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Yang L, Pijuan-Galito S, Rho HS, Vasilevich AS, Eren AD, Ge L, Habibović P, Alexander MR, de Boer J, Carlier A, van Rijn P, Zhou Q. High-Throughput Methods in the Discovery and Study of Biomaterials and Materiobiology. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4561-4677. [PMID: 33705116 PMCID: PMC8154331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The complex interaction of cells with biomaterials (i.e., materiobiology) plays an increasingly pivotal role in the development of novel implants, biomedical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds to treat diseases, aid in the restoration of bodily functions, construct healthy tissues, or regenerate diseased ones. However, the conventional approaches are incapable of screening the huge amount of potential material parameter combinations to identify the optimal cell responses and involve a combination of serendipity and many series of trial-and-error experiments. For advanced tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, highly efficient and complex bioanalysis platforms are expected to explore the complex interaction of cells with biomaterials using combinatorial approaches that offer desired complex microenvironments during healing, development, and homeostasis. In this review, we first introduce materiobiology and its high-throughput screening (HTS). Then we present an in-depth of the recent progress of 2D/3D HTS platforms (i.e., gradient and microarray) in the principle, preparation, screening for materiobiology, and combination with other advanced technologies. The Compendium for Biomaterial Transcriptomics and high content imaging, computational simulations, and their translation toward commercial and clinical uses are highlighted. In the final section, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed. High-throughput experimentation within the field of materiobiology enables the elucidation of the relationships between biomaterial properties and biological behavior and thereby serves as a potential tool for accelerating the development of high-performance biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Yang
- University
of Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and
Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Pijuan-Galito
- School
of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Hoon Suk Rho
- Department
of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired
Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aliaksei S. Vasilevich
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aysegul Dede Eren
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lu Ge
- University
of Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and
Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department
of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired
Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- School
of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, University
of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Carlier
- Department
of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired
Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- University
of Groningen, W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and
Materials Science, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Institute
for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated
Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao
University, Qingdao 266003, China
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2
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Komorowski P, Walkowiak-Przybyło M, Walkowiak B. Early cell response to contact with biomaterial's surface. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:880-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Komorowski
- Department of Biophysics; Institute of Materials Science; Lodz University of Technology; Lodz Poland
- BioTechMed Advanced Technology Centre; Lodz Poland
- BioNanoPark laboratories of Lodz Regional Park of Science and Technology; Lodz Poland
| | - Magdalena Walkowiak-Przybyło
- Department of Biophysics; Institute of Materials Science; Lodz University of Technology; Lodz Poland
- BioTechMed Advanced Technology Centre; Lodz Poland
| | - Bogdan Walkowiak
- Department of Biophysics; Institute of Materials Science; Lodz University of Technology; Lodz Poland
- BioTechMed Advanced Technology Centre; Lodz Poland
- BioNanoPark laboratories of Lodz Regional Park of Science and Technology; Lodz Poland
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3
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Patel H, Ostergard DR, Sternschuss G. Polypropylene mesh and the host response. Int Urogynecol J 2012; 23:669-79. [PMID: 22430945 DOI: 10.1007/s00192-012-1718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of polypropylene (PP) mesh for pelvic floor repair has been increasing dramatically over the past decade; however, tissue response in humans has not been extensively studied. This review discusses PP mesh and postimplantation host tissue response. Emphasis is placed on studies investigating the relationship between individual mesh properties and specific responses. There is an immediate inflammatory response after PP mesh implantation that lays the framework for tissue ingrowth and subsequent mesh integration. This response varies based on physical properties of individual mesh, such as pore size, weight, coatings, bacterial colonization, and biofilm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren Patel
- Long Beach Memorial Medical Center, Women's Hospital, Long Beach, CA 90806, USA.
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4
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Xiang Y, Wang Y, Luo Y, Zhang B, Xin J, Zheng D. Molecular biocompatibility evaluation of poly(d,l-lactic acid)-modified biomaterials based on long serial analysis of gene expression. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 85:248-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Au AY, Au RY, Demko JL, McLaughlin RM, Eves BE, Frondoza CG. Consil bioactive glass particles enhance osteoblast proliferation and selectively modulate cell signaling pathways in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 94:380-8. [PMID: 20186728 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Consil Bioglass is a commercially available bioactive glass formulation previously shown in clinical studies to support osteogenesis and the repair of bony defects in dogs and cats. Previous in vitro studies confirm that Consil particles are able to bond directly with bone while promoting osteoblast proliferation and extracellular matrix production. However, the cellular mechanisms mediating their clinical effect remain unclear. This study evaluated whether enhancement of osteoblast proliferation by Consil particles is associated with signal transduction. Consil particles maintained the osteoblast phenotype and enhanced proliferation of canine osteoblasts for up to 21 days in culture. Stimulation of proliferation and maintenance of phenotype expression were accompanied by the modulation of selective cell signaling pathways including integrins, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the immediate-early gene c-Jun. These genes have been documented to mediate osteoblast growth and differentiation. The signal transduction occurs in a time-dependent manner in which Consil particles induce a decrease in the pattern of MAPK and c-Jun gene transcription from 4 to 24 h and a subsequent return to control levels by 7 days in culture. Our observations suggest that Consil Bioglass particles may provide cues that enhance cell division necessary for facilitating bone regeneration and the repair of bony defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Y Au
- Nutramax Laboratories, Inc., 2208 Lakeside Boulevard, Edgewood, Maryland 21040, USA
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6
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Power KA, Fitzgerald KT, Gallagher WM. Examination of cell–host–biomaterial interactions via high-throughput technologies: A re-appraisal. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6667-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Hanagata N, Takemura T, Minowa T. Global gene expression analysis for evaluation and design of biomaterials. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2010; 11:013001. [PMID: 27877315 PMCID: PMC5090542 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/11/1/013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive gene expression analysis using DNA microarrays has become a widespread technique in molecular biological research. In the biomaterials field, it is used to evaluate the biocompatibility or cellular toxicity of metals, polymers and ceramics. Studies in this field have extracted differentially expressed genes in the context of differences in cellular responses among multiple materials. Based on these genes, the effects of materials on cells at the molecular level have been examined. Expression data ranging from several to tens of thousands of genes can be obtained from DNA microarrays. For this reason, several tens or hundreds of differentially expressed genes are often present in different materials. In this review, we outline the principles of DNA microarrays, and provide an introduction to methods of extracting information which is useful for evaluating and designing biomaterials from comprehensive gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hanagata
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center and Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Taro Takemura
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center and Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Minowa
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center and Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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Pallu S, Fricain JC, Bareille R, Bourget C, Dard M, Sewing A, Amédée J. Cyclo-DfKRG peptide modulates in vitro and in vivo behavior of human osteoprogenitor cells on titanium alloys. Acta Biomater 2009; 5:3581-92. [PMID: 19467347 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first aim of the present study was to investigate the capacity of a cyclo-DfKRG-coated hydroxyapatite-titanium alloy (Ti-HA-RGD) to activate in vitro human osteoprogenitor cells adhesion and differentiation. The second purpose was to examine in vivo the role of a autologous cell seeding on cyclo-DfKRG-functionalized materials to provide bone repair after implantation in femoral condyle of rabbits. Our in vitro results have demonstrated that both titanium alloy functionalized with hydroxyapatite (Ti-HA-RGD and Ti-HA) contributed to higher cell adhesion than titanium alloy alone respectively 85 and 55% vs 15% compared to tissue culture polystyrene after one hour of cell seeding. As for differentiation, after 3 days of culture, Ti-HA presented the highest increase of ALP mRNA of all surfaces studied. Ti-HA-RGD showed an intermediate value about half as high as Ti-HA. Moreover after 3 days, both Ti-HA and Ti-HA-RGD surfaces showed the highest increase of cbfa1 mRNA expression. Two weeks following implantation, in vivo findings revealed that percentage of lacunae contact observed with pre-cellularized Ti-HA-RGD samples remains significantly lower than with Ti-HA group (10.5+/-9.6 % vs 33.7+/-11.5 %, P<0.03). Meanwhile, RGD peptide coating had no significant additional effect on the bone implant contact and area. Moreover, histomorphometry analysis revealed that implantation of pre-cellularized RGD coated materials with ROP cells increased significantly peri-implant fibrous area (24+/-11.6% vs 3+/-1.7% for Ti-HA-RGD, P<0.02). RGD coatings demonstrated osteoblastic adhesion, differentiation and in vivo bone regeneration at most equivalent to HA coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pallu
- INSERM, U658, Hôpital Porte Madeleine, 1 rue Porte Madeleine, BP 2439, 45032 Orléans Cedex 1, France.
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9
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Bombonato-Prado KF, Bellesini LS, Junta CM, Marques MM, Passos GA, Rosa AL. Microarray-based gene expression analysis of human osteoblasts in response to different biomaterials. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 88:401-8. [PMID: 18306281 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several biomaterials have been widely used in bone regeneration/substitution procedures in orthopedic and oral surgery. However, how these biomaterials alter osteoblast gene expression is poorly understood. We therefore attempted to address this question by using cDNA microarray technique to identify genes that are differentially regulated in osteoblasts exposed to biomaterials comprehending the biocompatibility spectrum of bioactive (bioglass and hydroxyapatite), bioinert (Ti and stainless steel), and biotolerant (polymethylmethacrylate). By using a cDNA microarray containing 687 human IMAGE sequences, we identified in primary cultures of osteoblastic cells differentiated from the human bone marrow and exposed to these biomaterials, genes whose expression was significantly upregulated or downregulated. Among the differentially expressed genes we have found those involved with cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis, cell adhesion, bone mineralization and skeletal development. These results can be relevant to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the behavior of osteoblasts in bone regenerative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina F Bombonato-Prado
- Department of Morphology, Stomatology and Physiology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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10
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Pernagallo S, Diaz-Mochon JJ, Bradley M. A cooperative polymer-DNA microarray approach to biomaterial investigation. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:397-403. [PMID: 19156288 DOI: 10.1039/b808363k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, polymer microarrays were used for the rapid identification of polymer substrates upon which a suspension cell line would both adhere and proliferate giving a detailed and rapid understanding of cell-biomaterial interactions. Analysis demonstrated that suspension K562 human erythroleukemic cells, which normally grow in suspension, adhered and proliferated on several different polymers. Phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis techniques allowed examination of the interaction between cells and polymers permitting the elucidation of putative links between phenotypic responses to cell-biomaterial interactions and global gene expression.
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11
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Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of nickel ions based on gene expression profiles. Biomaterials 2009; 30:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Wirth C, Grosgogeat B, Lagneau C, Jaffrezic-Renault N, Ponsonnet L. Biomaterial surface properties modulate in vitro rat calvaria osteoblasts response: Roughness and or chemistry? MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Klapperich C, Kaufman J, Wong J. Controlling and Assessing Cell–Biomaterial Interactions at the Micro- and Nanoscale. Biomaterials 2007. [DOI: 10.1201/9780849378898.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Gallagher WM, Lynch I, Allen LT, Miller I, Penney SC, O'Connor DP, Pennington S, Keenan AK, Dawson KA. Molecular basis of cell-biomaterial interaction: insights gained from transcriptomic and proteomic studies. Biomaterials 2006; 27:5871-82. [PMID: 16938344 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the growing interest in clinical interventions that involve medical devices, the role for new biomaterials in modern medicine is currently expanding at a phenomenal rate. Failure of most implant materials stems from an inability to predict and control biological phenomena, such as protein adsorption and cell interaction, resulting in an inappropriate host response to the materials. Contemporary advances in biological investigation are starting to shift focus in the biomaterials field, in particular with the advent of high-throughput methodologies for gene and protein expression profiling. Here, we examine the role that emerging transcriptomic and proteomic technologies could play in relation to biomaterial development and usage. Moreover, a number of studies are highlighted which have utilized such approaches in order to try to create a deeper understanding of cell-biomaterial interactions and, hence, improve our ability to predict and control the biocompatibility of new materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gallagher
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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15
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Moradian-Oldak J, Wen HB, Schneider GB, Stanford CM. Tissue engineering strategies for the future generation of dental implants. Periodontol 2000 2006; 41:157-76. [PMID: 16686932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Moradian-Oldak
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Kim CS, Sohn SH, Jeon SK, Kim KN, Ryu JJ, Kim MK. Effect of various implant coatings on biological responses in MG63 using cDNA microarray. J Oral Rehabil 2006; 33:368-79. [PMID: 16629896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2005.01553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the process of bone formation, titanium (Ti) surface is an important factor in the modulation of osteoblastic function. This study was conducted in order to determine the effects of different Ti surfaces on the biological responses of a human osteoblast-like cell line (MG63). MG63 cells were cultured on smooth (S), sandblasted large-grit and acid etching (SLA), hydroxyapatite (HA), hydroxyfluoride (HF), titanium nitrate (TIN), and diamond-like carbon (DLC) Ti. The morphology of these cells were assessed by SEM. The cDNAs prepared from the total RNAs of the MG63 were hybridized into a human cDNA microarray (1152 elements). The appearances of the surfaces observed by SEM were different on each of the six dental substrate types. The SLA and HA surfaces were determined to be rougher than the others. MG63 cells cultured on SLA and HA exhibited cell-matrix interactions. In the expression of genes involved in osseointegration, several genes, including bone morphogenetic protein, cadherin, integrin, and insulin-like growth factors, were upregulated on the different surfaces. Several genes, including fibroblast growth factor receptor 4, Bcl 2-related protein, and collagen, were downregulated on the different surfaces. The attachment and expression of key osteogenic regulatory genes were enhanced by the surface roughness of the dental materials used.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-S Kim
- Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Saldaña L, Vilaboa N, Vallés G, González-Cabrero J, Munuera L. Osteoblast response to thermally oxidized Ti6Al4V alloy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 73:97-107. [PMID: 15704115 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported that thermal oxidation treatments of Ti6Al4V at 500 degrees and 700 degrees C for 1 h result in the formation of an outer "ceramic" layer of rutile that do not decrease the high in vitro corrosion resistance of the alloy. In the present work, surface roughness was measured and found marginally increased as a consequence of oxidation of the alloy at 700 degrees C, but not at 500 degrees C. We have evaluated the biocompatibility of the oxidized surfaces, by assessing cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of primary cultures of human osteoblastic cells. Compared with polished alloy, both thermal treatments increased osteoblast adhesion measured as cell attachment, beta1 integrin and FAK-Y397 expression, as well as cytoskeletal reorganization. Compared with treatment at 500 degrees C, thermal oxidation at 700 degrees C enhanced cell adhesion. Treatment at 700 degrees C transiently impaired cell proliferation and viability, which were not altered in alloys oxidized at 500 degrees C. Several markers of osteoblastic differentiation such as procollagen I peptide, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and mineralized nodule formation were found either unaffected or differentially increased by alloys treated either at 500 degrees or 700 degrees C. In addition, thermal oxidation at 700 degrees C also increased osteoprotegerin secretion. Taken together, our results indicate that thermal oxidation treatments at 500 degrees or 700 degrees C for 1 h improve the in vitro biocompatibility of Ti6Al4V.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Saldaña
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ratner BD, Schoen FJ, Lemons JE, Hoffman AS. Perspectives and Possibilities in Biomaterials Science. Biomater Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012582460-6/50014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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