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Cirillo N. The Hyaluronan/CD44 Axis: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15812. [PMID: 37958796 PMCID: PMC10649834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) receptor CD44 is widely used for identifying cancer stem cells and its activation promotes stemness. Recent evidence shows that overexpression of CD44 is associated with poor prognosis in most human cancers and mediates therapy resistance. For these reasons, in recent years, CD44 has become a treatment target in precision oncology, often via HA-conjugated antineoplastic drugs. Importantly, HA molecules of different sizes have a dual effect and, therefore, may enhance or attenuate the CD44-mediated signaling pathways, as they compete with endogenous HA for binding to the receptors. The magnitude of these effects could be crucial for cancer progression, as well as for driving the inflammatory response in the tumor microenvironment. The increasingly common use of HA-conjugated drugs in oncology, as well as HA-based compounds as adjuvants in cancer treatment, adds further complexity to the understanding of the net effect of hyaluronan-CD44 activation in cancers. In this review, I focus on the significance of CD44 in malignancy and discuss the dichotomous function of the hyaluronan/CD44 axis in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, VIC 3053, Australia
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Clinical and Biological Characteristics of Medullary and Extramedullary Plasma Cell Dyscrasias. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070629. [PMID: 34356484 PMCID: PMC8301115 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Extramedullary disease can occur either in multiple myeloma at the initial diagnosis or relapse or as primary extramedullary plasmocytoma/solitary osseous plasmocytoma. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying extramedullary spread of clonal plasma cells are not fully understood. The aim of our study was to assess further insights into clinical and biological characteristics of different types of extramedullary plasma cell disorders. We show that expression profiles of molecules involved in homing and cytogenetic abnormalities differ between various types of plasma cell dyscrasias, indicating the contrasting biology of these diseases. Abstract Background: Extramedullary plasma cell (PC) disorders may occur as extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma (MM-EMD) or as primary extramedullary plasmocytoma (pEMP)/solitary osseous plasmocytoma (SOP). In this study, we aimed to obtain insights into the molecular mechanisms of extramedullary spread of clonal PC. Methods: Clinical and biological characteristics of 87 patients with MM-EMD (n = 49), pEMP/SOP (n = 20) and classical MM (n = 18) were analyzed by using immunohistochemistry (CXCR4, CD31, CD44 and CD81 staining) and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin staining combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (cIg-FISH). Results: High expression of CD44, a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, was significantly enriched in MM-EMD (90%) vs. pEMP/SOP (27%) or classical MM (33%) (p < 0.001). In addition, 1q21 amplification by clonal PC occurred at a similar frequency of MM-EMD (33%), pEMP/SOP (57%) and classical MM (44%). Conversely, del(17p13), t(4;14) and t(14;16) were completely absent in pEMP/SOP. Besides this, 1q21 amplification was identified in 64% of not paraskeletal samples from MM-EMD or pEMP compared to 9% of SOP or paraskeletal MM-EMD/pEMP and 44% of classical MM samples, respectively (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Expression of molecules involved in homing and cytogenetic aberrations differ between MM with or without EMD and pEMP/SOP.
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Zeng L, Chen Y, Chen L, Tang C. Prognostic value of CD44v9 expression in human cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20428. [PMID: 32791660 PMCID: PMC7387003 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of CD44 variant-9 (CD44v9) expression in human cancers has been investigated in several studies, however, definite conclusion has not be reached. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prognostic significance of CD44v9 expression in various cancers. METHODS Three common databases were searched and retrieved studies were assessed using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The further analyses for overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and clinicopathological parameters were performed. RESULTS Fifteen studies containing 1633 cancer patients were included into this research. Patients with positive CD44v9 expression tended to have shorter OS (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.48-2.52, P < .01) and RFS (HR = 3.60, 95% CI = 1.52-8.53, P < .01) when compared with patients with negative CD44v9 expression. Positive CD44v9 expression was associated with larger tumor size (P = .04), deeper tumor invasion (P < .01), earlier lymph node metastasis (P < .01), and more advanced clinical stage (P < .01) when compared with negative CD44v9 expression. CONCLUSION Positive CD44v9 expression predicted worse prognosis in human cancers compared with negative CD44v9 expression. CD44v9 expression could serve as a prognostic factor of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- West China Hospital
- Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province
| | | | - Ligang Chen
- Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou
| | - Chengwei Tang
- Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yu Z, Liu L, Shu Q, Li D, Wang R. Leukemia stem cells promote chemoresistance by inducing downregulation of lumican in mesenchymal stem cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4317-4327. [PMID: 31579426 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for therapeutic failure and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. As a result of the interplay between LSCs and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), cancer cells may escape from chemotherapy and immune surveillance, thereby promoting leukemia progress and relapse. The present study identified that the crosstalk between LSCs and BM-MSCs may contribute to changes of immune phenotypes and expression of hematopoietic factors in BM-MSCs. Furthermore, Illumina Genome Analyzer/Hiseq 2000 identified 7 differentially expressed genes between BM-MSCsLSC and BM-MSCs. The Illumina sequencing results were further validated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Following LSC simulation, 2 genes were significantly upregulated, whereas the remaining 2 genes were significantly downregulated in MSCs. The most remarkable changes were identified in the expression levels of lumican (LUM) gene. These results were confirmed by western blot analysis. In addition, decreased LUM expression led to decreased apoptosis, and promoted chemoresistance to VP-16 in Nalm-6 cells. These results suggest that downregulation of LUM expression in BM-MSCs contribute to the anti-apoptotic properties and resistance to chemotherapy in LSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, P.R. China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Oka S, Ono K, Nohgawa M. Clinical effects of CD33 and MPC-1 on the prognosis of multiple myeloma treated with bortezomib. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2152-2157. [PMID: 30887866 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1574003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of immunophenotyping on the prognoses of patients with MM treated with bortezomib as induction therapy were investigated. A total of 118 patients with MM were examined, and the prognostic significance of the immunophenotyping and other factors were investigated. Immature and plasmablastic cell types and high-risk cytogenesis were more frequently observed in patients with CD33+ and MPC-1-. CD33+ and MPC-1- have potential as prognostic factors and correlated with lower progression-free survival and overall survival in a Kaplan-Meier analysis. Moreover, the present results demonstrated that at the relapse of disease, the percentage of CD33 increased (median 48.7%) and MPC-1 decreased (median 14.1%), respectively, therefore, both of these antigens may be associated with the refractory disease status. The present study showed that the expression of CD33 and MPC-1 in neoplastic plasma cells from patients with MM was associated with patient prognosis independent of other prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Oka
- Division of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center , Wakayama , Japan
| | - Kazuo Ono
- Division of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center , Wakayama , Japan
| | - Masaharu Nohgawa
- Division of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center , Wakayama , Japan
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Guo J, Su J, He Q, Li X, Zhao Y, Gu S, Fei C, Chang C. The prognostic impact of multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping and cytogenetic aberrancies in patients with multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:152-61. [PMID: 25860485 DOI: 10.1179/1607845415y.0000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of immunophenotyping in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), as well as other markers of disease, such as serum hyaluronan and cytogenetic aberrancies. METHODS We have prospectively analyzed the prognostic impact of antigenic markers, assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC), in a series of newly diagnosed MM patients (n = 79). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our results show that the expression of CD44, CD45, and CD28 and the absence of CD117 were associated with a significantly shorter progression free-survival (PFS). Clinical characteristics were collected; Cytogenetic aberrancies were assessed in 40 patients. Multivariate survival analyses identified that the CD117(-), CD28(+), CD45(+), and the percentage of bone marrow plasma cells by MFC are survival predictor, along with the International Staging System stage. Interestingly, the CD117(-) patients were associated with chromosomal aberrancies, including del (17p), +1q21, and IgH translocations. CONCLUSION The incorporation of multiparameter flow cytometry immunophenotyping into the routine diagnostic evaluation of MM patients can help to identify patients at a high risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guo
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
| | - Jiying Su
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
| | - Qi He
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
| | - Xiao Li
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
| | - Youshan Zhao
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
| | - Shucheng Gu
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
| | - Chengming Fei
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
| | - Chunkang Chang
- a Department of Hematology , Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital , China
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Huang X, Li D, Li T, Zhao BO, Chen X. Prognostic value of the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog and CD44 in elderly patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:103-110. [PMID: 26170984 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukemic stem cell marker CD44, has been reported to have prognostic significance in hematological malignancies. The present study therefore aimed to evaluate whether the expression levels of CD44 and the associated pathway components are associated with the survival rate of elderly patients with refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A total of 20 elderly patients diagnosed with refractory AML were divided into two groups, following induction chemotherapy: Complete remission (CR, n=9) and non-remission (NR. n=11). Bone marrow biopsy specimens were collected, expression levels of CD44, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and the captured images were analyzed in a blinded manner using Image Pro Plus software, version 6.0. The overall survival rates (OS) of the patients were then analyzed with log rank, and the correlation between CD44, PTEN, mTOR and NF-κB expression levels and patients survival rates were statistically analyzed using Pearson's method. Significant differences were observed between the CR and NR groups for PTEN (P=0.025) and CD44 (P=0.020) expression levels. Positive CD44 expression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival, with a hazard ratio of 6.281 (95% CI, 1.78-22.12; P=0.0042). The mean OS was 4.00 months for patients that demonstrated positive CD44 expression, compared with 9.27 months for patients that demonstrated negative CD44 expression. A tendency towards reduced survival rates was also observed in patients negative for PTEN expression, when compared with that of PTEN-positive patients. The mean OS was 4.81 months in PTEN-negative patients vs. 8.8 months in PTEN-positive patients, with a hazard ratio of 2.689 (95%CI, 0.89-8.08; P=0.078). Patients that exhibited PTEN-positive and CD44-negative expression, survived significantly longer than patients that demonstrated PTEN-negative and CD44-positive expression (mean OS, 9.86 vs 2.67 months; hazard ratio=0.037; 95% CI, 0.006-0.222, P=0.0006). The expression levels of NF-κB and mTOR were slightly increased in the NR group compared with those of the CR group, although no significant differences were identified. PTEN and CD44 expression levels demonstrated trends towards negative correlation. In conclusion, the expression levels of CD44 and PTEN may be useful markers to predict the prognosis of elderly patients with refractory AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Dongyun Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
| | - B O Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas, Houston Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, P.R. China
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Cancer and bone: A complex complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 561:159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Expression of myeloid antigen in neoplastic plasma cells is related to adverse prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:893243. [PMID: 24991573 PMCID: PMC4065753 DOI: 10.1155/2014/893243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the association between the expression of myeloid antigens on neoplastic plasma cells and patient prognosis. The expression status of CD13, CD19, CD20, CD33, CD38, CD56, and CD117 was analyzed on myeloma cells from 55 newly diagnosed patients, including 36 men (65%), of median age 61 years (range: 38–78). Analyzed clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters were as follows: serum β2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase, calcium, albumin, hemoglobin, serum creatinine concentrations, bone marrow histology, and cytogenetic findings. CD13+ and CD33+ were detected in 53% and 18%, respectively. Serum calcium (P = 0.049) and LDH (P = 0.018) concentrations were significantly higher and morphologic subtype of immature or plasmablastic was more frequent in CD33+ than in CD33− patients (P = 0.022). CD33 and CD13 expression demonstrate a potential prognostic impact and were associated with lower overall survival (OS; P = 0.001 and P = 0.025) in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that CD33 was independently prognostic of shorter progression free survival (PFS; P = 0.037) and OS (P = 0.001) with correction of clinical prognostic factors. This study showed that CD13 and CD33 expression associated with poor prognosis in patients with MM implicating the need of analysis of these markers in MM diagnosis.
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Fitzpatrick SG, Montague LJ, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I. CD44 expression in intraoral salivary ductal papillomas and oral papillary squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 7:122-8. [PMID: 23143465 PMCID: PMC3642258 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD44 is a transmembrane adhesion molecule which has been previously shown to be useful in the differentiation of benign papillary lesions from invasive carcinoma in several different areas including sinonasal mucosa and breast tissue. CD44 expression has previously been shown to be lost in invasive carcinoma and retained in benign papillary lesions in both of the above locations. In addition, studies have evaluated oral mucosal lesions for CD44 expression and found a loss with invasive squamous cell carcinoma when compared to normal epithelium, hyperplasia, and squamous papillomas, which stained particularly strongly. To the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated CD44 expression when comparing salivary ductal papillomas in comparison to oral papillary SCCA. In this study 18 cases of intraductal papilloma were compared to 19 cases of oral papillary SCCA. Within the ductal papilloma group, all cases stained either absent (6%), weakly (33%), or moderately (61%) with 76% expressing the stain diffusely and 24% focally. In comparison, the papillary squamous cell carcinoma cases expressed the CD44 moderately (26%) or strongly (74%) with 100 % showing diffuse staining. Thus, the CD44 expression was contrary to expectation based on previous studies, which we hypothesize is due to the extremely well differentiated nature of papillary SCCA which expressed CD44 staining compatible with levels previously reported with oral squamous papillomas than invasive carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Fitzpatrick
- />Department of Oral Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Lindsay J. Montague
- />Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, JHMHC, University of Florida College of Dentistry, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414 USA
| | - Donald M. Cohen
- />Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, JHMHC, University of Florida College of Dentistry, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414 USA
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- />Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, JHMHC, University of Florida College of Dentistry, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414 USA
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Akasaka J, Uekuri C, Shigetomi H, Koike M, Kobayashi H. Hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1β and its physiological importance in endometriosis. Biomed Rep 2012; 1:13-17. [PMID: 24648885 DOI: 10.3892/br.2012.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain and female infertility. Endometriosis induces inflammation and is vulnerable to oxidative stress damage. To update and summarize the literature concerning the mechanisms that serve to protect genomic DNA from the oxidative damage, the present study reviews the English-language literature for biochemical studies on the transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1β target genes. Findings demonstrated that retrograde flow of the menstrual blood might give rise to endometriosis. Iron may have a significant impact on endometriosis gene expression. HNF-1β regulates tissue-specific gene expression in endometriosis, as well as the expression of several genes, including CD44v9, which binds several molecules, including hyaluronan, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leukemia-associated Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG), IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), major histocompatibility complex, class II invariant chain (CD74), cystine transporter subunit (xCT), Fas and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The CD44v9 system is involved in cell migration, growth, survival, anti-apoptosis, immune response and anti-oxidative stress through maintaining higher levels of antioxidants. HNF-1β may serve to alleviate damage and promote survival of cells experiencing stress by upregulating antioxidant protein expression. This review expands current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress protection provided by HNF-1β and provides evidence that elevated HNF-1β activity might be associated with the CD44v9-dependent signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juria Akasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Chiaki Uekuri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shigetomi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Matsuki Koike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8522, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8522, Japan
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Zuo Z, Tang Y, Bi CF, Zhang WY, Zhao S, Wang XQ, Yang QP, Zou LQ, Liu WP. Extraosseous (extramedullary) plasmacytomas: a clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic study of 32 Chinese cases. Diagn Pathol 2011; 6:123. [PMID: 22182738 PMCID: PMC3278682 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-6-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extraosseous plasmacytoma, so called extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) is relatively rare in China. The aim was investigate the clinicopathologic features of EMP and the role of Immunophenotype and genotype detection in diagnosis of EMP. Methods Thirty-two cases of EMP were investigated retrospectively by histopathology, immunophenotype, genotype and survival analysis. Results Clinically, the mean age of the patients was 53.4. Most of the patients received no treatment after the diagnosis was established, and the prognosis was relatively poor. Histologically, in 40% of the cases, the neoplastic cells were grade II or III. The neoplastic cells expressed one or more PC associated antigens. The immunophenotype of EMP and inflammation of sinonasal regions with numerous PC infiltrations were compared and showed some difference in expression of CD45, CD27, CD44v6 and Bcl-2 as well. Ig light chain restriction was detected in 87.5% of the cases. Conclusions we described 32 Chinese cases of EMP, compare with that reported in the literature, some differences are presented, including higher percentage of grade II and III cases, clinically inconsistent treatment and management as well as poor outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zuo
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
The CD44 protein family spans a large group of transmembrane glycoproteins acquired by alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. The great heterogeneity in molecular structure is reflected in its various important functions: CD44 mediates (1) interaction between cell and extracellular matrix, (2) signal submission, e.g., by acting as co-receptor for membrane-spanning receptor tyrosine kinases or by association with intracellular molecules initiating several signaling pathways, and (3) anchor function connecting to the cytoskeleton via the ezrin-radixin-moesin protein family. The expression pattern of the different CD44 isoforms display strong variations dependent on cell type, state of activation, and differentiation stage. In hematopoietic cells, CD44 mediates interaction of progenitor cells and bone marrow stroma during hematopoiesis, regulates maturation, and activation-induced cell death in T cells, influences neutrophil and macrophage migration as well as cytokine production, and participates in lymphocyte extravasation and migration. CD44 is involved in development and progress of hematological neoplasias by enhancement of apoptotic resistance, invasiveness, as well as regulation of bone marrow homing, and mobilization of leukemia-initiating cells into the peripheral blood. Thereby altered CD44 expression functions as marker for worse prognosis in most hematological malignancies. Additionally, CD44 expression levels can be used to distinguish between different hematological neoplasias and subtypes. Concerning new treatment strategies, CD44 displays promising potential either by direct targeting of CD44 expressed on the malignant cells or reversing an acquired resistance to primary treatment mediated through altered CD44 expression. The former can be achieved by antibody or hyaluronan-based immunotherapy.
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Krause DS, Spitzer TR, Stowell CP. The concentration of CD44 is increased in hematopoietic stem cell grafts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, plasma cell myeloma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010; 134:1033-8. [PMID: 20586634 DOI: 10.5858/2009-0347-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT), malignant cells remaining in the graft may re-engraft leading to relapse of the original disease. CD44 is known to play a role in the engraftment of leukemia-initiating cells and is shed from the surface of malignant cells. Soluble CD44 is a cleaved fragment, which is found in the serum of patients with metastasized epithelial and hematologic malignancies and in some other cancers, and has been demonstrated to be correlated with clinical outcome. OBJECTIVES To investigate (1) a possible correlation between the concentration of CD44 in an autoHSCT graft and the type of hematologic malignancy and (2) a possible correlation between the concentration of CD44 in the autoHSCT graft with clinical outcome after autoHSCT. DESIGN We measured CD44 in 157 hematopoietic stem cell grafts from patients with hematologic malignancies and from 43 healthy donors by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Levels of CD44 were almost 2-fold higher in the patients' grafts. Highest levels were found in the grafts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and plasma cell myeloma, congruent with known CD44 expression levels in these malignancies. The survival advantage among patients with CD44 levels less than 22 000 ng/mL was highly statistically significant. CONCLUSION These results show that CD44 levels in an autoHSCT graft may be linked to clinical outcome after autoHSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Krause
- Department of Pathology, Blood Transfusion Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Katz BZ. Adhesion molecules--The lifelines of multiple myeloma cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:186-95. [PMID: 20416379 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is an incurable hematological malignancy of terminally differentiated immunoglobulin-producing plasma cells. As a common presentation of the disease, the malignant plasma cells accumulate and proliferate in the bone marrow, where they disrupt normal hematopoiesis and bone physiology. Multiple myeloma cells and the bone marrow microenvironment are linked by a composite network of interactions mediated by soluble factors and adhesion molecules. Integrins and syndecan-1/CD138 are the principal multiple myeloma receptor systems of extracellular matrix components, as well as of surface molecules of stromal cells. CD44 and RHAMM are the major hyaluronan receptors of multiple myeloma cells. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is a key factor in the homing of multiple myeloma cells to the bone marrow. The levels of expression and activity of these adhesion molecules are controlled by cytoplasmic operating mechanisms, as well as by extracellular factors including enzymes, growth factors and microenvironmental conditions. Several signaling responses are activated by adhesive interactions of multiple myeloma cells, and their outcomes affect the survival, proliferation and migration of these cells, and in many cases generate a drug-resistant phenotype. Hence, the adhesion systems of multiple myeloma cells are attractive potential therapeutic targets. Several approaches are being developed to disrupt the activities of adhesion molecules in multiple myeloma cells, including small antagonist molecules, direct targeting by immunoconjugates, stimulation of immune responses against these molecules, and signal transduction inhibitors. These potential novel therapeutics may be incorporated into current treatment schemes, or directed against minimal residual malignant cells during remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zion Katz
- Hematology Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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16
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Mateo G, Montalbán MA, Vidriales MB, Lahuerta JJ, Mateos MV, Gutiérrez N, Rosiñol L, Montejano L, Bladé J, Martínez R, de la Rubia J, Diaz-Mediavilla J, Sureda A, Ribera JM, Ojanguren JM, de Arriba F, Palomera L, Terol MJ, Orfao A, San Miguel JF. Prognostic Value of Immunophenotyping in Multiple Myeloma: A Study by the PETHEMA/GEM Cooperative Study Groups on Patients Uniformly Treated With High-Dose Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2737-44. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the prognostic impact of immunophenotyping in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Patients and Methods We have prospectively analyzed the prognostic impact of antigenic markers, assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry, in a series of 685 newly diagnosed MM patients that were uniformly treated according to the GEM 2000 protocol. Results Our results show that expression of both CD19 and CD28 as well as the absence of CD117 were associated with a significantly shorter progression free-survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Interestingly, the CD28 expression correlated with t(14;16) and del(17p), while CD117-negative patients were associated with t(4;14) and del(13q). Simultaneous assessment of CD28 and CD117 antigens allowed stratification of patients with MM into three risk categories: poor risk (CD28 positive CD117 negative), intermediate (either both markers negative or both positive), and good risk (CD28 negative CD117 positive), with PFS rates of 30, 37, and 45 months, respectively (P = .01), and OS rates of 45, 68, and not reached, respectively (P = .0001). Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first prospective analysis in which the prognostic impact of a relatively high number of antigenic markers has been simultaneously analyzed in a large series of uniformly treated patients, showing that the expression of several antigens (particularly CD28 and CD117) on bone marrow plasma cells from patients with MM can help to identify patients at high risk of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Mateo
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Angeles Montalbán
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria-Belén Vidriales
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan J. Lahuerta
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria V. Mateos
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Norma Gutiérrez
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Rosiñol
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Laura Montejano
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joan Bladé
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Martínez
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier de la Rubia
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Joaquín Diaz-Mediavilla
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna Sureda
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José M. Ribera
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José M. Ojanguren
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Felipe de Arriba
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Palomera
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria J. Terol
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús F. San Miguel
- From the Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC, IBMCC USAL-CSIC); Servicio General de Citometría, Universidad de Salamanca; Hospital 12 de Octubre; Clínico San Carlos, Madrid; Clínic Universitari Barcelona; Hospital Sant Pau Barcelona; Hospital La Fé; Clínico Universitario, Valencia; Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona; Hospital de Galdakao; Hospital Morales Messeguer, Murcia; and the Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ohwada C, Nakaseko C, Koizumi M, Takeuchi M, Ozawa S, Naito M, Tanaka H, Oda K, Cho R, Nishimura M, Saito Y. CD44 and hyaluronan engagement promotes dexamethasone resistance in human myeloma cells. Eur J Haematol 2007; 80:245-50. [PMID: 18081709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2007.01014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (Dex) is an effective therapeutic agent against multiple myeloma (MM); however, resistance to it often becomes a clinical issue. CD44 is an adhesion molecule that serves as a cell surface receptor for extracellular matrix components, including hyaluronan (HA). HA is an extracellular matrix component that is involved in survival and progression in MM. In the present report, we describe isolation of a CD44-expressing population from a Dex-sensitive MM cell line, RPMI8226, in which the CD44-high population had a significantly higher potential to resist Dex than did the CD44-low population. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD44 engagement by an anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or HA protects MM cells from Dex-induced growth inhibition. The activity of HA was partially inhibited by blocking its binding to CD44, indicating that CD44 mediates HA activity promoting MM cell survival. CD44 engagement by an anti-CD44 mAb led to phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha, thus preventing its Dex-induced up-regulation. Our data suggest that CD44 is not only an important mediator for the survival activity of HA, but it may also contribute to MM cell resistance to Dex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Ohwada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan
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18
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Mielgo A, van Driel M, Bloem A, Landmann L, Günthert U. A novel antiapoptotic mechanism based on interference of Fas signaling by CD44 variant isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:465-77. [PMID: 16167069 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that one of the central common characteristics of tumor and inflammatory cells is their resistance to programmed cell death. This feature results in the accumulation of harmful cells, which are mostly refractory to Fas (FAS, APO-1)-mediated apoptosis. A molecule found on these cells is the transmembrane receptor CD44 with its variant isoforms (CD44v). The establishment of transfectants expressing different CD44v isoforms allowed us to demonstrate that the CD44v6 and CD44v9 isoforms exhibit an antiapoptotic effect and can block Fas-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, we observed that CD44v6 and CD44v9 colocalize and interact with Fas. Importantly, an anti-CD44v6 antibody can abolish the antiapoptotic effect of CD44v6. These results are the first to show that CD44v isoforms interfere with Fas signaling. Our findings improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of cancer and autoimmunity and open new strategies to treat such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mielgo
- 1Institute of Medical Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Basel, CH 4003 Basel, Switzerland
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19
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Li ZG, Li XD, Dong XS, Pang HG, Du J. Significance of RAB5A and CD44v9 expression in colorectal cancer tissues. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:848-852. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i9.848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of RAB5A and CD44v9 and their significances in colorectal cancer.
METHODS: SP immunohistochemical method was adopted to detect the expression of RAB5A and CD44v9 proteins in the pathological paraffin sections from colorectal cancer (n = 43). RNA samples of 60 fresh tissues excised from patients with colorectal cancer were extracted and reversely transcribed into cDNAs, and then real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of RAB5A and CD44v9 genes. The correlations of RAB5A and CD44v9 expression with the differentiation and metastasis of colorectal cancer were analyzed.
RESULTS: RAB5A protein was positively expressed in cytoplasm cell membrane with a rate of 100%, while CD44v9 protein was positively expressed only in cytoplasm with a rate of 86.7%. RT-PCR results showed that Tm of each sample was coincided with that of positive control by melting curve analysis. The expression of RAB5A cDNA was lower in highly and moderately differentiated cancers than that of poorly differentiated ones (P < 0.01), and it was also lower in cancers without lymph node metastasis than that with lymph node metastasis (P < 0.01). The expression of CD44v9 gene and protein were positively related to those of RAB5A (χ2 = 14.532, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The expression of RAB5A and CD44v9 are correlated with the differentiation and metastasis of colorectal cancer, which may play important roles in the signal transduction across cellular membrane and matrix invasion.
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20
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Caers J, Günthert U, De Raeve H, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, Van Riet I, Van Camp B, Vanderkerken K. The involvement of osteopontin and its receptors in multiple myeloma cell survival, migration and invasion in the murine 5T33MM model. Br J Haematol 2006; 132:469-77. [PMID: 16412019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy characterised by the accumulation of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow. Different reports indicate the expression of CD44 variant isoforms (CD44v) by MM cells. Osteopontin (OPN), which is expressed by MM cells, is known to be a ligand for CD44v6. In this study, we investigated the role of OPN with emphasis on a functional correlation between OPN and CD44v in the 5T33MM model. Our group reported the expression of CD44v by 5T33MM cells. Using this model, we have demonstrated the secretion of OPN by 5T33MM cells. OPN affected 5T33MM cell survival by increasing proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. OPN also stimulated 5T33MM cell migration, transendothelial migration and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity. We confirmed the proliferative and migratory effects of OPN on human MM cells. By applying inhibiting anti-CD44v6 antibodies, we found that OPN stimulated cell proliferation by engaging this isoform. Anti-CD44v antibodies and RGD peptides both inhibited cell migration, suggesting an involvement of both, CD44v isoforms and integrins. In conclusion, OPN may act as a mediator of MM cell survival by engaging CD44v. The protein is further involved in migration and invasion of MM cells through the activation of either alphavbeta3 integrin or CD44v isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Caers
- Department of Haematology and Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Abstract
Alternative splicing is widely recognized to be a ubiquitous and crucial mechanism for generating protein diversity and regulating protein expression. Numerous immunologically relevant genes have been found to undergo alternative splicing; however, there has been little effort to develop a coherent picture of how alternative splicing might be used as a general mechanism to regulate the function of the immune system. In this review, I summarize the mechanisms by which splicing is controlled in T cells, and discuss the role of alternative splicing and alternative isoform expression in the regulation of T-cell activation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, USA.
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22
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Olson DL, Burkly LC, Leone DR, Dolinski BM, Lobb RR. Anti-α4 integrin monoclonal antibody inhibits multiple myeloma growth in a murine model. Mol Cancer Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.91.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In a syngeneic murine model of multiple myeloma with many of the characteristics of the human disease, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the integrin very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), given after the myeloma has already homed to and begun to establish itself within the bone marrow compartment, produces statistically significant effects on multiple disease variables. These include reductions in circulating levels of IgG2b; percentage of IgG2b-positive myeloma cells circulating in blood; spleen weight; and myeloma cell burden in spleen, bone marrow, and liver. mAb therapy had no effect on nonmalignant hematopoietic cells. An acute 6-day regimen of mAb treatment, initiated very late in disease to avoid mAb elimination in the immunocompetent animals, still significantly reduced spleen and blood myeloma cell burden. The ability of the (VLA-4) mAb to affect multiple variables in this model, even as monotherapy, suggests this pathway plays a central role in disease progression.
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Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy which is characterized by a very heterogeneous disease outcome. Heterogeneity in plasma cell characteristics, including morphology, maturation status, immunophenotype and genetic abnormalities partly account for the variable disease outcome. Although the plasma cell is the predominant cell type in MM, several studies have shown that less mature B cells, which are clonally related to the malignant plasma cells, are present in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of MM patients. The significance of these so-called myeloma clonotypic B cells in the disease process remains largely unknown. In this review the role of myeloma clonotypic B cells and myeloma tumor clone heterogeneity in relation to prognosis and clinical outcome are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen E J Guikema
- Department of Cell Biology, Section Histology and Immunology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Eisterer W, Bechter O, Söderberg O, Nilsson K, Terol M, Greil R, Thaler J, Herold M, Finke L, Günthert U, Montserrat E, Stauder R. Elevated levels of soluble CD44 are associated with advanced disease and in vitro proliferation of neoplastic lymphocytes in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leuk Res 2004; 28:1043-51. [PMID: 15289016 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased expression of the adhesion molecule CD44 has been associated with an unfavourable clinical outcome in lymphomas. We evaluated the prognostic value of soluble CD44 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) and analysed the source and regulation of CD44 secretion in B-CLL clones in vitro. PATIENTS AND METHODS Levels of soluble CD44 standard (sCD44s) and of the soluble variant isoform CD44v6 (sCD44v6) were analysed by enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay. Highly purified B-CLL cells (98% CD19 + CD3 - cells) were stimulated in vitro by different combinations of thioredoxin (Trx), Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1 (SAC), IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and by anti-CD40 mAbs presented on irradiated CD32L cells. RESULTS Serum levels of sCD44s and of sCD44v6 are significantly elevated in B-CLL patients (n = 90) in comparison with normal persons (n = 44) (P < 0.001). Elevated levels of sCD44s and sCD44v6 are associated with an advanced disease as reflected by an extended lymph node involvement (P < 0.02), an advanced Binet (P < 0.03) and Rai stage (P < 0.04) and chemotherapy requirement (P < 0.02). High levels of sCD44s are associated with high leukocyte counts (P < 0.04) and increased sCD44v6 is significantly associated with splenomegaly (P < 0.002). In B-CLL sCD44s as well as sCD44v6 is shed from leukaemia cells as shown by in vitro cultures. Stimulation of B-CLL clones results in a proliferation-associated increased secretion of sCD44s (rho = 0.7; P = 0.0001) and of sCD44v6 (rho = 0.5; P = 0.005). B-CLL clones from advanced stage patients are characterised by an increased capacity for proliferation and CD44 production in comparison with early stage patients. CONCLUSIONS Both sCD44s and sCD44v6 represent a reliable prognostic marker in B-CLL and may be involved in the pathogenesis of B-CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/biosynthesis
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Hyaluronan Receptors/blood
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Solubility
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisterer
- Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
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25
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Vincent T, Mechti N. IL-6 regulates CD44 cell surface expression on human myeloma cells. Leukemia 2004; 18:967-75. [PMID: 15014527 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a progressive B-lineage neoplasia characterized by the accumulation of slow proliferative malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow compartment where the microenvironment seems to be favorable for their growth and survival. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans such as syndecan-1 and CD44 are thought to play a central role in the survival signals provided by these bone marrow survival niches, which require complex interactions between myeloma cells, extracellular matrix, stromal cells and soluble factors. In this report, we demonstrate that interleukin-6 (IL-6), the main survival and growth factor for myeloma cells, strongly increases CD44 gene expression. In addition, we show that IL-6 modulates CD44 RNA alternative splicing and induces the overexpression of all CD44 variant exons. Finally, we show that IL-6-induced CD44 cell surface molecules have a functional polarized membrane distribution. As IL-6 secretion induced from bone marrow stromal cells by myeloma cells is partly mediated through direct cell-to-cell interaction involving CD44 adhesion molecules, our findings suggest that a CD44/IL-6 amplification loop plays a crucial role in myeloma cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vincent
- INSERM Unité U475, Montpellier Cedex, France
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Calabro A, Oken MM, Hascall VC, Masellis AM. Characterization of hyaluronan synthase expression and hyaluronan synthesis in bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells: predominant expression of HAS1 mRNA and up-regulated hyaluronan synthesis in bone marrow cells derived from multiple myeloma patients. Blood 2002; 100:2578-85. [PMID: 12239172 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-01-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma. To further investigate the role of HA in this disease, we examined hyaluronan synthase (Has) gene expression and HA production in bone marrow mesenchymal progenitor cells (bmMPCs) derived from multiple myeloma patients. The relative abundance of mRNA for each HAS gene was determined using competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (cRT-PCR), whereas HA production was detected by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). We determined the basal expression of Has isoforms in myeloma bmMPCs and then compared this expression with expression in healthy donor bmMPCs. Of the 3 Has isoforms, Has1 mRNA was expressed predominantly in myeloma bmMPCs, with expression 7.6-fold greater than Has2. Compared with normal bmMPCs, Has1 mRNA expression was 20-fold greater in myeloma bmMPCs. Normal bmMPCs predominantly expressed Has2 mRNA (8.2-fold greater than myeloma bmMPCs). Upon coculture of myeloma bmMPCs with plasma cells, Has1 transcript was strongly attenuated. FACE results show that myeloma bmMPCs synthesize 5.7-fold more HA than those from healthy donors. These data suggest that myeloma bmMPCs could be an important component of the myeloma pathophysiology in vivo by their increased expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components relevant to plasma cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Calabro
- Virginia Piper Cancer Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN 55407, USA
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Recent publications in hematological oncology. Hematol Oncol 2002; 20:95-102. [PMID: 12111872 DOI: 10.1002/hon.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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