0.23) obtained higher bone-to-implant contact (BIC) percentage values (better quality, closer contact) in the histomorphometric analysis, and defect closure was significant compared to the control group (plastic). The residual material volume of the porous cement was 35.42 ± 2.08% of the initial value. The highest BIC and bone formation percentages were obtained on day 60. These results suggest that the cement paste is advantageous for initial bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausto Zuleta
- Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 N° 70-01, Bloque 10 Of 306, Medellín-Antioquia 050031, Colombia.
| | - Angel Murciano
- Departamento de Materiales, Óptica y Tecnologia Electrónica, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. Universidad s/n, 03202-Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergio A Gehrke
- Biotecnos Research Center, Rua Dr. Bonazo n° 57, Santa Maria (RS) 97015-001, Brazil.
| | - José E Maté-Sánchez de Val
- Cátedra Internacional de Investigación en Odontología, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Avda. Jerónimos, 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
| | - José L Calvo-Guirado
- Cátedra Internacional de Investigación en Odontología, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Avda. Jerónimos, 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Piedad N De Aza
- Instituto de Bioingenieria, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Avda. Ferrocarril s/n, 03202-Elche, Alicante, Spain.
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15
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Nam KY. Characterization and antimicrobial efficacy of Portland cement impregnated with silver nanoparticles. J Adv Prosthodont 2017; 9:217-223. [PMID: 28680554 PMCID: PMC5483409 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2017.9.3.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of silver nanoparticle (SN) loading into hydraulic calcium silicate-based Portland cement on its mechanical, antibacterial behavior and biocompatibility as a novel dental bone substitute. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemically reduced colloidal SN were combined with Portland cement (PC) by the concentrations of 0 (control), 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 wt%. The physico-mechanical properties of silver-Portland cement nanocomposites (SPNC) were investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD), setting time, compressive strength, solubility, and silver ion elution. Antimicrobial properties of SPNC were tested by agar diffusion against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Cytotoxic evaluation for human gingival fibroblast (HGF) was performed by MTS assay. RESULTS XRD certified that SN was successfully impregnated in PC. SPNC at above 3.0 wt% significantly reduced both initial and final setting times compared to control PC. No statistical differences of the compressive strength values were detected after SN loadings, and solubility rates of SPNC were below 3.0%, which are acceptable by ADA guidelines. Ag ion elutions from SPNC were confirmed with dose-dependence on the concentrations of SN added. SPNC of 5.0 wt% inhibited the growth of Streptococci, whereas no antimicrobial activity was shown in control PC. SPNC revealed no cytotoxic effects to HGF following ISO 10993 (cell viability > 70%). CONCLUSION Addition of SN promoted the antibacterial activity and favored the bio-mechanical properties of PC; thus, SPNC could be a candidate for the futuristic dental biomaterial. For clinical warrant, further studies including the inhibitory mechanism, in vivo and long-term researches are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Nam
- Department of Dentistry, Dongsan Medical Center, School of Medicine of Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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16
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Biological evaluation of a new pulp capping material developed from Portland cement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:115-122. [PMID: 27986375 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluates the biological properties of a new pulp capping material developed from Portland cement. This study was conducted on 48 teeth in 4 dogs (12 teeth/dog). The dogs were classified into two equal groups (n=24 teeth) according to the evaluation period including: group A (3 weeks) and group B (3 months). Each group was further subdivided into three equal subgroups (n=8 teeth) according to the capping material including: subgroup 1: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), subgroup2: Portland cement+10% calcium hydroxide+20% bismuth oxide (Port Cal) and subgroup 3: Portland cement+bismuth oxide. After general anesthesia, a class V buccal cavity was prepared coronal to the gingival margin. After pulp exposure and hemostasis,the capping materials and glass ionomer filling were placed on the exposure sites. All histopathological findings, inflammatory cell count and dentin bridge formation were recorded. Data were analyzed statistically. After 3 months, the histopathological picture of the pulp in subgroup 1 showed normal pulp, continuous odontoblastic layer and complete dentin bridge formation while subgroup 2 showed partial and complete dentin bridge over a normal and necrotic pulps. Subgroup 3 showed loss of normal architecture, areas of necrosis, complete, or incomplete dentin bridge formation, attached and detached pulp stones and fatty degeneration in group B. For group A, MTA subgroup showed the least number of inflammatory cell infiltrate followed by Port Cal subgroup. While subgroup 3 showed the highest number of inflammatory cell infiltrate. For group B, the mean inflammatory cell count increased with the three tested materials with no statistical difference. Regarding dentin bridge formation at group A, no significant differences was found between subgroups, while at group B, MTA subgroup exhibited significantly higher scores than other subgroups. In conclusion, addition of calcium hydroxide to Portland cement improves the dentin bridge formation qualitatively and quantitatively.
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17
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Komabayashi T, Long L, Ahn C, Spears R, Zhu Q, C Eberhart R. Influence of powder composition and morphology on penetration of Gray and White ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate and calcium hydroxide into dentin tubules. J Oral Sci 2016; 56:287-93. [PMID: 25500926 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of powder composition and morphology on the penetration of Gray and White ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (GMTA, WMTA) and calcium hydroxide (CH) into open dentin tubules. GMTA, WMTA, and CH particle dimensions were analyzed by flow particle image analysis (FPIA). Penetration of open dentin tubules into dentin discs was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Five samples of each material were randomly selected and prepared for this study. The GMTA averages for length (μm), width (μm), perimeter (μm), and aspect ratio were 1.94 ± 1.65, 1.43 ± 1.19, 5.61 ± 4.27, and 0.76 ± 0.14, respectively. Corresponding averages for WMTA were 2.04 ± 1.87, 1.49 ± 1.33, 5.88 ± 4.81, and 0.76 ± 0.14, and for CH were 2.26 ± 1.99, 1.62 ± 1.46, 6.70 ± 5.60, and 0.74 ± 0.15, respectively. The rank order of the averages for particle length, width and perimeter from the largest to the smallest material was CH > WMTA > GMTA. The rank order of the averaged aspect ratios was GMTA > WMTA > CH. SEM showed that all three materials, when deposited and agitated on dentin discs, penetrated the open dentin tubules. Tubule occlusion occurred as particle surface concentrations increased. Significant differences in particle length, width, perimeter, and aspect ratio were observed for GMTA, WMTA, and CH (P < 0.0001 in all cases). All particle types penetrated into open tubules when agitated on dentin discs; all tubules were eventually occluded as particle concentrations grew. (J Oral Sci 56, 287-293, 2014).
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18
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Baraba A, Pezelj-Ribaric S, Roguljić M, Miletic I. Cytotoxicity of Two Bioactive Root Canal Sealers. Acta Stomatol Croat 2016; 50:8-13. [PMID: 27688421 DOI: 10.15644/asc50/1/2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of two different bioactive root canal sealers: one based on mineral trioxide aggregate, MTA Fillapex (Angelus, Solucoes Odontologicas, Londrina, PR, Brazil), and the other based on bioceramics, Endosequence BC Sealer (Brasseler, Savannah, Georgia, USA), in culture of mouse L929 fibroblasts. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse fibroblasts (L929), obtained from subcutaneous connective tissue of mouse line C3Hf, were cultivated in plastic culture flasks in an incubator at 37şC, with 5% CO2 and 90% humidity. Freshly mixed Endosequence BC Sealer and MTA Fillapex (0.1 g each) were placed on sterile teflon discs, 6 mm in diameter. Teflon discs with the materials as well as empty discs serving as control were placed in wells of 12-well plate. After incubation times of 1, 6, 20 and 24 hours, the teflon discs were removed from the wells and the number of viable cells was determined using trypan blue in Neubauer chamber. RESULTS In comparison to the control group, MTA Fillapex had significantly less viable cells for all incubation periods (p≤0.05), while Endosequence BC sealer had significantly less viable cells after 6, 20, and 24 hours of incubation (p≤0.05). MTA Fillapex comprised significantly less viable cells in comparison to Endosequence BC sealer after the first hour and after 20 hours of incubation (p≤0.05), while for the other incubation periods there were no significant differences (p≥0.05). CONCLUSION MTA Fillapex and Endosequence BC sealer were both cytotoxic in cultures of mouse L929 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Baraba
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb
| | - Sonja Pezelj-Ribaric
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Clinical Hospital Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka
| | | | - Ivana Miletic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb
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19
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Guan YT, Li Y, Jin ZH. Osteoblast Growth on Poly(L-lactic acid)-Negative Ion Powder Composite Films. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911506068684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Composite films made from poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and negative ion powder (NIP, opal powder) were fabricated and the growth of human osteoblasts cultured in vitro on these composite films was assessed. The surface properties of the composite film and the control (100% PLLA) were investigated by contact angle and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The former indicated that hydrophilicity did not change significantly, whereas the latter indicated that the surface of the composite films was not as smooth as the control, but without holes or caves. After osteoblast cells were seeded on the composite and control films, the cell densities and the morphology on these films were studied by light microscopy and SEM. The differential function of the cells was assessed by testing their alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. These results indicate that the addition of powder improved the adhesion between the osteoblasts and the composite films. The improvement came from the negative ions which were given off by the negative ion powder. The mechanism of negative ion was reviewed and a model of the mechanism was developed. This paper provides the first evidence that negative powder (functional material) can be used to fabricate composite films with PLLA for better cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. T. Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Strength, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P.R. China, School of Textile and Materials, Xi’an University of Engineering Science and Technology, Xi’an, 710048, P.R. China,
| | - Y. Li
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hongkong Polytechnic University, Hungkom, Kowloon, Hongkong
| | - Z. H. Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Strength, Institute of Material Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, P.R. China
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20
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Ahmed HMA, Luddin N, Kannan TP, Mokhtar KI, Ahmad A. Chemical analysis and biological properties of two different formulations of white portland cements. SCANNING 2016; 38:303-316. [PMID: 26382064 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
White Portland cement (WPC) has generated research interests in the field of endodontics. This study compared between the properties of two formulations of white Portland cement (WPC) of different origin (Malaysia [MA] and Egypt [EG]). WPCs with and without calcium chloride dihydrate were prepared. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis, and X-ray diffraction were used for surface morphology evaluation, elemental, and phase analysis, respectively. After the preparation of optimized serial dilutions, the cytotoxicity was evaluated on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) using methyl-thiazol-diphenyltetrazolium assay after 24 and 72 h. Cell attachment properties were examined under SEM after 24 and 72 h. Results showed that the surface morphology and chemical composition of both formulations demonstrated detectable variations. The cytotoxicity evaluation showed different cellular responses of HPLFs compared to DSPCs. Both formulations favored the viability of HPLFs. However, the fast set formulations demonstrated severe cytotoxicity on DPSCs. Significant differences between EGWPC and MAWPC were identified (p < 0.05). The cell attachment properties were favorable; however, HPLFs attached and spread over the samples better than DPSCs. In conclusion, WPC of different origin may show differences in chemical and biological properties. The addition of CaCl2 ·2H2 O to WPC can affect its properties. Human cell types may react differently towards different formulations of WPCs. SCANNING 38:303-316, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Norhayati Luddin
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Thirumulu Ponnuraj Kannan
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Khairani Idah Mokhtar
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Ahmad
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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21
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Biocompatibility of Accelerated Mineral Trioxide Aggregate on Stem Cells Derived from Human Dental Pulp. J Endod 2016; 42:276-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Mangala MG, Chandra SMS, Bhavle RM. To evaluate the biocompatibility of the Indian Portland cement with potential for use in dentistry: An animal study. J Conserv Dent 2016; 18:440-4. [PMID: 26752835 PMCID: PMC4693314 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.168800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study evaluated the biocompatibility of the Indian Portland cement with potential for use in dentistry. Materials and Methods: This study was performed in Swiss albino mice, by implanting the Indian Portland cement pellets subcutaneously. After 1, 3, and 6 weeks the tissue specimens were prepared for histological examination. Results: The histological analysis showed moderate to severe inflammation at 1 week. The inflammation gradually decreased by 6 weeks, with most of the specimens showing the absence of inflammatory reaction. Conclusions: According to these experimental conditions, the tested Indian Portland cement was biocompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Mangala
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S M Sharath Chandra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Radhika M Bhavle
- Department of Oral Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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23
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KHAN S, KALEEM M, FAREED MA, HABIB A, IQBAL K, ASLAM A, UD DIN S. Chemical and morphological characteristics of mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cements. Dent Mater J 2016; 35:112-7. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2015-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahbaz KHAN
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Bolan Medical College, University of Balochistan
| | - Muhammad KALEEM
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology
| | - Muhammad Amber FAREED
- Biomaterials Group, Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham
- Department of Science of Dental Materials, FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Health Sciences
| | - Amir HABIB
- Department of Materials Science, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology
| | - Kefi IQBAL
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Baqai Dental College, Baqai Medical University
| | - Ayesha ASLAM
- Department of Prosthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, National University of Sciences and Technology
| | - Shahab UD DIN
- Department of Dental Materials, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology
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24
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Zand V, Lotfi M, Aghbali A, Mesgariabbasi M, Janani M, Mokhtari H, Tehranchi P, Pakdel SMV. Tissue Reaction and Biocompatibility of Implanted Mineral Trioxide Aggregate with Silver Nanoparticles in a Rat Model. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2015; 11:13-6. [PMID: 26843871 PMCID: PMC4731527 DOI: 10.7508/iej.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of endodontic materials are of utmost importance. Considering the extensive applications of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in dentistry and antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles, this study aimed to evaluate the subcutaneous inflammatory reaction of rat connective tissues to white MTA with and without nanosilver (NS) particles. Methods and Materials: Polyethylene tubes (1.1×8 mm) containing experimental materials (MTA and MTA+NS and empty control tubes) were implanted in subcutaneous tissues of seventy-five male rats. Animals were divided into five groups (n=15) according to the time of evaluation: group 1; after 7 days, group 2; after 15 days, group 3; after 30 days, group 4; after 60 days and group 5; after 90 days. The inflammatory reaction was graded and data was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Statistical significance was defined at 0.05. Results: Comparison of cumulative inflammatory reaction at all intervals revealed that the mean grade of inflammatory reaction to MTA, MTA+NS and control samples were 3, 2 and 2, respectively. According to the Mann-Whitney analysis there were no significant differences between MTA+NS and MTA (P=0.42). Conclusion: Incorporation of 1% nanosilver to MTA does not affect the inflammatory reaction of subcutaneous tissue in rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Zand
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Lotfi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nano-Technology, Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirala Aghbali
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehran Mesgariabbasi
- Researcher, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Janani
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Mokhtari
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pardis Tehranchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mahdi Vahid Pakdel
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Baranwal AK, Paul ML, Mazumdar D, Adhikari HD, Vyavahare NK, Jhajharia K. An ex-vivo comparative study of root-end marginal adaptation using grey mineral trioxide aggregate, white mineral trioxide aggregate, and Portland cement under scanning electron microscopy. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18:399-404. [PMID: 26430305 PMCID: PMC4578186 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.164054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Where nonsurgical endodontic intervention is not possible, or it will not solve the problem, surgical endodontic treatment must be considered. A major cause of surgical endodontic failures is an inadequate apical seal, so the use of the suitable substance as root-end filling material that prevents egress of potential contaminants into periapical tissue is very critical. Aims: The aim of the present ex-vivo study was to compare and evaluate the three root-end filling materials of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) family (white MTA [WMTA], grey MTA [GMTA] and Portland cement [PC]) for their marginal adaptation at the root-end dentinal wall using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: Sixty human single-rooted teeth were decoronated, instrumented, and obturated with Gutta-percha. After the root-end resection and apical cavity preparation, the teeth were randomly divided into three-experimental groups (each containing 20 teeth) and each group was filled with their respective experimental materials. After longitudinal sectioning of root, SEM examination was done to determine the overall gap between retrograde materials and cavity walls in terms of length and width of the gap (maximum) at the interface. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to calculate the means with corresponding standard errors, median and ranges along with an analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Results: The least overall gap was observed in GMTA followed by PC and WMTA. While after statistically analyzing the various data obtained from different groups, there was no significant difference among these three groups in terms of marginal adaptation. Conclusion: GMTA showed the best overall adaptation to root dentinal wall compared to PC and WMTA. Being biocompatible and cheaper, the PC may be an alternative but not a substitute for MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kumar Baranwal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, IMS, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan L Paul
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyendu Mazumdar
- Department of Dental, Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Haridas Das Adhikari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nishant K Vyavahare
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Singhad Dental College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kapil Jhajharia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia
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Prasad A, Pushpa S, Arunagiri D, Sawhny A, Misra A, Sujatha R. A comparative evaluation of the effect of various additives on selected physical properties of white mineral trioxide aggregate. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18:237-41. [PMID: 26069412 PMCID: PMC4450532 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.157263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: This study examined the setting time, compressive strength, and pH of white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) mixed with various additives: Calcium chloride (CaCl2), calcium formate (CaF), disodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na2HPO4). Materials and Methods: Group 1 (Control) was obtained by mixing MTA with distilled water. In Groups 2 and 3, MTA containing 10% CaCl2 and 20% CaF, respectively, was mixed with distilled water. In Group 4, MTA was mixed with 15% Na2HPO4. Setting time, compressive strength, and pH of each group were examined. Statistical Analysis Used: Analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 14. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Comparison of mean values was done using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Games-Howell test. Results: The setting time of test groups were significantly shorter than that of control group (P < 0.001). The compressive strengths of test groups were lower than that of control group (P < 0.001). The pH value obtained for Groups 3 and 4 were higher than that of the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Study result showed that additives significantly reduced the setting time of MTA and also maintained the pH at a high value. However, there was not much improvement in the compressive strength of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Prasad
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shankarappa Pushpa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Doraiswamy Arunagiri
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asheesh Sawhny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhinav Misra
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rama Dental College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramamurthy Sujatha
- Department of Microbiology, Rama Medical College-Hospital and Research Centre, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Shen Y, Peng B, Yang Y, Ma J, Haapasalo M. What do different tests tell about the mechanical and biological properties of bioceramic materials? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Calcium silicate bioactive cements: Biological perspectives and clinical applications. Dent Mater 2015; 31:351-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Calcium Silicate and Calcium Hydroxide Materials for Pulp Capping: Biointeractivity, Porosity, Solubility and Bioactivity of Current Formulations. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13:43-60. [DOI: 10.5301/jabfm.5000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The chemical-physical properties of novel and long-standing calcium silicate cements versus conventional pulp capping calcium hydroxide biomaterials were compared. Methods Calcium hydroxide–based (Calxyl, Dycal, Life, Lime-Lite) and calcium silicate–based (ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, MTA Plus, Biodentine, Tech Biosealer capping, TheraCal) biomaterials were examined. Calcium and hydroxyl ion release, water sorption, interconnected open pores, apparent porosity, solubility and apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid were evaluated. Results All calcium silicate materials released more calcium. Tech Biosealer capping, MTA Plus gel and Biodentine showed the highest values of calcium release, while Lime-Lite the lowest. All the materials showed alkalizing activity except for Life and Lime-Lite. Calcium silicate materials showed high porosity values: Tech Biosealer capping, MTA Plus gel and MTA Angelus showed the highest values of porosity, water sorption and solubility, while TheraCal the lowest. The solubility of water-containing materials was higher and correlated with the liquid-to-powder ratio. Calcium phosphate (CaP) deposits were noted on materials surfaces after short aging times. Scant deposits were detected on Lime-Lite. A CaP coating composed of spherulites was detected on all calcium silicate materials and Dycal after 28 days. The thickness, continuity and Ca/P ratio differed markedly among the materials. MTA Plus showed the thickest coating, ProRoot MTA showed large spherulitic deposits, while TheraCal presented very small dense spherulites. Conclusions calcium silicate-based cements are biointeractive (ion-releasing) bioactive (apatite-forming) functional biomaterials. The high rate of calcium release and the fast formation of apatite may well explain the role of calcium silicate biomaterials as scaffold to induce new dentin bridge formation and clinical healing.
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Silva GF, Tanomaru-Filho M, Bernardi MIB, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Cerri PS. Niobium pentoxide as radiopacifying agent of calcium silicate-based material: evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:2015-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Effects of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Mixed with Hydration Accelerators on Osteoblastic Differentiation. J Endod 2014; 40:2019-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ahmed HMA, Luddin N, Kannan TP, Mokhtar KI, Ahmad A. Cell Attachment Properties of Portland Cement–based Endodontic Materials: Biological and Methodological Considerations. J Endod 2014; 40:1517-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Minotti PG, Ordinola-Zapata R, Midena RZ, Marciano MA, Cavenago BC, Bramante CM, Garcia RB, Duarte MAH, Moraes IGD. Rat subcutaneous tissue response to calcium silicate containing different arsenic concentrations. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 23:42-8. [PMID: 25075671 PMCID: PMC4349118 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the response of rat subcutaneous tissue in implanted polyethylene tubes that were filled with GMTA Angelus and Portland cements containing different arsenic concentrations. Material and Methods Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was utilized to obtain the values of the arsenic concentration in the materials. Thirty-six rats were divided into 3 groups of 12 animals for each experimental period. Each animal received two implants of polyethylene tubes filled with different test cements and the lateral of the tubes was used as a control group. After 15, 30 and 60 days of implantation, the animals were killed and the specimens were prepared for descriptive and morphometric analysis considering: inflammatory cells, collagen fibers, fibroblasts, blood vessels and other components. The results were analyzed utilizing the Kuskal-Wallis test and the Dunn´s Multiple test for comparison (p<0.05). Results The materials showed, according to atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the following doses of arsenic: GMTA Angelus: 5.01 mg/kg, WPC Irajazinho: 0.69 mg/kg, GPC Minetti: 18.46 mg/kg and GPC Votoran: 10.76 mg/kg. In a 60-day periods, all specimens displayed a neoformation of connective tissue with a structure of fibrocellular aspect (capsule). Control groups and MTA Angelus produced the lower amount of inflammatory reaction and GPC Minetti, the highest reaction. Conclusions There was no direct relationship between the concentration of arsenic present in the composition of the materials and the intensity of the inflammatory reactions. Higher values, as 18.46 mg/kg of arsenic in the cement, produce characteristics of severe inflammation reaction at the 60-day period. The best results were found in MTA angelus.
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Correa D, Almirall A, Carrodeguas RG, dos Santos LA, De Aza AH, Parra J, Morejón L, Delgado JA. α-Tricalcium phosphate cements modified withβ-dicalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate: Physicochemical characterization,in vitrobioactivity and cytotoxicity. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:72-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Correa
- Departamento de Cerámicas y Composites; Centro de Biomateriales, Universidad de La Habana; 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Amisel Almirall
- Departamento de Cerámicas y Composites; Centro de Biomateriales, Universidad de La Habana; 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | | | - Luis Alberto dos Santos
- Labiomat-Departamento de Materiales; Escuela de Ingenierías, Universidad Federal de Río Grande del Sur; 91509-900 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Antonio H. De Aza
- Departamento de Cerámica; Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio; CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Juan Parra
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Biopatología Experimental; Hospital Provincial de Ávila, Centro de Investigación en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Ávila Spain
| | - Lizette Morejón
- Departamento de Química Macromolecular, Centro de Biomateriales; Universidad de La Habana; 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - José Angel Delgado
- Departamento de Cerámicas y Composites; Centro de Biomateriales, Universidad de La Habana; 10400 La Habana Cuba
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Portland cement use in dental root perforations: a long term followup. Case Rep Dent 2014; 2014:637693. [PMID: 24715998 PMCID: PMC3970070 DOI: 10.1155/2014/637693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Root canal and furcal perforations are causes of endodontic therapy failure and different materials that stimulate tissue mineralization have been proposed for perforation treatment. In the first case, a patient presented tooth 46 with unsatisfactory endodontic treatment and a periapical radiographic lesion. A radiolucent area compatible with a perforating internal resorption cavity was found in the mesial root. The granulation tissue was removed, and root canals were prepared. The intracanal medication was composed of calcium hydroxide and the perforation cavity was filled with Portland cement. The 11-year followup showed radiographic repair of the tissue adjacent to the perforation and absence of clinical signs and symptoms or periapical lesion. In the second case, a patient presented with edema on the buccal surface of tooth 46. The examination showed a radiolucent area in the furcation region compatible with an iatrogenic perforation cavity. The mesial root canals were calcified, and only the distal root canal was prepared. The cavity was filled with a calcium hydroxide-based paste and the distal root canal was obturated. In sequence, the perforation cavity was filled with Portland cement. The 9-year followup showed the tooth in masticatory function with radiographic and clinical aspects compatible with normality.
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Corral Nuñez CM, Bosomworth HJ, Field C, Whitworth JM, Valentine RA. Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Induce Similar Cellular Responses in a Fibroblast Cell Line. J Endod 2014; 40:406-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Anand S, Taneja S, Kumari M. Effect of accelerants on the immediate and the delayed sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate when used as an apical plug: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:45-8. [PMID: 24554860 PMCID: PMC3915385 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.124134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate and compare the influence of various accelerators, 15% disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), 10% calcium chloride (CaCl2) and 23.1 wt% calcium lactate gluconate (CLG), on the immediate (after 72 h) and delayed (after 2 months) sealing ability of white ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) when it is used as an apical plug. Materials and Methods: Eighty, single-rooted mandibular premolars were instrumented and standardized artificial open apices were created. The samples were then randomly assigned into four experimental groups and two control groups. WMTA was mixed with the respective accelerators and an apical plug of 4-mm thickness was fabricated. The remaining canal spaces were then backfilled. The samples were stored for the stipulated time periods and then immersed in 0.2% Rhodamine B solution for 72 h. Dye leakage was analyzed using a stereomicroscope. Results: Mean microleakage values of all experimental groups revealed that MTA + 23.1 wt% CLG showed the least leakage, followed by MTA + 15% Na2HPO4 and MTA + 10% CaCl2 with MTA + deionized water showing the maximum leakage at both the time intervals (P < 0.001). All the samples stored for a period of 2 months showed less leakage as compared with the samples stored for 72 h (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It was found that all three accelerators significantly accelerated the set of WMTA, of which 23.1 wt% CLG showed the best results, followed by 15% Na2HPO4 and 10% CaCl2. The sealing ability of all the experimental groups was significantly superior after 2 months as compared with that after 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Anand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, I.T.S. Centre for Dental Studies and Research Delhi-Merrut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali Taneja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, I.T.S. Centre for Dental Studies and Research Delhi-Merrut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manju Kumari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, I.T.S. Centre for Dental Studies and Research Delhi-Merrut Road, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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de Aza PN, Zuleta F, Velasquez P, Vicente-Salar N, Reig JA. (α'(H))-Dicalcium silicate bone cement doped with tricalcium phosphate: characterization, bioactivity and biocompatibility. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:445-452. [PMID: 24218299 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of phosphorus doping on the properties of (α'(H))-dicalcium silicate (C(2)S) bone cement was analyzed, in addition to bioactivity and biocompatibility. All the cements were composed of a solid solution of TCP in C(2)S ([Formula: see text]-C(2)S(ss)) as the only phase present. The compressive strength ranged from 3.8-16.3 MPa. Final setting times ranged from 10 to 50 min and were lower for cements with lower L/P content. Calcium silicate hydrate was the principal phase formed during the hydration process of the cements. The cement exhibited a moderate degradation and could induce carbonated hydroxyapatite formation on its surface and into the pores. The cell attachment test showed that the (α'(H))-C(2)SiO(4) solid solution supported human adipose stem cells adhesion and spreading, and the cells established close contacts with the cement after 24 h of culture. The novel (α'(H))-C(2)S(ss) cements might be suitable for potential applications in the biomedical field, preferentially as materials for bone/dental repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piedad N de Aza
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain,
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Koçak S, Erten H, Baris E, Türk S, Alaçam T. Evaluation of the biocompatibility of experimentally manufactured portland cement: An animal study. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6:e17-21. [PMID: 24596630 PMCID: PMC3935900 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of MTA and the experimentally manufactured portland cement (EMPC).
Study design: Twenty one Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were allocated to testing of three groups. Group I and Group II included ProRoot MTA and the EMPC. The materials were mixed with distilled water and placed in polyethylene tubes. The tubes were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of the animals. Group III served as control; the implanted polyethylene tubes remained empty. At 7, 14, and 28 days after the implantation, the animals were sacrificed and the implants were removed with the surrounding tissues. The specimens were prepared for histological examination to evaluate the inflammatory response.
Results: No significant difference was found between tissue reactions against the tested materials (p>0.05). Also, control group showed similar results (p>0.05).
Conclusions: Results suggest that the EMPC has the potential to be used in clinical conditions in which ProRoot MTA is indicated. MTA and the EMPC show comparable biocompatibility when evaluated in vivo. Although the results are supportive for the EMPC, more studies are required before the safe clinical use of the EMPC.
Key words:Mineral trioxide aggregate, portland cement, subcutanous implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Koçak
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Hülya Erten
- Department of Restoratif Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Baris
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Türk
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Alaçam
- Turkish Cement Manufacturers' Association, Ankara, Turkey
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Song M, Yoon TS, Kim SY, Kim E. Cytotoxicity of newly developed pozzolan cement and other root-end filling materials on human periodontal ligament cell. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 39:39-44. [PMID: 24516828 PMCID: PMC3916504 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2014.39.1.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity of the pozzolan cement and other root-end filling materials using human periodontal ligament cell. Materials and Methods Endocem (Maruchi), white ProRoot MTA (Dentsply), white Angelus MTA (Angelus), and Super EBA (Bosworth Co.) were tested after set completely in an incubator at 37℃ for 7 days, Endocem was tested in two ways: 1) immediately after mixing (fresh specimens) and 2) after setting completely like other experimental materials. The methods for assessment included light microscopic examination, cell counting and WST-1 assay on human periodontal ligament cell. Results In the results of microscopic examination and cell counting, Super EBA showed significantly lower viable cell than any other groups (p < 0.05). As the results of WST-1 assay, compared with untreated control group, there was no significant cell viability of the Endocem group. However, the fresh mixed Endocem group had significantly less cell viability. The cells exposed to ProRoot MTA and Angelus MTA showed the highest viability, whereas the cells exposed to Super EBA displayed the lowest viability (p < 0.05). Conclusions The cytotoxicity of the pozzolan cement (Endocem) was comparable with ProRoot MTA and Angelus MTA. Considering the difficult manipulation and long setting time of ProRoot MTA and Angelus MTA, Endocem can be used as the alternative of retrofilling material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minju Song
- Department of Conservative Dentistry Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Sun Yoon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue-Youn Kim
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Euiseong Kim
- Microscope Center, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Oral Science Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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In Vitro Screening of the Apatite-Forming Ability, Biointeractivity and Physical Properties of a Tricalcium Silicate Material for Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry. Dent J (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/dj1040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Correa D, Almirall A, García-Carrodeguas R, dos Santos LA, De Aza AH, Parra J, Delgado JÁ. β-Dicalcium silicate-based cement: synthesis, characterization and in vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility studies. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:3693-703. [PMID: 24277585 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
β-dicalcium silicate (β-Ca₂ SiO₄, β-C₂ S) is one of the main constituents in Portland cement clinker and many refractory materials, itself is a hydraulic cement that reacts with water or aqueous solution at room/body temperature to form a hydrated phase (C-S-H), which provides mechanical strength to the end product. In the present investigation, β-C₂ S was synthesized by sol-gel process and it was used as powder to cement preparation, named CSiC. In vitro bioactivity and biocompatibility studies were assessed by soaking the cement samples in simulated body fluid solutions and human osteoblast cell cultures for various time periods, respectively. The results showed that the sol-gel process is an available synthesis method in order to obtain a pure powder of β-C₂ S at relatively low temperatures without chemical stabilizers. A bone-like apatite layer covered the material surface after soaking in SBF and its compressive strength (CSiC cement) was comparable with that of the human trabecular bone. The extracts of this cement were not cytotoxic and the cell growth and relative cell viability were comparable to negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Correa
- Departamento de Cerámicas y Composites, Centro de Biomateriales, Universidad de La Habana, 10400, La Habana, Cuba
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Vitti RP, Prati C, Sinhoreti MAC, Zanchi CH, Souza e Silva MG, Ogliari FA, Piva E, Gandolfi MG. Chemical–physical properties of experimental root canal sealers based on butyl ethylene glycol disalicylate and MTA. Dent Mater 2013; 29:1287-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eid AA, Gosier JL, Primus CM, Hammond BD, Susin LF, Pashley DH, Tay FR. In vitro biocompatibility and oxidative stress profiles of different hydraulic calcium silicate cements. J Endod 2013; 40:255-60. [PMID: 24461414 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MTA Plus is a new calcium silicate cement with unknown cytotoxicity characteristics. The objectives of this study were to examine the effect of MTA Plus on the viability, apoptosis/necrosis profile, and oxidative stress levels of rat odontoblast-like cells. METHODS MDPC-23 cells were exposed to gray and white MTA Plus (GMTAP, WMTAP), gray and white ProRoot MTA (GMTA, WMTA) cements, or their eluents. The cells were evaluated for (1) cell viability by using XTT assay, (2) apoptosis/necrosis by using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and (3) oxidative stress by measuring reactive oxygen species. RESULTS XTT assay showed that all test cements exhibited marked initial cytotoxicity that decreased with time. By the end of the third week, GMTAP and GMTA were comparable to untreated cells (negative control) in terms of cell viability, whereas WMTAP and WMTA were significantly lower than the untreated cells. Apoptosis/necrosis profiles of cells exposed to WMTAP and GMTAP were not significantly different from untreated cells, whereas cells exposed to WMTA and GMTA showed significantly less viable cells. All experimental groups exhibited reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species formation compared with untreated cells, although cells exposed to WMTA were not significantly different from untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS Both the gray and white versions of MTA Plus possess negligible in vitro cytotoxic risks that are time and dilution dependent. They enrich the spectrum of hydraulic calcium silicate cements currently available to clinicians for endodontic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A Eid
- Department of Dental and Biomedical Material Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Johnny L Gosier
- Department of Endodontics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Barry D Hammond
- Department of General Dentistry, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Lisiane F Susin
- Department of Endodontics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - David H Pashley
- Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia; Department of Oral Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia.
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Vitti RP, Prati C, Silva EJNL, Sinhoreti MAC, Zanchi CH, de Souza e Silva MG, Ogliari FA, Piva E, Gandolfi MG. Physical properties of MTA Fillapex sealer. J Endod 2013; 39:915-8. [PMID: 23791263 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare several physicochemical properties including working and setting times, flow, solubility, and water absorption of a recent calcium silicate-based sealer (MTA Fillapex; Angelus, Londrina, Brazil) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH Plus; Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany). METHODS The materials were handled following the manufacturer's instructions. The working time and flow were tested according to ISO 6876:2001 and the setting time according to American Society for Testing and Materials C266. For solubility and water absorption tests, the materials were placed into polyvinyl chloride molds (8 × 1.6 mm). The samples (n = 10 for each material and test) were placed in a cylindrical polystyrene-sealed container with 20 mL deionized water at 37°C. At 1, 7, 14, and 28 days, the samples were removed from the solutions and blotted dry for solubility and water absorption tests. The data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance with the Tukey test (P < .05). RESULTS MTA Fillapex showed the lowest values of flow, working and setting times, solubility, and water absorption (P < .05). The solubility and water absorption increased significantly over time for both materials in a 1- to 28-day period (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS MTA Fillapex showed suitable physical properties to be used as an endodontic sealer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pino Vitti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.
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Milia E, Castelli G, Bortone A, Sotgiu G, Manunta A, Pinna R, Gallina G. Short-term response of three resin-based materials as desensitizing agents under oral environmental exposure. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:599-609. [PMID: 22891890 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2012.700063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper focuses on clinical responses after 7 days of oral exposure to two resin-based materials as desensitizing agents compared to a fluoride varnish and on morphological and analytical study as a means to elucidate the mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS The elemental composition of Vertise™ Flow (VF), Universal Dentine Sealant (UDS) and Flor-Opal® Varnish (FOV) were investigated by using an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) in conjunction with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM morphology of the material-treated dentine surfaces and pain reduction ability according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were evaluated in selected hypersensitive teeth. Post treatments and 7 day controls were recorded with SEM and VAS measurements. Clinical data was analysed with the Student's t-test for paired data, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS Silicon, ytterbium and alumina were the most present elements in VF, whilst calcium, chloride, silicon and alumina were highest in UDS. Within a 7 day oral environment all the tested materials modified the treated-dentine surfaces showing tubular occlusion of different morphology. Clinically, the efficacy of all materials was similar after a 7-day examination. However, VAS scores were significantly reduced if compared with the baseline (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, data indicate that both resins are effective in sealing tubules and reducing VAS. A resin-related effect on the dentine's morphology was observed, which may influence the long-term response of the resins in the treatment of dental hypersensitivity, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Milia
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy.
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Biocompatibility of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Mixed with Hydration Accelerators. J Endod 2013; 39:497-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Simon S, Smith AJ, Lumley PJ, Cooper PR, Berdal A. The pulp healing process: from generation to regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/etp.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kurita LM, Cavalcante RB, Gurgel-Filho ED, De-Deus GA, Ximenes AB, Da Silva EJNL. Response of mice connective tissue to three different endodontic materials. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:311-5. [PMID: 23335503 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Bio and Portland cement (PC) and compare with those of ProRoot MTA. Polyethylene tubes were filled with materials and placed into dorsal subcutaneous connective tissue of Wistar albino rats. After 7, 30, and 60 days after the surgical procedure, the implants with the surrounding tissue were removed. Tissue samples were subjected to histological processing, and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Sections were evaluated for the intensity of inflammation, predominant cell type, presence of fibrous capsule and granulation tissue. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test at a significant level of P ≤ 0.05. No statistical differences were observed at any evaluated condition among tested materials (P > 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed between mean inflammatory scores, cell types and granulation tissue of the same material in different experimental periods (P < 0.05). Can be concluded that biocompatibility of MTA bio and PC were comparable with that of ProRoot MTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Mitsuo Kurita
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará (UFC) Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Sauro S, Osorio R, Fulgêncio R, Watson TF, Cama G, Thompson I, Toledano M. Remineralisation properties of innovative light-curable resin-based dental materials containing bioactive micro-fillers. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2624-2638. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00205e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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