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Laffargue T, Moulis C, Remaud-Simeon M. Phosphorylated polysaccharides: Applications, natural abundance, and new-to-nature structures generated by chemical and enzymatic functionalization. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108140. [PMID: 36958536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are foreseen as serious candidates for the future generation of polymers, as they are biosourced and biodegradable materials. Their functionalisation is an attractive way to modify their properties, thereby increasing their range of applications. Introduction of phosphate groups in polysaccharide chains for the stimulation of the immune system was first described in the nineteen seventies. Since then, the use of phosphorylated polysaccharides has been proposed in various domains, such as healthcare, water treatment, cosmetic, biomaterials, etc. These alternative usages capitalize on newly acquired physico-chemical or biological properties, leading to materials as diverse as flame-resistant agents or drug delivery systems. Phosphorylated polysaccharides are found in Nature and need to be extracted to assess their biological potential. However, they are not abundant, often present complex backbones hard to characterize, and most of them have a low phosphate content. These drawbacks have pushed forward the development of chemical phosphorylation employing a wide variety of phosphorylating agents to obtain polysaccharides with a large range of phosphate content. Chemical phosphorylation requires the use of harsh conditions and toxic, petroleum-based solvents, which hinders their exploitation in the food and health industry. Over the last 20 years, although enzymes are regiospecific catalysts that work in aqueous and mild conditions, enzymatic phosphorylation has been little investigated. To date, only three families of enzymes have been used for the in vitro phosphorylation of polysaccharides. Considering the number of unresolved metabolic pathways leading to phosphorylated polysaccharides, the huge diversity of kinase sequences, and the recent progress in protein engineering one can envision native and engineered kinases as promising tools for polysaccharide phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Laffargue
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Simeon
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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Rameshthangam P, Solairaj D, Arunachalam G, Ramasamy P. Chitin and Chitinases: Biomedical And Environmental Applications of Chitin and its Derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.14302/issn.2690-4829.jen-18-2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Disposal of chitin wastes from crustacean shell can cause environmental and health hazards. Chitin is a well known abundant natural polymer extracted after deproteinization and demineralization of the shell wastes of shrimp, crab, lobster, and krill. Extraction of chitin and its derivatives from waste material is one of the alternative ways to turn the waste into useful products. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin. Chitinases contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem. Chitin and chitinolytic enzymes are gaining importance for their biotechnological applications. The presence of surface charge and multiple functional groups make chitin as a beneficial natural polymer. Due to the reactive functional groups chitin can be used for the preparation of a spectrum of chitin derivatives such as chitosan, alkyl chitin, sulfated chitin, dibutyryl chitin and carboxymethyl chitin for specific applications in different areas. The present review is aimed to summarize the efficacy of the chitinases on the chitin and its derivatives and their diverse applications in biomedical and environmental field. Further this review also discusses the synthesis of various chitin derivatives in detail and brings out the importance of chitin and its derivatives in biomedical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhanasekaran Solairaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Gnanapragasam Arunachalam
- College of Poultry Productions and Management, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Hosur - 635 110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniappan Ramasamy
- Director- Research, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, BIHER- Bharath University, Chennai-600041, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sahoo D, Sahoo S, Mohanty P, Sasmal S, Nayak PL. Chitosan: a New Versatile Bio-polymer for Various Applications. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/138577209x12486896623418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Sahoo
- a Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 53/A, Keshpur, Po-CRRI, Cuttack-753006, Orissa, India
| | - Sarmila Sahoo
- b Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 53/A, Keshpur, Po-CRRI, Cuttack-753006, Orissa, India
| | - Priyanka Mohanty
- c Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 53/A, Keshpur, Po-CRRI, Cuttack-753006, Orissa, India
| | - S. Sasmal
- d Central Rice Research Institute, Bidyadharpur, Cuttack-753006, Orissa, India
| | - P. L. Nayak
- e Institute of Nanobiotechnology, 53/A, Keshpur, Po-CRRI, Cuttack-753006, Orissa, India
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Metwally E, Elkholy S, Salem H, Elsabee M. Sorption behavior of 60Co and 152+154Eu radionuclides onto chitosan derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hayes M, Carney B, Slater J, Brück W. Mining marine shellfish wastes for bioactive molecules: Chitin and chitosan – Part B: Applications. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:878-89. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kang N, Policova Z, Bankian G, Hair ML, Zuo YY, Neumann AW, Acosta EJ. Interaction between chitosan and bovine lung extract surfactants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:291-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harish Prashanth K, Tharanathan R. Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited application potential—an overview. Trends Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Li QL, Chen ZQ, Darvell BW, Liu LK, Jiang HB, Zen Q, Peng Q, Ou GM. Chitosan-phosphorylated chitosan polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel as an osteoblast carrier. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 82:481-6. [PMID: 17279564 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To simulate extra-cellular matrix, a novel three-dimensional scaffold of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogel as an osteoblast carrier was synthesized. First, chitosan, a natural glycosaminoglycan, was modified by phosphorylation to obtain a water-soluble phosphorylated chitosan (P-content: 10.7 mass%). The PEC hydrogel was then formed from equal volumes of 0.173 mass% phosphorylated chitosan in water and 1 mass% chitosan in 1% (V/V) acetic acid solution. Rat osteoblasts were seeded in the hydrogel. The PEC hydrogel had a three-dimensional hierarchically-porous structure and good cytobiocompatibility for osteoblasts in vitro. It is concluded that the PEC hydrogel is a promising material as an osteoblast carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Li Li
- Department of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Lima I, Lazarin A, Airoldi C. Cyclic voltammetric investigations on copper α-N,O-succinated chitosan interactions. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zou Y, Khor E. Preparation of C-6 Substituted Chitin Derivatives under Homogeneous Conditions. Biomacromolecules 2004; 6:80-7. [PMID: 15638507 DOI: 10.1021/bm049672y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tosylation of chitin under homogeneous conditions was achieved by the reaction of tosyl chloride with chitin in a DMAc/LiCl solvent system. The resultant tosyl-chitin was fully N-acetylated with acetic anhydride in methanol. The fully acetylated tosyl-chitin was subsequently reacted with the sodium salts of ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, diethyl malonate, and diethyl phosphite in DMAc to give the corresponding chitin derivatives of 6-O-ethyl benzoate-chitin, 6-deoxy-diethyl malonate-chitin, and 6-(deoxydiethyl) phosphite-chitin, respectively. Subsequent hydrolysis of the chitin-ester derivatives with tert-butoxide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) generated 6-O-carboxyphenyl-chitin and 6-(deoxydicarboxy)methyl-chitin. The structures of the chitin derivatives were assessed by FT-IR, (13)C NMR, and (31)P NMR, while the degree of substitution of the S(N)2 reaction was estimated by elemental analysis. All the chitin derivatives were found to be soluble or swellable in water, DMAc, or DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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Senel S, McClure SJ. Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:1467-80. [PMID: 15191793 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2003] [Accepted: 02/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a partially deacetylated polymer obtained from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin which is a glucose-based unbranched polysaccharide widely distributed in nature as the principal component of exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects as well as of cell walls of some bacteria and fungi. Chitosan exhibits a variety of physicochemical and biological properties resulting in numerous applications in fields such as waste and water treatment, agriculture, fabric and textiles, cosmetics, nutritional enhancement, and food processing. In addition to its lack of toxicity and allergenicity, and its biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioactivity make it a very attractive substance for diverse applications as a biomaterial in pharmaceutical and medical fields, where it has been used for systemic and local delivery of drugs and vaccines. It also has bioactive properties in its own right. This paper reviews current veterinary applications for chitosan including wound healing, bone regeneration, analgesic and antimicrobial effects. It also discusses the potential application of chitosan to drug and vaccine delivery in veterinary species. Given the restrictions imposed by financial and animal restraint considerations, especially in farming applications, the veterinary drug delivery areas most likely to benefit from chitosan are the delivery of chemotherapeutics such as antibiotics, antiparasitics, anaesthetics, painkillers and growth promotants to mucosal epithelium for absorption for local or systemic activity, and the delivery of immunomodulatory agents to the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue for induction or modulation of local immune responses. The properties of chitosan expected to enhance these functions are discussed, and the future research directions in this field are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Senel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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