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Eliassen E, Lum E, Pritchett J, Ongradi J, Krueger G, Crawford JR, Phan TL, Ablashi D, Hudnall SD. Human Herpesvirus 6 and Malignancy: A Review. Front Oncol 2018; 8:512. [PMID: 30542640 PMCID: PMC6277865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in human disease, several confounding factors, including methods of detection, types of controls, and the ubiquitous nature of the virus, must be considered. This is particularly problematic in the case of cancer, in which rates of detection vary greatly among studies. To determine what part, if any, HHV-6 plays in oncogenesis, a review of the literature was performed. There is evidence that HHV-6 is present in certain types of cancer; however, detection of the virus within tumor cells is insufficient for assigning a direct role of HHV-6 in tumorigenesis. Findings supportive of a causal role for a virus in cancer include presence of the virus in a large proportion of cases, presence of the virus in most tumor cells, and virus-induced in-vitro cell transformation. HHV-6, if not directly oncogenic, may act as a contributory factor that indirectly enhances tumor cell growth, in some cases by cooperation with other viruses. Another possibility is that HHV-6 may merely be an opportunistic virus that thrives in the immunodeficient tumor microenvironment. Although many studies have been carried out, it is still premature to definitively implicate HHV-6 in several human cancers. In some instances, evidence suggests that HHV-6 may cooperate with other viruses, including EBV, HPV, and HHV-8, in the development of cancer, and HHV-6 may have a role in such conditions as nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, gastrointestinal cancer, glial tumors, and oral cancers. However, further studies will be required to determine the exact contributions of HHV-6 to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Emily Lum
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Pritchett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joseph Ongradi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas- Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tuan L Phan
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Eliassen E, Krueger G, Luppi M, Ablashi D. Lymphoproliferative Syndromes Associated with Human Herpesvirus-6A and Human Herpesvirus-6B. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018; 10:e2018035. [PMID: 29755712 PMCID: PMC5937953 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B) have been noted since their discovery for their T-lymphotropism. Although it has proven difficult to determine the extent to which HHV-6A and HHV-6B are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, evidence suggests that primary infection and reactivation of both viruses may induce or contribute to the progression of several lymphoproliferative disorders, ranging from benign to malignant and including infectious mononucleosis-like illness, drug induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DIHS/DRESS), and nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma. Herein, we discuss the conditions associated with the lymphoproliferative capacity of HHV-6, as well as the potential mechanisms behind them. Continued exploration on this topic may add to our understanding of the interactions between HHV-6 and the immune system and may open the doors to more accurate diagnosis and treatment of certain lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mario Luppi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Thakker S, Verma SC. Co-infections and Pathogenesis of KSHV-Associated Malignancies. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 26913028 PMCID: PMC4753363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is one of the several carcinogenic viruses that infect humans. KSHV infection has been implicated in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s Disease. While KSHV infection is necessary for the development of KSHV associated malignancies, it is not sufficient to induce tumorigenesis. Evidently, other co-factors are essential for the progression of KSHV induced malignancies. One of the most important co-factors, necessary for the progression of KSHV induced tumors, is immune suppression that frequently arises during co-infection with HIV and also by other immune suppressants. In this mini-review, we discuss the roles of co-infection with HIV and other pathogens on KSHV infection and pathogenesis.
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Tamburro KM, Yang D, Poisson J, Fedoriw Y, Roy D, Lucas A, Sin SH, Malouf N, Moylan V, Damania B, Moll S, van der Horst C, Dittmer DP. Vironome of Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus-inflammatory cytokine syndrome in an AIDS patient reveals co-infection of human herpesvirus 8 and human herpesvirus 6A. Virology 2012; 433:220-5. [PMID: 22925337 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS) is a newly described condition characterized by systemic illness as a result of systemic, lytic KSHV infection. We used Illumina sequencing to establish the DNA vironome of blood from such a patient. It identified concurrent high-level viremia of human herpesvirus (HHV) 8 and 6a. The HHV8 plasma viral load was 5,300,000 copies/ml, which is the highest reported to date; this despite less than five skin lesions and no HHV8 associated lymphoma. This is the first report of systemic HHV6a/KSHV co-infection in a patient. It is the first whole genome KSHV sequence to be determined directly from patient plasma rather than cultured or biopsied tumor material. This case supports KICS as a new clinical entity associated with KSHV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Tamburro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7290, USA.
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Collot S, Petit B, Bordessoule D, Alain S, Touati M, Denis F, Ranger-Rogez S. Real-time PCR for quantification of human herpesvirus 6 DNA from lymph nodes and saliva. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2445-51. [PMID: 12089260 PMCID: PMC120581 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.7.2445-2451.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2001] [Revised: 02/20/2002] [Accepted: 04/05/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A real-time quantitative PCR assay has been developed to measure human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) DNA in biological specimens. The assay sensitivity was 10 copies of DNA per well, with a linear dynamic range of 10 to 10(7) copies of HHV-6 DNA. Intra- and interassay variations were, respectively, 0.88 and 0.8% for samples containing 10(2) DNA copies, 0.99 and 0.96% for samples containing 10(4) copies, and 0.76 and 0.9% for samples containing 10(6) copies. Among 34 saliva samples from healthy subjects, 26 were found to contain HHV-6 DNA (76.5%; median, 23,870 copies/ml), and following a single freeze-thaw cycle, 25 of the same samples were found to be positive for HHV-6 DNA, although at a statistically significantly lower concentration (median, 3,497 copies/ml). The assay enabled detection of HHV-6 DNA in lymph node biopsies from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) (13 of 37 patients [35.1%]), B-cell neoplasms (8 of 36 patients [22.2%]), and T- or NK-cell neoplasms (3 of 13 patients [23.1%]), with concentrations ranging from 100 to 864,640 HHV-6 copies per microg of DNA (HHV-6B being found in every case except two). All HD patients infected with HHV-6 presented clinically with the nodular sclerosis subtype of HD. The real-time quantitative PCR assay developed here was simple to perform and was sensitive over a wide range of HHV-6 concentrations. It therefore appears to be of potential value in clinical investigation or diagnosis of HHV-6 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Collot
- Department of Virology, Limoges University Teaching Hospital, Limoges, France
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